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At least 55 records · Page 3

Searches for millisecond pulsations in low-mass X-ray binaries

High-sensitivity search techniques for millisecond periods are presented and applied to data from the Japanese satellite Ginga and HEAO 1. The search is optimized for pulsed signals whose period, drift rate, and amplitude conform with what is expected for low-class X-ray binary (LMXB) sources. Consideration is given to how the current understanding of LMXBs guides the search strategy and sets these parameter limits. An optimized one-parameter coherence recovery technique (CRT) developed for recovery of phase coherence is presented. This technique provides a large increase in sensitivity over the method of incoherent summation of Fourier power spectra. The range of spin periods expected from LMXB phenomenology is discussed, the necessary constraints on the application of CRT are described in terms of integration time and orbital parameters, and the residual power unrecovered by the quadratic approximation for realistic cases is estimated.

Wood, K. S.↗

Radio emission from binary stars

Radio emission from binary star systems; characteristics of the binary systems inferred from the radio observations; and the reasons for the activity are reviewed. Binary stars with two main sequence stars, with one normal star and a white dwarf, and those containing a neutron star or a black hole are described. Energy may be directly available as matter falls into the potential well of a compact object. Electromagnetic induction effects may occur due to relative motions of magnetic fields and matter. By enforcing rapid rotation, binaries can induce strong dynamo action and hence generate free energy in the form of intense, complex, evolving magnetic fields. Whatever the source of energy, the observations at radio and X-ray wavelengths demonstrate that electrons are accelerated to high energies (mildly relativistic and, ultrarelativistic). Observed or inferred radio brightness temperatures range up to 10 to the 15th power K or more, implying coherent emission for sources brighter than 10 billion K.

Dulk, George A.↗

Spectral-luminosity evolution of active galactic nuclei and the cosmic X- and gamma ray background

Coherent electromagnetic dynamo acceleration processes, which act on charge particles within the context of black hole accretion disk scenarios, are generally regarded as the underlying central power source for active galactic nuclei (AGN). If the precursor active galaxies (PAG) for such AGN are formed at high redshift and contain initial seed black holes with mass approximately equal to 10(exp 4) solar masses, then the Eddington limited X-ray radiation emitted during their lifetime will undergo the phenomenon of 'spectral-luminosity evolution'. When accretion disks are first formed at the onset of galaxy formation the accretion rate occurs at very high values of luminosity/size compactness parameter L/R greater than 10(exp 30) erg/cm-sec. In the absence of extended structure, such high values of L/R generate dynamic constraints which suppress coherent, black hole/accretion disk dynamo particle acceleration processes. This inhibits nonthermal radiation processes and causes the spectrum of X-radiation emitted by PAG to be predominantly thermal. A superposition of PAG sources at z is greater than or equal to 6 can account for the residual cosmic X-ray background (CXB) obtained from the total CXB after subtraction of foreground AGN sources associated with present epoch Seyfert galaxies. The manner in which the PAG undergo spectral-luminosity evolution into Seyfert galaxies is investigated.

Leiter, Darryl↗

Distance-independent evidence for relativistic motion in the quasar NRAO 140

VLBI radio and X-ray observations were made of the bright X-ray quasar NRAO 140. The radio structure consists of two very compact components plus a more diffuse jet. Based on the standard synchrotron theory, the Compton X-ray emission from one of these compact components was found to exceed the observed value by three orders of magnitude. Since this result is independent of distance and there is no evidence for coherent emission, it is concluded that the component is moving toward us at a relativistic speed with a Lorentz factor exceeding 4. Future observations should reveal superluminal separation of the components, as well as help in determining which components are undergoing relativistic motion.

Marscher, A. P.↗

X-ray analysis of fatigue damage in copper

A Warren-Averbach x-ray line profile analysis was applied to, broadened x-ray diffraction peaks from copper deformed in fatigue. The copper specimens were fatigued by four point bending at various strain amplitudes, and measurements were made at various fractions of the total fatigue life. The analysis results in an estimation of 1) an average coherently diffracting domain size in a direction normal to the diffracting planes; and 2) a strain distribution function. The strain distribution function is in terms of the root mean square strain, <ϵ^(2)> where ϵ is averaged over a given distance at all points in the diffracting crystals. This rms strain is expressed as a function of averaging distance for a direction normal to the diffracting planes. The rms strains were found to be a function of the fatigue strain amplitude level, increasing with amplitude and reaching a maximum limiting value during the first 2% of the fatigue life. The strains were normally larger in the 4lO0 direction compared to the <111> direction and the absolute values were quite small. These results may be explained by assuming the dislocations are present in the form of dipoles because the lattice strain around a dipole is much less than around single dislocations. Conclusions arrived at in this analysis are in agreement with current theories of fatigue damage in metals. The result that maximum hardening is achieved during the initial few percent of the fatigue life is confirmed by many other investigators using entirely different analytical techniques. It is felt that the structure of the material is changing during this initial hardening stage to an eventual steady state characteristic of the testing conditions. A unique substructure is developed which thereafter persists, and the remainder of the fatigue test is taken up by crack propagation through this substructure until ultimate failure occurs by fracture. The formation of this steady state structure is dependent on the maximum fatigue strain amplitude and on the frequency and temperature of cycling for a particular material.

COPPER↗

Computerized X-ray reconstruction tomography in stereometric analysis of cardiovascular dynamics

A computerized technique is proposed for obtaining cross-sectional images of the dynamic spatial distribution of X-ray attenuation covering the entire anatomic extent of the thorax and its contents in living dogs with a resolution of 1 mm and at time intervals of 1/60 sec. Use is made of an X-ray imaging chain which is a new high-performance video-fluoroscopic system, unique in its design and construction and called SSDSR for single source dynamic spatial reconstructor. This dynamic spatial reconstruction system is shown to provide the temporally and spatially coherent multiple cross sections required to obtain the full three-dimensional anatomic and simultaneous hemodynamic information necessary for detailed quantitative analyses of regional cardiopulmonary and vascular functions in both basic investigations of animals and clinical diagnostic applications to patients. Numerous photographs supplement the text.

Robb, R. A.↗

The x ray variability of NGC6814: Power spectra

Simulation techniques are used to obtain the X-ray variability power spectrum of unevenly sampled GINGA data from NGC6814. A simple power law is not an adequate description of the power spectrum, with the residuals showing excess power on timescales consistent with the periodicity seen in EXOSAT observations of this object. However the shape of the folded lightcurve is very different, with 3 main peaks, two of which are separated by an extremely sharp dip instead of the single peak and small harmonic structure observed by EXOSAT. Using the dip as a fiducial mark, a second GINGA observation of this source taken one year later is found to be consistent with being completely periodic and phase coherent with this first GINGA observation. Thus the period is consistent with being constant over a period of 6 years, but phase coherence is only maintained on timescales of approximately 1 year. Over 75 percent of the total source variability is due to the periodic component (r.m.s. amplitude of 36 percent). The residual variability can be described as the more usual 'flicker noise' f(exp -1.1) powerlaw. This shows no apparent high frequency break on timescales greater than 300 seconds. Subtle differences in the shape of the folded light curve with energy, and the very large amount of power in the periodic component suggest occultation as its origin, though amplification of variability from an X-ray emitting 'hot spot' at the disk inner radius through gravitational lensing is also possible. The former suffers from the very arbitrary nature of the periodic timescale, while the latter is unattractive as it cannot simply explain the lack of high frequency break in the residual power. That these models probably fail to provide an adequate explanation may be due to the added complexity of anisotropy of the X-ray emission, suggested by the discrepancy between the lack of soft photons implied by the flat spectrum and the copious source of soft photons available from reprocessing in the iron line producing material.

Done, C.↗

Microwave observations of solar and stellar coronae

Recent high-resolution microwave observations of the coronae of the sun and nearby active stars are summarized. Simultaneous VLA-SMM observations of coronal loops are discussed for which the microwave and soft X-ray data were combined to specify the radiation mechanisms of the emitting plasma. Observations of quiescent and burst emission from the sun at 90 cm are discussed, and the results of a recent VLA survey of active stars are presented. Observations of narrow-band burst emission that provide evidence for nonthermal, coherent emission processes in stellar coronae are discussed.

Willson, Robert F.↗

Ginga observations of the 50 millisecond pulsar PSR 0540 - 69

Extensive Ginga observations of PSR 0540 - 69, the Crab-like 50-msec pulsar in the LMC, have been obtained as a side benefit of a pulsar search project for SN 1987A. Through a coherent pulse-timing analysis of data from 46 separate days between July 1987 and October 1988, precise values have been obtained for the pulse frequency and its first and second derivatives. From these values, a braking index of n = 2.02 + or = 0.01 is obtained for PSR 0540 - 69. This is the first accurate measurement of a pulsar braking index from X-ray observations and the third overall. The braking index is much smaller than those previously determined for the Crab pulsar (n = 2.51) and PSR 1509 - 58 (n = 2.83).

Nagase, Fumiaki↗

The X-ray variability of NGC 6814 - Power spectrum

The existence of the periodic component seen in NGC 6814 with Exosat at 12,000 +/- 100 s is confirmed by a power spectrum and folded light curve analysis of unevenly sampled Ginga data. A comparison of the power spectra produced from simulated light curves with that observed enables the intrinsic shape of the power spectrum of the source to be determined despite the distortions introduced by the window function. The best estimate for the period is 12,132 +/- 3 s, where the error is that derived from simulations. An upper limit to the rate of change of period of about 10 exp -9 is inferred if the light curves are truly phase-coherent, but as this is not required by the data, the conservative upper limit is not greater than 5 x 10 exp -7. The large amount of power in the periodic component and its stability both suggest occultation of the source as its origin.

Done, C.↗

Reconstruction of the mutual coherence function for a moving source

The acoustic radiation of a randomly fluctuating source in motion is characterized analytically to determine the mutual coherence function (MCF). A far-field relation is derived via a series of invertible transformations, and a higher-dimension Radon transformation is performed to reconstruct the MCF; explicit formulas for computing the MCF from the transformed radiation data are provided. The technique is applied to the cases of an axisymmetric line source of finite extent moving at constant velocity along a line and a spatially incoherent line source. Applications to X-ray tomography and analysis of the noise emitted by a moving jet aircraft are suggested.

Chow, P. L.↗

Rapid oscillations in cataclysmic variables. IX - BG Canis Minoris (=3A 0729+103)

Results of a 10-yr photometric program on BG Canis Minoris, a novalike variable distinguished by the presence of a strictly coherent 913-s wave in its light curve, are presented. Long-term ephemerides for the orbital clock, which manifests itself through a 3.2-h light modulation, and the 913-s clock, are presented. The light curve exhibits a persistent 0.3 mag modulation at a period consistent with the 3.2-h spectroscopic period. Well-distributed timings of the orbital minima prove that the period is 0.1347486 day. It is inferred from the shape of the waveform and from the existence of X-ray dips with a sharp energy dependence that the modulation is caused by absorption. Power spectra of the nightly light curves show variable secondary features, in addition to the regular 913-s pulse. The 913-s period, presumably the first harmonic of the true white-dwarf spin period, is decreasing by 0.0022 s/yr.

Patterson, Joseph↗

Effect of Scattering on Instabilities in Line-driven Stellar Winds

Line driven O-B stellar winds are unstable to perturbations of short spatial wavelength and the growth rates for such instabilities are very rapid. The nature of the nonlinear development of this instability is unknown, but might possibly be one of blobs of gas driven through ambient gas or a quasiregular train of outward moving shocks. In either case the resulting dissipation of mechanical energy might explain the observed anomalous heating n O-B stars as evidenced by their X-ray emission and high ionization state. It also might explain the observed fine structure of the absorption lines and their time variability. The driving due to the absorption of the stellar continuum flux was considered and the effects of the diffuse, scattered radiation field were neglected. It was shown that under certain special conditions the effect of scattering could reduce the instability growth rate to zero. A stability analysis that includes scattering, but that uses the more physically realistic assumption of complete redistribution instead of coherent scattering, and that includes the effects of transverse velocity gradients, which become important as the flow moves away from the stellar surface is presented. It is found that the instability is eliminated right at the base of the wind, but that as the flow moves outward the instability rate rapidly becomes equal to a substantial fraction of the calculated value, the fraction asymptotically reaching 80% at large radii. Since this still implies many e folds in a characteristic outflow time, the primary conclusion that these winds are highly unstable is unchanged.

Owocki, S. P.↗

Observations of solar-flare ionization in the mesosphere using coherent-scatter radar

Observations of solar-flare ionization in the mesosphere can be made using coherent-scatter radar systems. The scattered power profiles they measure in the 60-90 km altitude region is a function of the ion concentration gradient and the intensity of turbulent mixing at each altitude. By comparing the power profiles before, during and after a solar flare, it is possible to estimate the ion production rate during the flare as a function of altitude and time. This analysis is used to compare the ion production rates with generally accepted ion-chemical models. Comparisons are made with ion production rates estimated from the solar X-ray flux for the same flare made by geostationary satellites.

Parker, J. W.↗

The effect of decay of the amplitude of oscillation on random process models for QPO X-ray stars

Random process models provide a useful mathematical framework for analysis of the quasi-periodic oscillations (QPO) recently discovered in the X-ray emission from certain luminous Galactic X-ray stars. In this paper, consideration is given to the effects of the power spectrum of the decay of the amplitude of oscillation that is expected in some physical models for the QPO phenomena. The resulting changes in the power spectrum depend on the ratio of the decay time of the amplitude of oscillation to the lifetime of the shot envelope. For values of this ratio less than about 10, it is found that incoherent QPO peaks in the power spectrum are significantly reduced in height and total power and are broadened in width, making them more difficult to detect. Coherent terms in the power spectrum, if present, are reduced in height and total power, but their width is unaffected. The red noise component remains unchanged. The present results are applied to the beat-frequency modulated accretion model in order to set constraints on the physical properties of the boundary layer between the inner edge of the accretion disk and the neutron star magnetosphere.

Shibazaki, N.↗

The X-ray variability of AGN and the anomalous behavior of NGC 6814

The power spectra of the X-ray variable AGN are typically scale invariant with no characteristic timescale. The one strong exception to this is NGC 6814, where the EXOSAT data showed evidence for a periodic component at 12200 +/- 100 seconds. The power spectra of a GINGA lightcurve from this source, found using simulation techniques to account for the uneven sampling, also cannot be well fit by a single power law. A folded light curve analysis of GINGA data shows strong evidence for this periodic component. A second GINGA observation of this source taken one year later is consistent with the phenomena being completely periodic and phase coherent for 7 periods in the range of 12,110-12,145 seconds. Including the (optimistic) limits from the folding selects a period of 12130.39 +/- 0.05 seconds. Phase coherence is not maintained between this and the EXOSAT observations, as the structure of the folded light curves is very different. Thus the periodicity is long lived and stable, but phase coherence is only maintained on timescales of about 1 year.

Done, C.↗

The x ray variability of AGN and the anomalous behavior of NGC6814

The power spectra of the X-ray variable AGN are typically scale invariant with no characteristic timescale. The one strong exception to this is NGC6814, where the EXOSAT data showed evidence for a periodic component at 12200 plus or minus 100 seconds. The power spectra of a GINGA lightcurve from this source, found using simulation techniques to account for the uneven sampling, also cannot be well fit by a single power law. A folded light curve analysis of the GINGA data shows a strong peak in the variance, indicative of a periodic component, at 12130.9 plus or minus 0.6 seconds. A second GINGA observation of this source taken one year later is consistent with the periodicity maintaining phase coherence for 7 periods in the range of 12110-12145 seconds. Including the limits from the folding selects a period of 12130.39 plus or minus 0.05 seconds. Phase coherence is not maintained between this and the EXOSAT observations, as the structure of the folded light curves is very different. Thus the periodicity is long lived and stable, but phase coherence is only maintained on timescales of approximately 1 year.

Done, C.↗

Einstein SSS and MPC observations of Aql X-1 and 4U1820-30

The results of timing and spectral analyses of the X-ray sources Aql X-1 (X1908+005) and 4U1820-30 (NGC6624) are reported using data obtained with the Einstein SSS (Solid State Spectrometer) and MPC (Monitor Proportional Counter) instruments. A classic type I burst was observed from Aql X-1 in both detectors and a coherent modulation with a period of 131.66 + or - 0.02 ms and a pulsed fraction of 10 percent was detected in the SSS data. There is no evidence for a loss of coherance during the approximately 80 sec when the burst is observable. The 2 sigma upper limit on the rate of change of the pulse period is 0.00005s/s. It is argued that an asymmetrical burst occurring on a neutron star rotating at 7.6 Hz offers a plausible explanation for the oscillation. The data from 4U1820-30 show that the amplitude of the 685 sec modulation, identified as the orbital period, is independent of energy down to 0.6 keV. The SSS data show that the light curve in the 0.6 to 4.5 keV band is smoother than at higher energies.

Kelley, R. L.↗