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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2020

50 Years of Spaceflight with Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) Built at NASA GSFC

Over the past 50 years, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has been developing, building, testing and flying a series of Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS). This began with the IRIS instruments on the Earth-orbiting Nimbus satellites and progressed to more sophisticated designs optimized for interplanetary spacecraft sent to Mars and later to the outer solar system. Adaptions have been made over time, including progressively higher spectral resolution, sensitivity, numbers of detectors and complexity. Instrument operating temperatures have decreased to enable remote sensing of the cold giant planet systems. In this paper we describe the historical evolution of this instrument line, comparing and contrasting different aspects such as optical design and materials, detector types and data handling. We conclude by looking towards the future. At present the CIRS-Lite prototype is being tested at NASA GSFC for potential use on a future mission to the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune. Surpassing the previous performance of the Voyager IRIS instruments remains challenging, and new technologies that could enable these measurements are discussed.

Nixon, Conor A.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Trust in Collaborative Automation in High Stakes Software Engineering Work

The amount of autonomy in software engineering tools is increasing as developers build increasingly complex systems. Research in other domains shows that too much or too little trust in autonomous tools can have negative consequences, but we are not aware of any study that has investigated trust in autonomous tools in the highly interactive context of a software engineering workplace. We present the results of a ten week ethnographic case study of engineers collaborating with autonomous tools to write flight software at a large national space exploration organization to support high stakes missions. We find that trust in an autonomous software engineering tool in this setting was influenced by four main factors: the tool’s transparency, social context, an organization’s associated processes, and its usability. We outline theoretical implications for future research into trust in autonomous software engineering tools, and practical implications for tool designers and organizations conducting high stakes work with autonomous tools.

Davidoff, Scott↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

3GPP Telecommunications Technology on the Moon

Under NASA’s Artemis program, NASA is planning to send astronauts back to the Moon in the next couple of years. Near term missions will be analogous but much more sophisticated versions of the last couple of Apollo missions. However, unlike Apollo, this time NASA intends to put the infrastructure in place to support long term human presence and eventual industrialization of the Moon. To make this vision a reality, NASA plans to collaborate with commercial and international partners as much as possible as opposed to developing, building, and operating equipment on its own. Lunar infrastructure will eventually be built over time by many organizations, public and private, to support sustained human exploration, science, and industrial activities. Obviously, this vision for the future will be impossible without a robust lunar communications and navigation system that can support many users with varying degrees of services. On Earth, most people are very familiar with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G mobile telecommunications technology. NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate and NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation office would like to see a lunar communications and navigation network with similar capabilities to the cellular communication networks most of us enjoy today. Building such a network will require participation by many organizations. This paper will provide an overview of NASA’s interest in using 5G and beyond on the lunar surface; it will also describe current work based on 3GPP standards within NASA or funded by NASA, such as Nokia’s upcoming Tipping Point demonstration of 4G / LTE on the lunar surface.

Bernard Edwards↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

3D Scanning Laboratory

The 3D Scanning Lab uses a number of technologies to capture 3D surface data. Those technologies are structured light scanning, discrete point measurement photogrammetry and Light Detecting and Ranging(LIDAR). Structured light is a non-contact optical technique used to capture as built surface geometries quickly and accurately. LIDAR is a laser scanning technique used to capture 3D surfaces. And photogrammetry uses a certified DSLR camera to measure discrete registered and non-registered points in 3D space. MSFC’s 3D Scanning Team uses 3D scanning to provide hardware inspections, reverse engineered CAD models, manufacturing/process development and digital assemblies. The inspection process compares the captured data to CAD, providing a color plot detailing the deviations of the scan data to the CAD model. Dimensional measurements and GD&T can also be interrogated. Inspection can provide scan-to-scan data comparisons which is ideal for assessing tested hardware, e.g. comparing data captured before and after hardware testing. Reverse engineering is used to develop CAD models from scan data. This is useful for heritage hardware studies, developing building or structural models and inputs for simulation studies and design efforts. The lab uses the 3D surface scan data to drive manufacturing/machining processes, termed match machining. This technique has been used to modify nozzles, injectors, additive manufactured parts, composite barrel sections, etc. Parts of an assembly can be scanned and assembled in a virtual environment providing an accurate 3D representation of the assembled hardware in its as-scanned state. This can provide detailed information of internal components that would otherwise not be accessible.

Advanced Manufacturing↗
NASA NTRS1973

BUILD: A community development simulation game, appendix A

The computer based urban decision-making game BUILD is described. BUILD is aimed at: (1) allowing maximum expression of value positions by participants through resolution of intense, task-oriented conflicts: (2) heuristically gathering information on both the technical and social functioning of the city through feedback from participants: (3) providing community participants with access to technical expertise in urban decision making, and to expose professionals to the value positions of the community: and (4) laying the groundwork for eventual development of an actual policy making tool. A brief description of the roles, sample input/output formats, an initial scenario, and information on accessing the game through a time-sharing system are included.

Orlando, J. A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Anticipating Hazard Impacts through Capacity Building and Co-development

Improving forecast accuracy, extending lead time, understanding hazard susceptibility, and integrating exposure and vulnerability data to generate impact-based forecasts are critical in mitigating disaster impacts. These efforts enable anticipatory action through enhancing the efficacy of early warning systems to assess potential multi-dimensional hazard impacts. In response to this need, SERVIR has co-developed a series of hazard services providing vital information from national to regional scales. This poster showcases examples of geospatial services co-developed with partners through a capacity building approach, supporting the establishment of hazard early warning / early action systems. These services integrate multidimensional vulnerability and exposure data to comprehensively assess impacts. Furthermore, these services demonstrate how co-development and capacity building can advance the development of impact-based forecasts and multi-hazards services. By prioritizing collaboration, human insights, local knowledge, capacity building, and employing applied science approaches in geospatial service development, this work has helped create inclusive and customized solutions. These solutions are tailored to meet the needs of local communities and are readily adaptable into decision-making processes.

weather↗
NASA NTRS1969

Research and education in management of large- scale technical programs. Appendix A - Uses and misuses of computers in urban affairs. Appendix B - Build, a community development simulation game. Appendix C - Urban simulation and gaming, preliminary experience and perspectives. Appendix D - Public attitudes toward programs of large- scale technological change, some reflections and policy prescriptions Semiannual progress report

Research and education in management of large scale technical programs - computers in urban affairs

Orlando, J. A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA DEVELOP’s Approach to Building Capacity to Apply Earth Observations for Coastal and Marine Decision Making

Part of NASA’s Applied Sciences, the DEVELOP Program builds capacity through 10-week interdisciplinary feasibility studies that identify how NASA Earth observations can be integrated into decision making processes. The program is a dual capacity building effort that fosters programmatic participants (early and transitioning career professionals, students, and recent graduates) to apply Earth observations to partner organizations’ decision making needs. The program conducts 50-60 projects annually, with about 10-15% of those focused on coastal and marine community concerns. These projects explore the use of satellite data and model outputs for measuring and mapping shoreline delineation, barrier island transgression, mangrove health and extent, sedimentation and water quality, and tropical cyclone impacts to coastal regions. This presentation will introduce DEVELOP and a series of project case studies, an overview of the organizations engaged and Earth observations utilized, and lessons learned.

Capacity Building↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The NASA DEVELOP Model of Community Science & Engagement: Localizing Earth Science Information

The NASA DEVELOP Program conducts 10 week feasibility studies that apply Earth observation data to address community priorities and support informed decision making. Part of NASA’s Earth Action Capacity Building Program, DEVELOP builds skills in both participants ( recent graduates, and early/transitioning career professionals), who work on small interdisciplinary project teams, and partner organizations (state and local governments, federal agencies, non profit and for profit organizations, universities, and international organizations) that work closely with DEVELOP to design the project. Projects address a wide variety of environmental issues, such as disaster risk and resilience, air pollution, and the impact of urban development, with a growing number of projects exploring how satellite data can help inform decision making around environmental injustices. A subset of DEVELOP partner organizations are local municipalities or community led non profits, with the co production model serving as an effective engagement tool and an introduction for communities to engage in Earth science research and become familiar with satellite remote sensing. This presentation will highlight the DEVELOP co production model, community project use cases, and lessons learned in partnering with local communities.

Michael Pazmino↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Localizing Earth Science: The NASA DEVELOP Model of Community Science & Engagement

NASA’s DEVELOP Program conducts rapid feasibility studies that apply Earth observations to address community priorities and needs and enable informed decision making. Part of NASA’s Applied Sciences’ Capacity Building Program, DEVELOP builds skills in both participants (students, recent graduates, and early/transitioning career professionals) who conduct projects on small teams, and partner organizations (state and local governments, federal agencies, non-profit and for-profit organizations, and international organizations) that work closely with DEVELOP to design the project. While only a subset of DEVELOP partner organizations are local municipalities or community-led non-profits, the DEVELOP model is an effective engagement tool and often used by NASA as an introduction for communities to engage in Earth science research and familiarization with satellite remote sensing. This presentation will highlight the DEVELOP model of co-production and community collaboration, lessons learned in partnering with local communities, and evaluation activities that look at the program’s reach and efforts.

Robert Cecil Byles↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA DEVELOP’s Approach to Building Individual and Institutional Capacity to Use Earth Observations for Atmospheric Monitoring and Decision Making

NASA DEVELOP, an Applied Sciences’ Capacity Building program, introduces individuals and institutions to the applications of NASA Earth observation data in an effort to help inform decision making. The program employs early career professionals to conduct rapid feasibility studies tailored specific to partner needs. Each year, DEVELOP conducts 50-60 feasibility studies that highlight the capabilities of Earth observations for measuring and monitoring a wide range of environmental phenomena. For this presentation, example projects will be highlighted that focus on monitoring air quality and pollution, wildfire emissions, and greenhouse gasses such as methane. An overview of example projects, the user communities involved, satellite data used, and lessons learned will be shared.

Capacity Building↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA's Professional DEVELOPment - Evaluating 10 Weeks of Capacity Building

Under NASA’s Applied Sciences, the NASA DEVELOP Program is centered on dual capacity building. Projects bring together partners and participants to learn how Earth observation data can enhance environmental decision-making practices and inform action. During their time with DEVELOP, participants build technical skills around remotely sensed data and professional skills through interactions with team members, science advisors, and partners. To further refine the participant experience, DEVELOP explores which technical and professional skills individuals report improving during the 10-week program. An analysis of self-reported assessments from 2018 to 2021 included projects that were conducted in-person and virtually. Participants consistently indicated a strong improvement in technical and professional skills yet there was clear variation between in-person and virtual opportunities. When comparing between 2019 and 2021, self-reporting showed a higher percentage of participants reporting an increase in networking in the virtual environment and an increase in building professional relationships with project partners virtually. This analysis suggests that professional opportunities available in the virtual environment may in fact bolster early career scientists’ networking abilities. This presentation will identify DEVELOP’s approach to monitoring and evaluation, highlight interesting trends introduced by the pandemic, and lessons learned.

Sarah Payne↗
NASA NTRS2001

Advanced Technology Development for Active Acoustic Liners

Objectives include: (1) Develop electro-mechanical/acoustic models of a Helmholtz resonator possessing a compliant diaphragm coupled to a piezoelectric device; (2) Design and fabricate the energy reclamation module and active Helmholtz resonator; (3) Develop and build appropriate energy reclamation/storage circuit; (4) Develop and fabricate appropriate piezoelectric shunt circuit to tune the compliance of the active Helmholtz resonator via a variable capacitor; (5) Quantify energy reclamation module efficiency in a grazing-flow plane wave tube possessing known acoustic energy input; and (6) Quantify actively tuned Helmholtz resonator performance in grazing-flow plane wave tube for a white-noise input

Sheplak, Mark↗
NASA NTRS2015

Development of Logistics for Building Radiation Storm Shelters and Their Operational Evaluation

Over the past three years NASA has been studying the operational effectiveness and astronaut protection efficacy of numerous radiation protection shelters for use in space exploration activities outside of earth's magnetosphere. The work presented was part of NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) RadWorks Storm Shelter project. This paper is a summary of the concept development activities of this third year. Fabricated items were integrated into mock up deep space habitat vehicle sections for operational evaluations. Two full scale human-in-loop simulations were designed, fabricated, and implemented through an Institutional Review Board approved solicited participant assessment process. Fabricated items are described, along with usage scenarios of two protection approaches. Existing ISS type logistics along with proposed variations of those logistics were used. Preliminary Discrete Event Simulation (DES) work is noted to be useful in quantifying and documenting operational performance measures for the two primary shelter methods, including some characterization of radiation dose accumulation over a mission timeline. The project also performed correlation analyses between effective radiation dose and the Risk of Exposure Induced Death (REID) to show that concept level work may be able to include such a performance metric in early stages of mission scenario habitat design trade space investigation.

Cerro, Jeffrey A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Development of Test Article Building Block (TABB) for deployable platform systems

The concept of a Test Article Building Block (TABB) is described. The TABB is a ground test article that is representative of a future building block that can be used to construct LEO and GEO deployable space platforms for communications and scientific payloads. This building block contains a main housing within which the entire structure, utilities, and deployment/retraction mechanism are stowed during launch. The end adapter secures the foregoing components to the housing during launch. The main housing and adapter provide the necessary building-block-to-building-block attachments for automatically deployable platforms. Removal from the shuttle cargo bay can be accomplished with the remote manipulator system (RMS) and/or the handling and positioning aid (HAPA). In this concept, all the electrical connections are in place prior to launch with automatic latches for payload attachment provided on either the end adapters or housings. The housings also can contain orbiter docking ports for payload installation and maintenance.

Greenberg, H. S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Building heating and cooling applications thermal energy storage program overview

Thermal energy storage technology and development of building heating and cooling applications in the residential and commercial sectors is outlined. Three elements are identified to undergo an applications assessment, technology development, and demonstration. Emphasis is given to utility load management thermal energy system application where the stress is on the 'customer side of the meter'. Thermal storage subsystems for space conditioning and conservation means of increased thermal mass within the building envelope and by means of low-grade waste heat recovery are covered.

Eissenberg, D. M.↗