Microgrid Building Blocks: Concept and Feasibility
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24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
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SPC-70808 Rev 0 AL-30 Secondary Support Standoff Blocks Build to Print Fabrication for Use in MARVEL
A. Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is developing a microreactor to produce electrical power utilizing a small nuclear core and Stirling engines under the Microreactor Application Research Validation and Evaluation (MARVEL) program. This procurement specification defines the requirements for fabrication of the MARVEL AL-30 Secondary Support Standoff Blocks manufactured by Zircar. The design requires twelve blocks; however, the requested quantity shall be 16 to account for required testing after receipt of materials. B. Any conflict between this specification and referenced Codes and Standards, or any supplementary specifications in the procurement documents requires written clarification from the Contractor prior to proceeding with any work. Any deviation from the procurement documents requires approval by the Contractor with the change request process.
21 - SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLAN↗
Building Blocks for Secure and Prosperous Defense Critical Supply Chains: A Case Study from Microelectronics
Securing defense-critical supply chains, built on resilient and sustainable microelectronics fabrication and deployment, is a national imperative and one that requires an investment in basic and applied research, development, and deployment into industries in (and out of) the Defense Industrial Base (DIB). Critical next steps include the development of pilots for revolutionary concepts in a new formal verification model and the Cyber-Physical Passport (CPP) concept for chain of custody. Critical infrastructure leadership should take action with a sense of urgency. Working in conjunction with the Under Secretary for Acquisition and Sustainment, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering should establish pilot programs with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the service labs to build and test both concepts in legacy and new system development.. Additionally, the Pentagon may be aware that an existing Manufacturing Innovation Institute is piloting, with the semiconductor industry, cyber innovations to provide verifiable security properties and guarantees of physical functions to build a more cyber secure, resilient and efficient micro-electronics supply chain.
99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Tuning the Mechanical and Electric Properties of Conjugated Polymer Semiconductors: Side–Chain Design Based on Asymmetric Benzodithiophene Building Blocks
Understanding molecular design rules for stretchable polymer semiconductors is important for enabling next generation stretchable electronic circuits. To simultaneously improve both electrical properties and mechanical stretchability, a design strategy is reported in introducing conjugated rigid fused-rings with bulky side groups in semiconducting polymers. In this work, the understanding of this design concept is improved by systematically investigating the effect of different types of bulky side groups asymmetrically substituted on conjugated polymer semiconductor backbones. Specifically, four types of side groups are investigated, including naphthalene (NaPh), biphenyl (PhPh), thienylphenyl (ThPh), and alkylphenyl (C4Ph), asymmetrically substituted on benzodithiophene units, namely asy-BDT. With the four types of side groups installed on BDT-containing conjugated polymers in an asymmetrical fashion, it is observed that they reduced the polymer chain aggregation and film crystallinity, hence improving the film stretchability. Furthermore, the fully conjugated polymer back-bone allows maintenance of good charge carrier mobilities. Specifically, polymer PDPP-C4Ph (with C4Ph side groups) shows the highest mobility in the fully stretchable transistor and maintained its mobility even after being subjected to hundreds of stretching-releasing cycles at 25% strain. Altogether, the results provide anunderstanding of the use of asymmetrically substituted fused-ring conjugated polymer structures to tune mechanical and charge transport properties.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
RNA oligomers at atomic resolution containing 1‐methylpseudouridine, an essential building block of mRNA vaccines
Abstract All widely used mRNA vaccines against COVID‐19 contain in their sequence 1‐methylpseudouridine ( m1Ψ ) instead of uridine. In this publication, we report two high resolution crystal structures (at up to 1.01 and 1.32 Å, respectively) of one such double‐stranded 12‐mer RNA sequence crystallized in two crystal forms. The structures are compared with similar structures which do not contain this modification. Additionally, the X‐ray structure of 1‐methyl‐pseudouridine itself was determined.
Nievergelt, Philipp↗
Shedding Light on the Vibrational Signatures in Halogen‐Bonded Graphitic Carbon Nitride Building Blocks
Abstract The relative contributions of halogen and hydrogen bonding to the interaction between graphitic carbon nitride monomers and halogen bond (XB) donors containing C−X and C≡C bonds were evaluated using computational vibrational spectroscopy. Conventional probes into select vibrational stretching frequencies can often lead to disconnected results. To elucidate this behavior, local mode analyses were performed on the XB donors and complexes identified previously at the M06‐2X/aVDZ‐PP level of theory. Due to coupling between low and high energy C−X vibrations, the C≡C stretch is deemed a better candidate when analyzing XB complex properties or detecting XB formation. The local force constants support this conclusion, as the C≡C values correlate much better with the σ ‐hole magnitude than their C−X counterparts. The intermolecular local stretching force constants were also assessed, and it was found that attractive forces other than halogen bonding play a supporting role in complex formation.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
High-performance n-Type Polymers Based on Multiple Electron-withdrawing Groups Decorated ( E )-1,2-Di(thiophen-2-yl)ethene Building Blocks
The performance of n-type conjugated polymers lags far behind that of p-type polymers, which significantly restricts the development of organic electronics. The (E)-1,2-di(thiophen-2-yl)ethene (TVT) unit, owing to its unique advantages, has been widely applied in the design of p-type polymer semiconductors. Previous studies have demonstrated that introducing electron-withdrawing groups can lower the frontier orbital energy levels of polymers and enhance electron injection/transporting capabilities. Based on this, we proposed incorporating multiple electronwithdrawing groups, such as amide groups, fluorine atoms, and cyano groups, into the polymer backbones of TVT-based polymer to facilitate the electron transport. Here, we successfully designed and synthesized the polymers TVTDA-4FTVT and TVTDA-2F2CNTVT. Both polymers exhibited low frontier orbital energy levels. Due to its significantly higher crystallization tendency and favorable intermolecular packing structure, the organic field-effect transistor (OFET) device based on TVTDA-4FTVT demonstrated an electron mobility one order of magnitude higher than that of TVTDA-2F2CNTVT. TVTDA-4FTVT showed the highest electron mobility of 0.87 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 , while TVTDA-2F2CNTVT exhibited the highest electron mobility of 0.049 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 . Owing to its deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, the OFET devices based on TVTDA-2F2CNTVT showed good air stability after being placed in a natural environment for 15 d.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
A tailored deep eutectic solvent for high-yield conversion of poplar residues to bio-based building blocks at mild conditions
The generation of condensed compounds in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment has become a paramount factor that inhibits the further conversion of pretreated cellulose-rich substrate. Here, this study proposed a novel three-constituent DES system for the value-added utilization of poplar residues by efficiently suppressing hemicellulose derived condensation reactions. The results showed that adding ethanol into the DES system could effectively deconstruct the recalcitrant structure of poplar residues, simultaneously hindering the condensed composition formation. Under optimum ethanol addition (30%), the maximum xylan and lignin removal of 87.94% and 90.99% could be achieved, with more than 90.47% of glucan being preserved. With this, the glucan enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency was remarkably improved to 100% under the pretreatment conditions of 100 °C for 60 min, which was 84.69 times higher than the regular DES-pretreated poplar residues (1.17%). The working mechanism of relieving condensation reactions was characterized by Py-GC–MS, NMR, SEM, FTIR, and others. The results demonstrated that the addition of ethanol could regulate the degradation/conversion pathway of hemicellulose and lignin precipitation, thus inhibit the formation of condensed compounds during the pretreatment.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Soft matter approach for creating novel protein hydrogels using fractal whey protein assemblies as building blocks
In this study, mesoscopic sized fractal assembly (FA) particles were prepared using whey protein isolate; the coldset gelation properties of FA particles were investigated in-depth. Two types of FA particles (FA -62 and FA -90) with different mean sizes were synthesized through controlled thermal treatment of whey protein solutions at two concentrations (62 g/L and 90 g/L). Particle characteristics e.g. hydrodynamic radius, ζ-potential and surface hydrophobicity were dependent on pH and structure of FA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation confirmed the fractal morphology and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis suggested an internal fractal structure for the obtained FA particles. Eight cold-set FA protein gels (2 % w/v) were manufactured by controlling two gelling factors at two levels: pH (5.8 and 7.0) and Ca 2+ content (5 mM and 10 mM). Rheological characteristics in the large amplitude oscillatory shear regime revealed that pH 7.0 gels were softer and elastic while pH 5.8 gels were harder and brittle. Rheology Pipkin diagrams demonstrated that the strain softening/stiffening and the shear-thinning/thickening behaviors may be fine-tuned by manipulating the key gelation factors: e.g. FA structure, pH, and Ca 2+ . The entrainment speed-dependent friction coefficient curves showed that at an intermediate velocity regime (6-250 mm s -1 ), FA -90 particles induced hydrogels had superior lubrication effect compared to FA -62 gels. Further, this work demonstrated a food structure design approach regarding tuning texture and lubrication properties of protein gels without changing protein content and protein composition. The optimized protein hydrogels may be used as texturizer for "cleaner label" food formulas and/or as delivery system for carrying micronutrients.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Ethanol as a Renewable Building Block for Fuels and Chemicals
Three factors, i) the ethanol “blend wall”, which limits its market as a transportation fuel, ii) advances in production efficiency, and iii) feedstock diversification, could lead to excess ethanol at competitive prices. Those factors have already motivated a search for value-added derivatives (e.g., distillate fuels, olefins, and asymmetric amines). Siting small, low cost, flexible conversion facilities to process ethanol at or near the fermentation plant could encourage the growth of an enterprise. Decreasing the barriers to entry, matching supply and demand, and enhancing access to production incentives are enabling success factors. This review discusses the process chemistries that might be employed by such ethanol conversion facilities based on market prices. Finally, how these technologies might benefit from process intensification, and without the requirement of complex processing or large pressures or temperature gradients typically employed in conventional, large scale facilities.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Interrogating the Interplay between Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding in Graphitic Carbon Nitride Building Blocks
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37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗