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DOE OSTI2025

Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program: FY 2024 Completed Projects Report

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) largest multiprogram science, technology, and energy laboratory. It possesses distinctive capabilities in a variety of fields, such as neutron science, computing, advanced materials, and nuclear science and technology. Using these capabilities, ORNL conducts basic and applied research and development (R&D) to support DOE’s overarching mission “to ensure America’s security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions.” As a national resource, ORNL also applies its capabilities and skills to the specific needs of other federal agencies and customers through the DOE Strategic Partnership Projects (SPP) Program. Information about the laboratory and its programs is available on the ORNL website. The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at ORNL operates under the authority of DOE Order 413.2C, Laboratory Directed Research and Development,3 which establishes DOE’s requirements for the program while providing the laboratory director broad flexibility for program implementation. The LDRD Program funds are obtained through a charge to all laboratory programs. Although it represents a relatively small portion of the overall research budget, the LDRD Program plays an essential role in maintaining the laboratory’s ability to respond to national needs. The program allows ORNL to improve its distinctive capabilities and to enhance its ability to conduct cutting-edge R&D. In accordance with the DOE order, R&D projects funded through the LDRD Program at ORNL support the goals of • maintaining the scientific and technical vitality of the laboratory; • enhancing the laboratory’s ability to address future DOE missions; • fostering creativity and stimulating exploration of forefront areas of science and technology; • serving as a proving ground for new concepts in R&D; and • supporting high-risk, potentially high-value R&D. This report provides an overview of the LDRD Program at ORNL in FY 2024 and contains summaries of all the LDRD research projects that concluded between October 1, 2023, and September 30, 2024.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program: FY 2025 Completed Projects

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) largest multiprogram science, technology, and energy laboratory. It possesses distinctive capabilities in a variety of fields, such as neutron science, computing, advanced materials, and nuclear science and technology. Using these capabilities, ORNL conducts basic and applied research and development (R&D) to support DOE’s overarching mission “to ensure America’s security and prosperity by addressing its energy, environmental and nuclear challenges through transformative science and technology solutions.” As a national resource, ORNL also applies its capabilities and skills to the specific needs of other federal agencies and customers through the DOE Strategic Partnership Projects (SPP) Program. Information about the laboratory and its programs is available on the ORNL website. The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program at ORNL operates under the authority of DOE Order 413.2C, Laboratory Directed Research and Development, which establishes DOE’s requirements for the program while providing the laboratory director broad flexibility for program implementation. The LDRD Program funds are obtained through a charge to all laboratory programs. Although it represents a relatively small portion of the overall research budget, the LDRD Program plays an essential role in maintaining the laboratory’s ability to respond to national needs. The program allows ORNL to improve its distinctive capabilities and enhance its ability to conduct cutting-edge R&D. In accordance with the DOE order, R&D projects funded through the LDRD Program at ORNL support the goals of • maintaining the scientific and technical vitality of the laboratory, • enhancing the laboratory’s ability to address future DOE missions, • fostering creativity and stimulating exploration of forefront areas of science and technology, • serving as a proving ground for new concepts in R&D, and • supporting high-risk, potentially high-value R&D. This report provides an overview of the LDRD Program at ORNL in FY 2025 and contains summaries of all the LDRD research projects that concluded between October 1, 2024, and September 30, 2025.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison Study of Upper Subcritical Limits Derived Using Sensitivity/Uncertainty Tools Case Studies of Benchmarks and Applications

Neutron transport methods used to establish subcriticality require validation by comparison to critical experiments considered to be benchmarks. Whisper is a sensitivity/uncertainty analysis tool developed to assist with the task of validation in nuclear criticality safety. Details on the Whisper methodology can be found in References 1-3 on the MCNP ® reference collection website at https://mcnp.lanl.gov. Whisper-1.0 was originally developed in 2014 and used to assist with nuclear criticality safety validation at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Whisper was upgraded in 2016 to Whisper-1.1 and prepared for release with MCNP6.2. Whisper contains a library of over 1100 critical experiment benchmarks and quantifies neutronic similarity of an application to benchmarks in the library. Using highest similarity benchmarks, Whisper computes a calculational margin (CM) encompassing of the worst-case bias and bias uncertainty at a 99% confidence level for each application. In addition, portions of the margin of subcriticality (MOS) for nuclear data uncertainty and potential code errors are computed. The baseline upper subcritical limit (USL) computed by Whisper is comprised of the CM, MOS nuclear data , and MOS code errors . The Whisper baseline USL is absent a portion of the MOS due to the area of application, which is applied based upon judgment by the criticality safety analyst. An objective of this paper is to present the baseline USL, CM and portions of the MOS as computed by Whisper for comparison with similar sensitivity/uncertainty tools, such as those used by IRSN and ORNL. The initial comparison involves four critical experiment benchmarks: HEU-MET-FAST-013-001, HEU-SOLTHERM-001-008, PU-MET-FAST-022-001, AND PU-SOL-THERM-001-001, which have been: 1. modeled independently by LANL, IRSN, and ORNL based upon information provided in the ICSBEP Handbook, 2. are common in S/U libraries for LANL, IRSN, and ORNL, 3. span a range of energy spectrum and fissile material, and 4. taken as applications for the purposes of this study and therefore excluded from use as a benchmark for calculating the upper subcritical limit. Results presented in this paper have been computed using covariance data for all isotopes in ENDF/BVII.0 using a 44-group energy structure. Benchmarks in the Whisper library were run in MCNP6.2 using 100,000 neutrons per cycle, skipping 100 cycles for 500 active cycles. Reference 10 also compares the results for baseline USL with an order of magnitude greater neutrons, using the same total number of cycles with 1,000,000 neutrons per cycle. Subsequent to the results presented in Reference 10 changes were made to the benchmark library, as discussed in Reference 11. Newer results using the revised benchmark library are presented herein.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Comparison Study of Upper Subcritical Limits Derived Using Sensitivity/Uncertainty Tools: Case Studies of U233-SOL-THERM-001-001, MIX-COMP-THERM-001-001, IEU-MET-FAST-002-001, LEU-COMP-THERM-001-001, LEU-SOL-THERM-004-001

Neutron transport methods used to establish subcriticality require validation by comparison to critical experiments considered to be benchmarks. Whisper is a sensitivity/uncertainty analysis tool developed to assist with the task of validation in nuclear criticality safety. Details on the Whisper methodology can be found in References 1-3 on the MCNP® reference collection website at https://mcnp.lanl.gov. Whisper-1.0 was originally developed in 2014 and used to assist with nuclear criticality safety validation at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Whisper was upgraded in 2016 to Whisper-1.1 and prepared for release with MCNP6.2 [References 3-5]. Whisper contains a library of over 1100 critical experiment benchmarks and quantifies neutronic similarity of an application to benchmarks in the library. Using highest similarity benchmarks, Whisper computes a calculational margin (CM) encompassing of the worst-case bias and bias uncertainty at a 99% confidence level for each application. In addition, portions of the margin of subcriticality (MOS) for nuclear data uncertainty and potential code errors are computed. The baseline upper subcritical limit (USL) computed by Whisper is comprised of the CM, MOS nuclear data , and MOS code errors . The Whisper baseline USL is absent a portion of the MOS due to the area of application, which is applied based upon judgment by the criticality safety analyst. An objective of this paper is to present the baseline USL, CM and portions of the MOS as computed by Whisper for comparison with similar sensitivity/uncertainty tools, such as those used by IRSN and ORNL. An initial comparison involved four critical experiment benchmarks: HEU-MET-FAST-013-001, HEU-SOLTHERM-001-008, PU-MET-FAST-022-001, AND PU-SOL-THERM-001-001, which have been documented in References 10-13. This study extends the comparison to include cases U233-SOL-THERM-001-001, MIX-COMP-THERM-001-001, IEU-MET-FAST-002-001, LEU-COMP-THERM-001-001, LEU-SOL-THERM- 004-001.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

EnergyPlus™ v.23.2.0 2023 [SWR-17-23]

EnergyPlus™ is a whole building energy simulation program that engineers, architects, and researchers use to model both energy consumption and water use in buildings. This is the EnergyPlus Development Repository. The Department of Energy maintains a public website for EnergyPlus where you can find much more information about the program. https://energyplus.net/ For detailed developer information, consult the wiki. https://github.com/NREL/EnergyPlus/wiki Many users (and developers) of EnergyPlus are active on Unmet Hours, so that's a great place to start if you have a question about EnergyPlus or building simulation. https://unmethours.com/questions/ For more in-depth, developer-driven support, please utilize the EnergyPlus Helpdesk. https://energyplushelp.freshdesk.com/support/home

Woods, Jason↗
DOE OSTI2014

Isothermal Battery Calorimeter Technology Transfer and Development: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report

During the last 15 years, NREL has been utilizing its unique expertise and capabilities to work with industry partners on battery thermal testing and electric and hybrid vehicle simulation and testing. Further information and publications about NREL’s work and unique capabilities in battery testing and modeling can be found at NREL’s Energy Storage website: http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/energystorage/. Particularly, NREL has developed and fabricated a large volume isothermal battery calorimeter that has been made available for licensing and potential commercialization (http://techportal.eere.energy.gov/technology.do/techID=394). In summer of 2011, NREL developed and fabricated a smaller version of the large volume isothermal battery calorimeter, called hereafter “cell-scale LVBC.” NETZSCH Instruments North America, LLC is a leading company in thermal analysis, calorimetry, and determination of thermo-physical properties of materials (www.netzschthermal-analysis.com). NETZSCH is interested in evaluation and eventual commercialization of the NREL large volume isothermal battery calorimeter.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

NREL Launches Collaborative Resource for Field Test Best Practices [Fact Sheet]

Dynamic portal documents and shares state-of-the-art residential field test tools and techniques. Field testing is a science and an art—a tricky process that develops through a lot of trial and error. Researchers in the Advanced Residential Buildings group at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) regularly conduct field experiments and long-term monitoring in occupied and unoccupied houses throughout the United States. The goal is to capture real-world performance of energy-efficient systems, in support of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America program. In addition to the technical challenges of making accurate field measurements, NREL researchers realized another problem: the vast body of field test know-how based on years of collective experience is currently scattered throughout the building science community. To address this need, NREL developed the Field Test Best Practices website, a dynamic, collaborative resource that documents practical “lessons from the field” for building scientists nationwide.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

Collaborative Proposal: Improving Decadal Prediction of Arctic Climate Variability and Change Using a Regional Arctic System Model (RASM)

RASM is a multi-disciplinary project, which brings together researchers from six state universities, one military postgraduate school, and one DoE laboratory to address the core modeling objectives of the arctic research community articulated in the Arctic System Modeling report by Roberts et al. (2010b). This report advocates the construction of a regional downscaling tool to generate probabilistic decadal projections of Greenland ice sheet retreat, evolution of arctic sea ice cover, changes in land surface vegetation, and regional processes leading to arctic amplification. Unified coupled models such as RASM are ideal for this purpose because they simulate fine-scale physics, essential for the realistic representation of intra-annual variability, in addition to processes fundamental to long term climatic shifts (Hurrell et al. 2009). By using RASM with boundary conditions from a global model, we can generate many-member ensembles essential for understanding uncertainty in regional climate projections (Hawkins and Sutton 2009). This probabilistic approach is computationally prohibitive for high-resolution global models in the foreseeable future, and also for regional models interactively nested within global simulations. Yet it is fundamental for quantifying uncertainty in decadal forecasts to make them useful for decision makers (Doherty et al. 2009). For this reason, we have targeted development of ensemble generation techniques as a core project task (Task 4.5). Environmental impact assessment specialists need high-fidelity regional ensemble projections to improve the accuracy of their work (Challinor et al. 2009; Moss et al. 2010). This is especially true of the Arctic, where economic, social and national interests are rapidly reshaping the high north in step with regional climate change. During the next decade, considerable oil and gas discoveries are expected across many parts of the marine and terrestrial Arctic (Gautier et al. 2009), the economics of the Northern Sea Route will steadily improve (Arctic Council 2009), and sovereign claims over the Arctic Ocean will increasingly be subject to international negotiations (Proelss 2009). Issues such as these have led to an expanding demand for Arctic climate projections to aid national and commercial decisions. However, detailed information from existing models is lacking. RASM will enhance the existing Arctic system modeling capabilities and align them with the scientific and societal needs outlined above. The science involved in the development of RASM will be integrated with teaching and training at a few different levels. RASM PIs will supervise at least six postdoctoral and doctoral students with additional involvement of undergraduate research assistants. RASM postdoctoral fellows and graduate trainees will benefit from being a part of a large, collaborative, and multi-disciplinary research projects employing state-of-the-art modeling and computational tools. They will also have the opportunity to contribute to the UTEP-led education and outreach effort developed specifically for RASM. The UTEP team will use RASM as a platform for education and outreach. First, we will develop products for public dissemination, such as curriculum units, lesson plans and other materials (simulations, movies, and images) for use by students and teachers in high school and university classrooms. Second, we will facilitate bringing RASM PIs, postdocs, and graduate students into the classroom, through electronic mentorship and by contributing content via online lectures and presentations. Third, by the use of problem-based learning (PBL) approaches, we will provide real-world scenarios and problems enabling students to do research and develop position papers or presentations on topics related to RASM. (Problem-based learning is a student-centered, inquiry-based approach in which students work in teams to solve challenging, open-ended problems.) Fourth, we will develop teacher-training materials that will be developed into workshops (face-to-face or online) to help teachers understand how to use the materials we supply. Overall, we will provide a broad, and long-term RASM program for education and outreach. RASM education and outreach activities will target underrepresented populations - in particular, Hispanic students and teachers. For example, the UTEP student body is more than 70 percent Hispanic and 55 percent female, and the majority of students are the first in their families to attend college. Students from underrepresented groups will be given the chance to expand their understanding of the different scientific knowledge and processes associated with RASM. We will develop an eye-catching RASM website to include information about the project, model results and educational materials, and lists of RASM publications and presentations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sustainable Enablers of Knowledge Management Strategies in a Higher Education Institution

By facilitating the capture, organization, and dissemination of knowledge within and beyond the institution, knowledge management (KM) in higher education institutions (HEIs) fuels innovation, enhances research impact, and strengthens collaboration, ultimately leading to the creation of new knowledge and its valuable exchange. However, there is still much to explore in terms of the enablers of knowledge creation, sharing, and transfer. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the enablers of effective KM in the Polytechnique University of Leiria, which serves as a benchmark for other higher education institutions due to its leadership role in RUN-EU, a consortium of European universities. To achieve this, a narrative analysis based on information from SCOPUS and the institute’s website, focusing on innovation, research, and development strategies, is proposed. The findings suggest that for KM initiatives to be successful, they need to be strategically designed, culturally supported, technologically enabled, and integrated into existing workflows.

Santos, Eleonora (ORCID:0000000346930804)↗
DOE OSTI2017

ECP Milestone Report: Identify initial kernels, bake-off problems (benchmarks) and miniapps (CEED-MS6)

The CEED co-design center is developing a number of kernels, bake-off / benchmark problems (BPs) and mini-applications (miniapps) that capture the unique requirements of high-order finite element algorithms and use them to influence standards, best practices and vendors to generate more portable, better performing code across diverse hardware designs. This is a main activity in CEED’s Hardware, Applications and Finite Element thrusts. CEED’s miniapps, a.k.a. CEEDlings, are small, standalone applications - surrogates for sub-components of interest from the selected first wave of applications (the MARBL/LLNLApp and ExaSMR projects). The BPs are even smaller standalone programs that solve a simple physical problem, including discretization, linear and/or nonlinear solve, and potentially a relatively small number of time steps. A BP may be a proxy/surrogate for part of a miniapp or another problem of general interest. In CEED, both miniapps and BPs will be used extensively in the project to evaluate and compare the performance of algorithms in specific contexts. The parts of the miniapps and BPs that play an important role in their overall performance will be identified and separated as standalone kernels. These kernels and their interaction inside BPs, miniapps and the actual applications, will be the main focus of our optimization efforts. All three standalone pieces of software (miniapps, BPs, and kernels) will serve as a basis for engaging and collaborating with hardware vendors and software technologies (ST) projects. These partners can start at the bottom of the hierarchy, e.g. with the kernels, and easily transition to BPs and miniapps as all three families will be produced in the same CEED environment. In this milestone we identified the initial kernels, bake-off problems and miniapps and delivered software and documentation for them through the new CEED website, http://ceed.exascaleproject.org. We specifically identified the Nekbone miniapp for the ExaSMR application and developed a new miniapp, Laghos, for the MARBL/LLNLApp application. We also formulated four initial benchmark problems (BP1- BP4) with clearly defined performance metrics and performed an initial bake-off comparison between the Nek5000 (spectral element) and MFEM (high-order finite element) technologies. As part of the milestone, we also engaged vendors (AMD) and ST projects (MPICH, STRUMPACK). In this document we are reporting some details and results from these R&D activities, as well as additional project-wide activities performed in Q3 of FY17, including: making CEED software available on GitHub, developing the project website, and the preparation of CEED’s first annual meeting.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Curation and Computational Design of Bioenergy-Related Metabolic Pathways

Pathway Tools is a systems-biology software package written by SRI International (SRI) that produces Pathway/Genome Databases (PGDBs) for organisms with a sequenced genome. Pathway Tools also provides a wide range of capabilities for analyzing predicted metabolic networks and user-generated omics data. More than 5,000 academic, industrial, and government groups have licensed Pathway Tools. This user community includes researchers at all three DOE bioenergy centers, as well as academic and industrial metabolic engineering (ME) groups. An integral part of the Pathway Tools software is MetaCyc, a large, multiorganism database of metabolic pathways and enzymes that SRI and its academic collaborators manually curate. This project included two main goals: I. Enhance the MetaCyc content of bioenergy-related enzymes and pathways. II. Develop computational tools for engineering metabolic pathways that satisfy specified design goals, in particular for bioenergy-related pathways. In part I, SRI proposed to significantly expand the coverage of bioenergy-related metabolic information in MetaCyc, followed by the generation of organism-specific PGDBs for all energy-relevant organisms sequenced at the DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI). Part I objectives included: 1: Expand the content of MetaCyc to include bioenergy-related enzymes and pathways. 2: Enhance the Pathway Tools software to enable display of complex polymer degradation processes. 3: Create new PGDBs for the energy-related organisms sequenced by JGI, update existing PGDBs with new MetaCyc content, and make these data available to JBEI via the BioCyc website. In part II, SRI proposed to develop an efficient computational tool for the engineering of metabolic pathways. Part II objectives included: 4: Develop computational tools for generating metabolic pathways that satisfy specified design goals, enabling users to specify parameters such as starting and ending compounds, and preferred or disallowed intermediate compounds. The pathways were to be generated using metabolic reactions from a reference database (DB). 5: Develop computational tools for ranking the pathways generated in objective (4) according to their optimality. The ranking criteria include stoichiometric yield, the number and cost of additional inputs and the cofactor compounds required by the pathway, pathway length, and pathway energetics. 6: Develop tools for visualizing generated pathways to facilitate the evaluation of a large space of generated pathways.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Pioneer WEC Dashboard

SAND2026-18911O The Pioneer WEC (Wave Energy Converter) Dashboard tool visualizes real-time data from the Pioneer WEC v1 prototype, which supplies power to a mooring in the Coastal Pioneer Array. It offers up-to-date information, performance metrics, and graphical plots that enable users to monitor the prototype's efficiency. Developed using Python and Jekyll, this static website is updated daily and hosted on GitHub. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Michelen Strofer, Carlos [Sandia National Lab. (SN↗
DOE OSTI2014

DOE Better Buildings Neighborhood Program, Energy Smart Colorado: Resort Communities Retrofit Program

Energy Smart Colorado is an energy efficiency program established in 2011 in the central mountain region of Colorado. The program was funded through a grant of $4.9 million, awarded in August 2010 by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Better Buildings Program. As primary grant recipient, Eagle County coordinated program activities, managed the budget, and reported results. Eagle County staff worked closely with local community education and outreach partner Eagle Valley Alliance for Sustainability (now Walking Mountains Science Center) to engage residents in the program. Sub-recipients Pitkin County and Gunnison County assigned local implementation of the program in their regions to their respective community efficiency organizations, Community Office for Resource Efficiency (CORE) in Pitkin County, and Office for Resource Efficiency (ORE) in Gunnison County. Utility partners contributed $166,600 to support Home Energy Assessments for their customers. Program staff opened Energy Resource Centers, engaged a network of qualified contractors, developed a work-flow, an enrollment website, a loan program, and a data management system to track results.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

Smart Grid Information Clearinghouse (SGIC)

Since the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 was enacted, there has been a large number of websites that discusses smart grid and relevant information, including those from government, academia, industry, private sector and regulatory. These websites collect information independently. Therefore, smart grid information was quite scattered and dispersed. The objective of this work was to develop, populate, manage and maintain the public Smart Grid Information Clearinghouse (SGIC) web portal. The information in the SGIC website is comprehensive that includes smart grid information, research & development, demonstration projects, technical standards, costs & benefit analyses, business cases, legislation, policy & regulation, and other information on lesson learned and best practices. The content in the SGIC website is logically grouped to allow easily browse, search and sort. In addition to providing the browse and search feature, the SGIC web portal also allow users to share their smart grid information with others though our online content submission platform. The Clearinghouse web portal, therefore, serves as the first stop shop for smart grid information that collects smart grid information in a non-bias, non-promotional manner and can provide a missing link from information sources to end users and better serve users’ needs. The web portal is available at www.sgiclearinghouse.org. This report summarizes the work performed during the course of the project (September 2009 – August 2014). Section 2.0 lists SGIC Advisory Committee and User Group members. Section 3.0 discusses SGIC information architecture and web-based database application functionalities. Section 4.0 summarizes SGIC features and functionalities, including its search, browse and sort capabilities, web portal social networking, online content submission platform and security measures implemented. Section 5.0 discusses SGIC web portal contents, including smart grid 101, smart grid projects, deployment experience (i.e., use cases, lessons learned, cost-benefit analyses and business cases), in-depth information (i.e., standards, technology, cyber security, legislation, education and training and demand response), as well as international information. Section 6.0 summarizes SGIC statistics from the launch of the portal on July 07, 2010 to August 31, 2014. Section 7.0 summarizes publicly available information as a result of this work.

Rahman, Saifur↗
DOE OSTI2015

FY 2014 Annual Progress Report - Energy Storage R&D

The Energy Storage research and development (R&D) subprogram within the DOE Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) provides support and guidance for projects focusing on batteries for plug-in electric vehicles. Program targets focus on overcoming technical barriers to enable market success including: (1) significantly reducing battery cost, (2) increasing battery performance (power, energy, durability), (3) reducing battery weight & volume, and (4) increasing battery tolerance to abusive conditions such as short circuit, overcharge, and crush. This report describes the progress made on the research and development projects funded by the Energy Storage subprogram in 2014. You can download individual sections at the following website, http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/downloads/vehicle-technologies-office-2014-energy-storage-rd-annual-report.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dynamic and Responsive Distributed Energy Resource Education Solutions for Building, Fire, and Safety Department Officials (Final Technical Report)

From April 2021 through March 2024, the Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) led a collaborative project to develop a free online clearinghouse of educational resources about solar photovoltaics (PV), energy storage systems (ESS), electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), and grid-interactive efficient building (GEB) technologies. Two websites—the Clean Energy Clearinghouse and CleanEnergyTraining.org—housed over 70 educational resources. Over the course of the three-year project, 154,272 unique visitors accessed the learning materials. Learner feedback was overwhelmingly positive. Even through the end of the project, there was sustained demand for education and communication. A primary innovation of the project was to drive multiple complementary audiences to the same place. Building owners, designers, installation contractors and developers, authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs), and fire service personnel all benefit from a shared understanding of clean energy technologies, including safety and code-related requirements. When considering the impact on the target audience, the project team worked with partners and advisors to inform resource creation and delivery in such a way as to address key motivational factors of the target audience and compel each user to seek additional information on the topic and return to the Clean Energy Clearinghouse website as their central location for more information. Resources were intentionally developed to be concise—five to 15 minutes—and accessible, meaning not overly technical. Providing basic information demystified the technologies and invited the professional to explore additional learning opportunities. Awardee and partner collaboration was key to project success. IREC facilitated collaboration among the other Topic 2 awardees, Southface and New Buildings Institute (NBI). The three awardees shared relevant information gained through discovery and validation questionnaires that informed product development and reduced duplication of effort by coordinating the development of complementary, and not competing, educational resources. Inspired by this collaboration, IREC brought on additional partners even in the final year of the project. Five regional energy efficiency organizations were part of the project, which expanded the connection between efficiency and distributed energy resources. We also included resources on the Clearinghouse that were developed through other federally funded projects, such as the Buildings Energy Efficiency Frontiers & Innovation Technologies (BENEFIT) program. The website was developed with the learner in mind, and not solely the funding source. Feedback from stakeholders throughout the project, and especially in its final year, indicated the need for continued education and facilitated communication among stakeholders to further the safe and widespread adoption of clean energy.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Ultra Efficient Light Duty Powertrain with Gasoline Low Temperature Combustion (Final Report)

This document details the work completed during Project DE-EE0006839 ‘Ultra Efficient Light Duty Powertrain with Gasoline Low Temperature Combustion’. All tasks from the project’s Statement of Project Objectives are discussed. Final demonstration data is also presented and discussed. Further project details can be found in the Quarterly Technicial Reports that were submitted during the course of the project and are stored on the EERE Project Management Center Website. The goal of this project was to develop, implement and demonstrate a low temperature combustion approach called Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition (GDCI) that provides high thermal efficiency with low NOx and PM emissions. The project target was to demonstrate a 35% fuel economy improvement over the baseline vehicle while meeting Tier 3 emissions levels. At the start of this project, GDCI was a moderately mature combustion technology, due in large part to advances made during a Delphi Technologies program funded through an earlier Department of Energy Advanced Technology Powertrains (ATP) opportunity; under that earlier contract, DE-EE0003258, Delphi Technologies assembled a team with complementary industrial and academic experience, and led this team to advance the technology from the original fundamental work to the state of art embodied by a first-generation (Gen 1) multi-cylinder GDCI engine. Key activities during that project centered on engine and combustion chamber design, and development of fuel injection equipment, valvetrain and advanced controls. Performance results with the Gen 1 engine in a development vehicle demonstrated that GDCI had the capability to operate using Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) over a broad speed-load range. Based on benchmarking work, efficiency for the Gen 1 GDCI engine compared favorably overall to production light-duty diesel engines. The second DOE funded project, DE-EE0006839, focused on a number of technical risks and issues that were left to be resolved for GDCI to become a production-viable technology. These risks were:GDCI combustion system refinement to achieve near-ideal air/fuel mixture preparation for high efficiency and low HC and CO emissions; Transient control development for low temperature combustion with high EGR levels during real-world transient driving maneuvers and over a broader range of ambient conditions; Aftertreatment system design that is effective in dealing with the low-temperature challenges of a highly efficient engine. The project was executed in two phases. Phase 1 leveraged the development vehicle from the Advanced Technologies Powertrain 1 (ATP1) project, DE-EE0003258. That vehicle was used as an initial test bed in the development of a high performance low temperature exhaust aftertreatment system. The vehicle was also used to develop calibration refinements for improved exhaust emissions and fuel efficiency. Samples of a new GDCI development level engine, called Gen2 GDCI (and developed outside of the first DOE funded project), were also used during Phase 1 to develop refined controller hardware and control algorithms, as well as improved sensors and actuators. The Gen2 engine was then retrofitted into the development vehicle from the ATP1 project and used for controls refinement and calibration of GDCI to achieve improved cold start, drivability and robustness to real world environments and fuel variations. During Phase 2 of the project, Gen3 versions of the GDCI engine were designed and built specifically for this project based on experience from the earlier engines. These engines were designed to be production-like in construction and, when combined with refined control systems and project specific low temperature exhaust aftertreatment, were intended to support the goal of meeting Tier 3 emissions levels at a vehicle level. Though great progress had been made advancing the GDCI combustion process, and despite extensive presentations of our work on the technology at various conferences and in direct meetings with automotive companies, none of the US domestic automotive OEMs had shown an interest in adopting this combustion process as part of their technology planning as the project approached the Go/No-Go point at the end of Budget Period 3. As a result of this low-level of interest both the US Department of Energy and Delphi Technologies received in this technology from domestic auto manufactures, Delphi Technologies elected a ‘No-Go’ status for the gate between Budget Period 3 and Budget Period 4 which terminated the project without spending any Budget Period 4 funds. The project team concluded that the dynamometer mapping of the most recent level of hardware, combined with the vehicle level simulation by Argonne National Laboratory, was sufficient to document the capabilities and potential of the combustion process without spending the time and money to do the controls development and full calibration necessary for a demonstration vehicle.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Centralized Interactive Phenomics Resource: an integrated online phenomics knowledgebase for health data users

Development of clinical phenotypes from electronic health records (EHRs) can be resource intensive. Several phenotype libraries have been created to facilitate reuse of definitions. However, these platforms vary in target audience and utility. Here, we describe the development of the Centralized Interactive Phenomics Resource (CIPHER) knowledgebase, a comprehensive public-facing phenotype library, which aims to facilitate clinical and health services research. The platform was designed to collect and catalog EHR-based computable phenotype algorithms from any healthcare system, scale metadata management, facilitate phenotype discovery, and allow for integration of tools and user workflows. Phenomics experts were engaged in the development and testing of the site. The knowledgebase stores phenotype metadata using the CIPHER standard, and definitions are accessible through complex searching. Phenotypes are contributed to the knowledgebase via webform, allowing metadata validation. Data visualization tools linking to the knowledgebase enhance user interaction with content and accelerate phenotype development. The CIPHER knowledgebase was developed in the largest healthcare system in the United States and piloted with external partners. The design of the CIPHER website supports a variety of front-end tools and features to facilitate phenotype development and reuse. Health data users are encouraged to contribute their algorithms to the knowledgebase for wider dissemination to the research community, and to use the platform as a springboard for phenotyping. CIPHER is a public resource for all health data users available at https://phenomics.va.ornl.gov/ which facilitates phenotype reuse, development, and dissemination of phenotyping knowledge.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗