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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Review of u.s. and u.s.s.r. bioastronautic activities, discussing environmental control and life support systems of coopers flight and the soviet cosmonauts flight, and consideration psychophysiological phenomena
Progress of aviation medicine outside U.S.S.R. DURING and after First World War
Signal transmission from U.S.S.R. to United Kingdom via Echo II communications satellite
Surveyor 1 and 5 data on lunar surface composition and consistency, discussing Luna and Ranger projects of U.S.S.R. and U.S.
Human response to space environment and simulation by bedrest, comparing U.S. and U.S.S.R. methods of treating manned space exploration
Zond-6 circumlunar flight and controlled descent landing in U.S.S.R.
Pertinent information is presented for 98 launched and planned satellites of the U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R., and France, as well as their over 200 meteorological experiments or instruments. Summary information is provided for both operational and research satellites. Three major sections include: (1) an overview by country, of the various series of meteorological satellite programs; (2) brief descriptions of the satellites and their experiments; and (3) an extensive bibliography. A glossary of acronyms and two indexes for cross-referencing are also included. In addition, various tables and figures presenting satellite operating times, data coverage, location of launch sites, and descriptions of the launch vehicles used to orbit the meteorological satellites are given.
The Sikorsky S-67 Blackhawk attack helicopter utilizes spot-weld bonding for stringer to skin attachment on more than 5 per cent of its surface area. It is the first American aircraft to utilize spot weld bonding, although the process has been used for some years in the U.S.S.R. The process consists of applying adhesive on the surfaces to be joined, spot welding through the adhesive, then curing the adhesive.
The present work provides an outline of the history of the efforts to map the topography of the surface of the moon, from the days of pre-telescopic astronomy to the present. The first part of the book covers the time span from 1600 to 1960 and reproduces numerous examples of this early, earth-based selenographic work. The manned lunar missions in the 1960's revolutionized the science of lunar mapping with their high-resolution, close-range photography of the moon. In 1959, a comprehensive lunar mapping program was initiated by two DOD mapping agencies - the U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) and the U.S. Army Map Service (AMS). In the course of this program, the cause of lunar mapping enlisted for the first time the services of professional cartographers; the outcome of their efforts speedily relegated all previous work into absolescence. The methods and results of this work are described, and the underlying principles of physical selenodesy are set forth, including the definition of lunar coordinates and the methods for a determination of three-dimensional coordinates of lunar features. A section is included on lunar mapping in the U.S.S.R.
The development and characteristics of a system for automatic transmission of meteorological data to U.S.S.R. weather stations are discussed. An algorithm to be used with computer storage facilities to avoid duplication of data is examined. A specific method for providing automated data transmission and reception is explained.
Operating principles, system functions, and technological problems associated with developing compatible spacecraft, station approach, and docking facilities between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. are reported. Two designs, the probe cone and the androgynous docking device are examined.
The objectives of the planetary quarantine program are presented and the history of early contamination prevention efforts is outlined. Contamination models which were previously established are given and include: determination of parameters; symbol nomenclature; and calculations of contamination and hazard probabilities. Planetary quarantine is discussed as an issue of national and international concern. Information on international treaty and meetings on spacecraft sterilization, quarantine standards, and policies is provided. The specific contamination probabilities of the U.S.S.R. Venus 3 flyby are included.
Plasma measurements near Mars on the U.S.S.R. Mars-2, -3, and -5 spacecraft are considered. The data are compared with simultaneous magnetic measurements. Strong evidence is obtained in favor of a direct interaction and mass exchange between the solar wind plasma and the gaseous envelope of Mars.
Medical and physiologic experience gained in space flight programs of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is described in relation to acceleration forces in the final phases of manned space flight. Application of this knowledge to future programs, survival in the postlanding period, and survival provisions currently made for spacecrews are discussed.
The process by which the U.S. and U.S.S.R. selected astronauts and cosmonauts for early manned space flights is described. Emphasis is placed on medical criteria.
The biomedical and preflight training of spacecraft crews is discussed based on a survey of scientific and technical literature in the U.S. and U.S.S.R. Experience gained from high velocity and high altitude aircraft flights, predictions of human reactions and theoretical models of human adaptation to the new environment of space, and actual spaceflight experience provided scientists and specialists with data from which the state of human health in space could be predicted and life support measures developed.
The effects of spaceflight on terrestrial cell systems are discussed. With some important exceptions, static cell systems carried aboard U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. space flights have failed to reveal space related anomalies. Some sophisticated devices which were developed for viewing directly, or continuously recording, the growth of cells, tissue cultures and eggs in flight, are described and the results summarized. The unique presence of high energy, multicharged (HZE) particles and full-range ultraviolet irradiation in space prompted evaluation of the response of single cells to these factors. Summary results and general conclusions are presented. Potential areas of research in future space flights are identified.
The Luna and Zond series of unmanned U.S.S.R. spacecraft were designed to investigate the moon and its vicinity. Sixteen Luna spacecraft and, six Zond spacecraft have obtained lunar data. These series have included flyby, lunar-orbiting, and soft-landing missions. A variety of experiments were carried out by these spacecraft including studies of magnetism, X-ray and gamma emissions, gravitational anomalies, and chemical composition. Soil samples, near- and farside photography (both color and black and white), and earth-cloud photography were also acquired. Luna 17 and 23, carried automatic roving vehicles (Lunokhod 1 and 2) that traversed portions of the lunar surface. Lunokhod 1 roamed in Mare Imbrium near Sinus Iridum, and Lunokhod 2 roamed in the Crater Le Monnier at the eastern edge of Mare Serenitatis. The Luna 16, 20, and 24 missions soft-landed on the lunar surface, scooped up lunar material, and returned these samples to earth. The photographic samples received are in the form of paper prints. Some publications containing photographs are described.