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NASA NTRS2005

Meridional component of oceanic Rossby wave propagation

A three-dimensional spectral analysis of Topex altimeter data reveals a large meridional component k(y) of the wavevector k for baroclinic Rossby waves of all timescales. Its existence necessitates some refinements in our estimates of certain basic properties of the Rossby wave field. In particular, by taking into account an actual off-zonal direction of k (often exceeding 70 degrees), one finds that the wavelength, phase speed, and group velocity of mid-latitude Rossby waves (with periods less than 2 years) are much smaller than they appear to be on the assumption of a purely zonal wavenumber vector. Because of a shorter wavelength (yielding U as high as 0.6, where L is the Rossby radius of deformation), these waves are essentially dispersive. Their group velocity vector may depart from zonal by more than 30 degrees. An important intrinsic feature of the wave spectrum confirmed by our analysis is a broadband distribution with respect to k(y). Some of the dynamical implications of the large k(y)/k(x), ratio are discussed.

Satellite altimetry↗

NASA NTRS1993

Three-dimensional flow in radial turbomachinery and its impact on design

In the two papers on the 'Theory of Blade Design for Large Deflections' published in 1984, a new inverse design technique was presented for designing the shape of turbomachinery blades in three-dimensional flow. The technique involves the determination of the blade profile from the specification of a distribution of the product of the radius and the pitched averaged tangential velocity (i.e., r bar-V(sub theta), the mean swirl schedule) within the bladed region. This is in contrast to the conventional inverse design technique for turbomachinery blading in two dimensional flow in which the blade surface pressure or velocity distribution is specified and the blade profile determined as a result; this is feasible in two-dimensional flow because the streamlines along the blade surfaces are known a priori. However, in three-dimensional flow, the stream surface is free to deform within the blade passage so that the streamlines on the blade surfaces are not known a priori; thus it is difficult and not so useful to prescribe the blade surface pressure or velocity distribution and determine the resulting blade profile. It therefore seems logical to prescribe the swirl schedule within the bladed region for designing a turbomachinery blade profile in three-dimensional flow. Furthermore, specifying r bar-V(sub theta) has the following advantages: (1) it is related to the circulation around the blade (i.e., it is an aerodynamic quantity); (2) the work done or extracted is approximately proportional to the overall change in r bar-V(sub theta) across a given blade row (Euler turbine equation); and (3) the rate of change of r bar-V(sub theta) along the mean streamline at the blade is related to the pressure jump across the blade and therefore the blade loading. Since the publications of those two papers, the technique has been applied to the design of a low speed as well as a high speed radial inflow turbine (for turbocharger applications) both of which showed definite improvements in performance over that of wheels of conventional designs, the design study of a high pressure ratio radial inflow turbine with and without splitter blades.

Tan, Choon S.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Computational simulation of matrix micro-slip bands in SiC/Ti-15 composite

Computational simulation procedures are used to identify the key deformation mechanisms for (0)(sub 8) and (90)(sub 8) SiC/Ti-15 metal matrix composites. The computational simulation procedures employed consist of a three-dimensional finite-element analysis and a micromechanics based computer code METCAN. The interphase properties used in the analysis have been calibrated using the METCAN computer code with the (90)(sub 8) experimental stress-strain curve. Results of simulation show that although shear stresses are sufficiently high to cause the formation of some slip bands in the matrix concentrated mostly near the fibers, the nonlinearity in the composite stress-strain curve in the case of (90)(sub 8) composite is dominated by interfacial damage, such as microcracks and debonding rather than microplasticity. The stress-strain curve for (0)(sub 8) composite is largely controlled by the fibers and shows only slight nonlinearity at higher strain levels that could be the result of matrix microplasticity.

Mital, S. K.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Low-stress creep behavior of multiple salt caverns under cyclic operations

Here, the use of multiple salt caverns for large-scale underground hydrogen storage offers a strategic solution to the growing demand for efficient and flexible energy storage, due to the inherent low permeability, high mechanical strength, and self-healing properties of the salt formation. Despite these advantages, the long-term geomechanical response of salt caverns under cyclic injection and withdrawal remains a significant challenge for ensuring operational stability. This mechanistic study highlights the critical role of low-stress creep, also known as pressure solution creep, in governing deformation of salt caverns during cyclic operations. Unlike conventional creep mechanisms that dominate under high-stress conditions, low-stress creep becomes particularly relevant under the moderate stress changes induced by repeated injection and withdrawal, which provides a previously underexplored control on cavern closure. Our three-dimensional computational model integrates the low-stress creep mechanism into the Munson–Dawson creep equation across a spectrum of operational scenarios including variations in cavern pressure cycles, injection-withdrawal frequencies, and caprock mechanical property. The low-stress creep components accelerate the cavern creep closure, which is amplified with shorter cycle frequency and larger pressure difference. Sensitivity analyses capture the complex interactions between multiple caverns and surround formations at the field scale that allows for a quantitative assessment of deformation patterns and closure rates over time and thereby informs the design and operation of sustainable underground hydrogen storage system.

Cyclic operation↗

NASA NTRS1989

A posteriori estimates for shear correction factors in multilayered composite cylinders

A predictor-corrector approach is presented for calculating the composite shear correction factors and analyzing multilayered composite cylinders. In the predictor phase a two-dimensional first-order shear deformation theory is used to predict the gross response characteristics of the cylinder (vibration frequencies, average through-the-thickness displacements, rotations, and transverse shear strain energy per unit area) as well as the in-plane strains and stresses in the thickness direction. The three-dimensional equilibrium equations and constitutive relations are then used to compute the transverse stresses and strains as well as the transverse shear factors, and they are also used to correct the predicted response quantities of the cylinder. For simply supported multilayered cylinders the response quantities obtained by using the proposed approach are shown to be in close agreement with three-dimensional elasticity solutions for a wide range of lamination and geometric parameters. Also, the potential of the proposed approach for use in conjunction with large-scale finite element models of composite cylinders is outlined.

Noor, Ahmed K.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Time-dependent deformation of titanium metal matrix composites

A three-dimensional finite element program called VISCOPAC was developed and used to conduct a micromechanics analysis of titanium metal matrix composites. The VISCOPAC program uses a modified Eisenberg-Yen thermo-viscoplastic constitutive model to predict matrix behavior under thermomechanical fatigue loading. The analysis incorporated temperature-dependent elastic properties in the fiber and temperature-dependent viscoplastic properties in the matrix. The material model was described and the necessary material constants were determined experimentally. Fiber-matrix interfacial behavior was analyzed using a discrete fiber-matrix model. The thermal residual stresses due to the fabrication cycle were predicted with a failed interface, The failed interface resulted in lower thermal residual stresses in the matrix and fiber. Stresses due to a uniform transverse load were calculated at two temperatures, room temperature and an elevated temperature of 650 C. At both temperatures, a large stress concentration was calculated when the interface had failed. The results indicate the importance of accuracy accounting for fiber-matrix interface failure and the need for a micromechanics-based analytical technique to understand and predict the behavior of titanium metal matrix composites.

Bigelow, C. A.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Linking Domain Structure Evolution at a Grain Boundary to Piezoelectric Response via Nano‐Diffraction

Electric-field-induced domain structure switching in a 1 𝜇⁢m -thick Pb 0.99 (Zr 0.45 Ti 0.55 ) 0.98 Nb 0.02 O 3 (Nb-doped PZT) bicrystal film was characterized in situ via nano-focused synchrotron diffraction. The epitaxial film was deposited on a (100) SrTiO 3 bicrystal substrate. The changes in domain structure were mapped within a 5 𝜇⁢m × 5 𝜇⁢m area at and around an in-plane tilt-type (23.6°) grain boundary with 50 nm spatial resolution. Rocking curves collected at each point of the mapped area provided the ability to reconstruct spatially-varying three-dimensional (3D) reciprocal space maps around the grain boundary. The 3D reciprocal space maps reveal how different tilted 𝑎 -type domain variants interact with the grain boundary as a function of increasing electric field. Initially, a subset of 𝑎 -type domain variants with their polarization vectors largely orthogonal to the grain boundary were found in greater abundance within 570 nm of the grain boundary, possibly due to X-ray beam-induced local increases in the electrical conductivity, but after the coercive field was exceeded, reconfiguration of the ferroelastic domains was observed. The spatially-varying reciprocal space maps also facilitated evaluation of the strain field across the mapped area, along with 𝑑 33,𝑓 . Significant spatial heterogeneity of strain and 𝑑 33,𝑓 are observed, especially at the coercive field, which was attributed to maintaining deformation compatibility and correlated ferroelastic switching.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2005

Predicting Flutter and Forced Response in Turbomachinery

TURBO-AE is a computer code that enables detailed, high-fidelity modeling of aeroelastic and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics for prediction of flutter, forced response, and blade-row interaction effects in turbomachinery. Flow regimes that can be modeled include subsonic, transonic, and supersonic, with attached and/or separated flow fields. The three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically to obtain extremely accurate descriptions of unsteady flow fields in multistage turbomachinery configurations. Blade vibration is simulated by use of a dynamic-grid-deformation technique to calculate the energy exchange for determining the aerodynamic damping of vibrations of blades. The aerodynamic damping can be used to assess the stability of a blade row. TURBO-AE also calculates the unsteady blade loading attributable to such external sources of excitation as incoming gusts and blade-row interactions. These blade loadings, along with aerodynamic damping, are used to calculate the forced responses of blades to predict their fatigue lives. Phase-lagged boundary conditions based on the direct-store method are used to calculate nonzero interblade phase-angle oscillations; this practice eliminates the need to model multiple blade passages, and, hence, enables large savings in computational resources.

VanZante, Dale E.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Numerical optimization - An assessment of its role in transport aircraft aerodynamic design through a case study

An efficient transonic wing design procedure based upon numerical optimization together with three-dimensional transonic methods has been developed and used to design an advanced transport wing. The method development included an examination of the use of both full potential and extended small disturbance analysis codes and demonstrated that the former formulation was more reliable. In either case, the design procedure is economical and easy to use. Design verification in a unique semi-span test arrangement demonstrated that the design method produced a wing which satisfied the study design requirements. However, aeroelastic deformation of the wing occurred during the wind tunnel test. The computational methods used in the design procedure were employed to assess the effect of the aeroelastic deformation. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the design procedure and recommendation for its improvement.

Lores, M. E.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Braiding for the win: Harnessing braiding statistics in topological states to play quantum games

Nonlocal quantum games provide proof of principle that quantum resources can confer an advantage at certain tasks. They also provide a compelling way to explore the computational utility of phases of matter on quantum hardware. In a recent paper [O. Hart et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 130602 (2025)], we demonstrated that a toric code resource state conferred advantage at a certain nonlocal game, which remained robust to small deformations of the resource state. In this paper we demonstrate that this robust advantage is a generic property of resource states drawn from topological or fracton ordered phases of quantum matter. To this end, we illustrate how several other states from paradigmatic topological and fracton ordered phases can function as resources for suitably defined nonlocal games, notably the three-dimensional toric-code phase, the X-cube fracton phase, and the double-semion phase. The key in every case is to design a nonlocal game that harnesses the characteristic braiding processes of a quantum phase as a source of contextuality. We unify the strategies that take advantage of mutual statistics by relating the operators to be measured to order and disorder parameters of an underlying generalized symmetry-breaking phase transition. Additionally, by connecting the win probability to twist products, we show that success at the game serves as a many-body entanglement witness. Namely, if the players implement a perfect quantum strategy on large length scales, the quantum state they share cannot be connected to a trivial product state via a constant-depth local unitary circuit. Lastly, we massively generalize the family of games that admit perfect strategies when codewords of homological quantum error-correcting codes are used as resources.

Fractons↗

NASA NTRS1994

A combined algorithm for minimum time slewing of flexible spacecraft

The use of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle for the large-angle slewing of large flexible structures usually results in the so-called two-point boundary-value problem (TPBVP), in which many requirements (e.g., minimum time, small flexible amplitude, and limited control powers, etc.) must be satisfied simultaneously. The successful solution of this problem depends largely on the use of an efficient numerical computational algorithm. There are many candidate algorithms available for his problem (e.g., quasilinearization, gradient, and shooting, etc.). In this paper, a proposed algorithm, which combines the quasilinearization method with a time shortening technique and a shooting method, is applied to the minimum-time, three-dimensional, and large-angle maneuver of flexible spacecraft, particularly the orbiting Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) configuration. Theoretically, the nonlinear TPBVP can be solved only through the shooting method to find the 'exact' switching times for the bang-bang controls. However, computationally, a suitable guess for the missing initial costates is crucial because the convergence range of the unknown initial costates is usually narrow, especially for systems with high dimensions and when a multi-bang-bang control strategy is needed. On the other hand, the problems of near minimum time attitude maneuver of general rigid spacecraft and fast slewing of flexible spacecraft have been examined by the authors through a numerical approach based on the quasilinearization algorithm with a time shortening technique. Computational results have demonstrated its broad convergence range and insensitivity to initial costate choices. Consequently, a combined approach is naturally suggested here to solve the minimum time slewing problem. That is, in the computational process, the quasilinearization method is used first to obtain a near minimum time solution. Then, the acquired converged initial costates from the quasilinearization approach are transformed (tailored) to and used as the initial costate guess for starting the shooting method. Finally, the shooting method takes over the remaining calculations until the minimum-time solution converges. The nonlinear equations of motion of the SCOLE are formulated by using Lagrange's equations, with the mast modeled as a continuous beam subject to three-dimensional deformations. The numerical results will be presented and some related computational issues will also be discussed.

Bainum, P. M.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Waves in Radial Gravity Using Magnetic Fluid

Terrestrial laboratory experiments studying various fluid dynamical processes are constrained, by being in an Earth laboratory, to have a gravitational body force which is uniform and unidirectional. Therefore fluid free-surfaces are horizontal and flat. Such free surfaces must have a vertical solid boundary to keep the fluid from spreading horizontally along a gravitational potential surface. In atmospheric, oceanic, or stellar fluid flows that have a horizontal scale of about one-tenth the body radius or larger, sphericity is important in the dynamics. Further, fluids in spherical geometry can cover an entire domain without any sidewall effects, i.e. have truly periodic boundary conditions. We describe spherical body-force laboratory experiments using ferrofluid. Ferrofluids are dilute suspensions of magnetic dipoles, for example magnetite particles of order 10 nm diameter, suspended in a carrier fluid. Ferrofluids are subject to an additional body force in the presence of an applied magnetic field gradient. We use this body force to conduct laboratory experiments in spherical geometry. The present study is a laboratory technique improvement. The apparatus is cylindrically axisymmetric. A cylindrical ceramic magnet is embedded in a smooth, solid, spherical PVC ball. The geopotential field and its gradient, the body force, were made nearly spherical by careful choice of magnet height-to-diameter ratio and magnet size relative to the PVC ball size. Terrestrial gravity is eliminated from the dynamics by immersing the "planet" and its ferrofluid "ocean" in an immiscible silicone oil/freon mixture of the same density. Thus the earth gravity is removed from the dynamics of the ferrofluid/oil interface and the only dynamically active force there is the radial magnetic gravity. The entire apparatus can rotate, and waves are forced on the ferrofluid surface by exterior magnets. The biggest improvement in technique is in the wave visualization. Fluorescing dye is added to the oil/freon mixture and an argon ion laser generates a horizontal light that can be scanned vertically. Viewed from above, the experiment is a black circle with wave deformations surrounded by a light background. A contour of the image intensity at any light sheet position gives the surface of the ferrofluid "ocean" at that "latitude". Radial displacements of the waves as a function of longitude are obtained by subtracting the contour line positions from a no-motion contour at that laser sheet latitude. The experiments are run by traversing the forcing magnet with the laser sheet height fixed and images are frame grabbed to obtain a time-series at one latitude. The experiment is then re-run with another laser-sheet height to generate a full picture of the three-dimensional wave structure in the upper hemisphere of the ball as a function of time. We concentrate here on results of laboratory studies of waves that are important in Earth's atmosphere and especially the ocean. To get oceanic scaling in the laboratory, the experiment must rotate rapidly (4-second rotation period) so that the wave speed is slow compared to the planetary rotation speed as in the ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, eastward propagating Kelvin waves eventually run into the South American coast. Theory predicts that some of the wave energy should scatter into coastal-trapped Kelvin waves that propagate north and south along the coast. Some of this coastal wave energy might then scatter into mid-latitude Rossby waves that propagate back westward. Satellite observations of the Pacific Ocean sea-surface temperature and height seem to show signatures of westward propagating mid-latitude Rossby waves, 5 to 10 years after the 1982-83 El Nino. The observational data is difficult to interpret unambiguously owing to the large range of motions that fill the ocean at shorter timescales. This series of reflections giving eastward, north- ward, and then westward traveling waves is observed cleanly in the laboratory experiments, confirming the theoretical expectations.

Ohlsen, D. R.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Magellan stereo images and Venusian geology

Areas of Venus imaged by Magellan radar with multiple viewing conditions provide unique data that will contribute to the solution of venusian geologic problems and provide a basis for quantitative comparison of venusian landforms with those on other planetary bodies. Three sets of images with different viewing conditions have been acquired: (1) left-looking with variable incidence angles (cycle 1 profile), (2) right-looking with nearly constant incidence angles (cycle 2 profile), and (3) left-looking with variable incidence angles that are almost always smaller than those in (1) (cycle 3 profiles). The unique data provided by paired images of the same scene with different incidence angles arises from image displacements caused by the relief of individual landforms at scales comparable to the ground-range and azimuth resolutions of the images. There are two aspects of the data: (1) Stereopsis achieved by simultaneous viewing of paired left-looking images of the same scene permits three-dimensional perception and interpretation of the morphologies of landforms at resolutions much finer than the altimetry footprints. (2) Measurements of differences of image displacements (parallax) on paired images with known imaging geometries provide quantitative estimates of the relief and shapes of landforms. The potential scientific contributions of the data can be grouped into two interrelated classes: (A) geologic mapping, analysis, and interpretation and (B) topical studies that involve topographic measurements. Stereopsis, without quantitative measurements, enhances geologic mapping, analysis, and interpretation of the rock units of Venus to a degree that cannot be overestimated. In geologic mapping, assemblages of landforms, assessments of backscatter and variations in backscatter, and fine-scale topography are used to define and characterize geologic map units that represent laterally continuous deposits or rock units. Stereopsis adds the important dimension of local relief for characterization of geologic units at a scale that is not possible with Magellan altimetry or products derived from the altimetry. Relative ages of the geologic units are determined using the well-known principles of superposition and intersection. Here, the perception of relief is invaluable because superposition relations among the geological units are more readily and clearly established. The recognition of folds, faults, and fault systems, regardless of their orientations, is facilitated with stereopsis so that sequences of deformation of the geologic units can be determined and structural analyses vastly improved. Shapes of landforms are readily perceived so that they can be properly interpreted. The end result of the mapping, analyses, and interpretations is a geologic history of Venus that includes the sequences of formation and deformation of various geologic units. Measurements of relief at the finest scale possible are necessary for numerous topical studies. Standard altimetry will provide the necessary information on the relief of most large landforms, but it tends to underestimate the relief of small landforms and distorts their shapes. Although special processing of the altimeter echoes improves the estimates of the relief and shapes of some landforms, there are uncertainties in the interpretations of the echoes. Examples of topical studies requiring measurements of relief are given.

Moore, H. J.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Practical Aerodynamic Design Optimization Based on the Navier-Stokes Equations and a Discrete Adjoint Method

Compressible and incompressible versions of a three-dimensional unstructured mesh Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flow solver have been differentiated and resulting derivatives have been verified by comparisons with finite differences and a complex-variable approach. In this implementation, the turbulence model is fully coupled with the flow equations in order to achieve this consistency. The accuracy demonstrated in the current work represents the first time that such an approach has been successfully implemented. The accuracy of a number of simplifying approximations to the linearizations of the residual have been examined. A first-order approximation to the dependent variables in both the adjoint and design equations has been investigated. The effects of a "frozen" eddy viscosity and the ramifications of neglecting some mesh sensitivity terms were also examined. It has been found that none of the approximations yielded derivatives of acceptable accuracy and were often of incorrect sign. However, numerical experiments indicate that an incomplete convergence of the adjoint system often yield sufficiently accurate derivatives, thereby significantly lowering the time required for computing sensitivity information. The convergence rate of the adjoint solver relative to the flow solver has been examined. Inviscid adjoint solutions typically require one to four times the cost of a flow solution, while for turbulent adjoint computations, this ratio can reach as high as eight to ten. Numerical experiments have shown that the adjoint solver can stall before converging the solution to machine accuracy, particularly for viscous cases. A possible remedy for this phenomenon would be to include the complete higher-order linearization in the preconditioning step, or to employ a simple form of mesh sequencing to obtain better approximations to the solution through the use of coarser meshes. An efficient surface parameterization based on a free-form deformation technique has been utilized and the resulting codes have been integrated with an optimization package. Lastly, sample optimizations have been shown for inviscid and turbulent flow over an ONERA M6 wing. Drag reductions have been demonstrated by reducing shock strengths across the span of the wing. In order for large scale optimization to become routine, the benefits of parallel architectures should be exploited. Although the flow solver has been parallelized using compiler directives. The parallel efficiency is under 50 percent. Clearly, parallel versions of the codes will have an immediate impact on the ability to design realistic configurations on fine meshes, and this effort is currently underway.

Grossman, Bernard↗

DOE OSTI2026

Ultra-low thermal resistance and pressure drop copper and copper-tungsten diamond-shaped pin fin cold plates for liquid cooling of electronics

Modern and future data centers face increasing cooling challenges due to increasing chip thermal design power and die size, along with the need to reduce energy consumption used for cooling. High performance cooling solutions that maintain a low chip junction temperature are needed to ensure electronics reliability. This work develops an ultra-low thermal resistance and low pressure drop 75 mm × 75 mm cold plate, intended for next-generation electronics cooling. The cold plate features an array of diamond-shaped pin fins and integrated copper tungsten heat spreader, selected for its low coefficient of thermal expansion which reduces thermomechanical deformation and allows for closer integration of the cold plate with silicon dies. Starting with 300 candidate designs, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations predict the thermal-hydraulic performance of cold plate subsections. The highest performing geometries are evaluated with high fidelity simulations. Four cold plates are manufactured for experiments: three with diamond-shaped pin fins and one with straights fins for comparison purposes. The cold plates are fabricated from copper-tungsten (CuW), copper (Cu), or aluminum-silicon-magnesium alloy (AlSi10Mg). The diamond-shaped pin fins achieve a roughly 15 % lower thermal resistance compared to the conventional straight fin microchannel. The highest performing design achieves a chip-to-coolant (including thermal interface material) thermal resistance of 9.0 K/kW in CuW and 6.9 K/kW in Cu under a 1 kW heat load with an inlet-to-outlet pressure drop of 9.0 kPa and water as the working fluid. This work demonstrates ultra-low thermal resistance and pressure drop cold plates for large die, high heat load applications, and shows that CuW is an attractive cold plate material for improved reliability in next generation data center cooling.

Coefficient of thermal expansion↗

NASA NTRS1987

Local intermodal energy transfer of the secondary instability in a plane channel

A mathematical technique for analyzing local energy-transfer rates among wave-vector triads is developed and applied to the data generated by direct numerical simulations of waves with various types of initial conditions. Starting the simulation with a primary two-dimensional wave and random noise produced structures very similar to those which evolved from three-dimensional center modes. The local transfer rates determined in this case help to explain the eventual deformation of the primary two-dimensional wave which was observed in wind-tunnel experiments. Including weak streamwise vortices in the initial flow field results in large amounts of energy being transferred to the K-type modes early in the simulation. The later development of the waves (and hence the energy-transfer rates) is similar to the previous case.

Singer, Bart A.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Obtaining an equivalent beam

In modeling a complex structure the researcher was faced with a component that would have logical appeal if it were modeled as a beam. The structure was a mast of a robot controlled gantry crane. The structure up to this point already had a large number of degrees of freedom, so the idea of conserving grid points by modeling the mast as a beam was attractive. The researcher decided to make a separate problem of of the mast and model it in three dimensions with plates, then extract the equivalent beam properties by setting up the loading to simulate beam-like deformation and constraints. The results could then be used to represent the mast as a beam in the full model. A comparison was made of properties derived from models of different constraints versus manual calculations. The researcher shows that the three-dimensional model is ineffective in trying to conform to the requirements of an equivalent beam representation. If a full 3-D plate model were used in the complete representation of the crane structure, good results would be obtained. Since the attempt is to economize on the size of the model, a better way to achieve the same results is to use substructuring and condense the mast to equivalent end boundary and intermediate mass points.

Butler, Thomas G.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Computations of Boiling in Microgravity

The absence (or reduction) of gravity, can lead to major changes in boiling heat transfer. On Earth, convection has a major effect on the heat distribution ahead of an evaporation front, and buoyancy determines the motion of the growing bubbles. In microgravity, convection and buoyancy are absent or greatly reduced and the dynamics of the growing vapor bubbles can change in a fundamental way. In particular, the lack of redistribution of heat can lead to a large superheat and explosive growth of bubbles once they form. While considerable efforts have been devoted to examining boiling experimentally, including the effect of microgravity, theoretical and computational work is limited to very simple models. In this project, the growth of boiling bubbles is studied by direct numerical simulations where the flow field is fully resolved and the effects of inertia, viscosity, surface deformation, heat conduction and convection, as well as the phase change, are fully accounted for. The proposed work is based on previously funded NASA work that allowed us to develop a two-dimensional numerical method for boiling flows and to demonstrate the ability of the method to simulate film boiling. While numerical simulations of multi-fluid flows have been advanced in a major way during the last five years, or so, similar capability for flows with phase change are still in their infancy. Although the feasibility of the proposed approach has been demonstrated, it has yet to be extended and applied to fully three-dimensional simulations. Here, a fully three-dimensional, parallel, grid adaptive code will be developed. The numerical method will be used to study nucleate boiling in microgravity, with particular emphasis on two aspects of the problem: 1) Examination of the growth of bubbles at a wall nucleation site and the instabilities of rapidly growing bubbles. Particular emphasis will be put on accurately capturing the thin wall layer left behind as a bubble expands along a wall, on computing instabilities on bubble surfaces as bubbles grow, and on quantifying the effects of both these phenomena on heat transfer; and 2) Examination of the effect of shear flow on bubble growth and heat transfer.

Tryggvason, Gretar↗