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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Dark sector glueballs at the LHC

Abstract We study confining dark sectors where the lightest hadrons are glueballs. Such models can provide viable dark matter candidates and appear in some neutral naturalness scenarios. In this work, we introduce a new phenomenological model of dark glueball hadronization inspired by the Lund string model. This enables us to make the most physically-motivated predictions for dark glueball phenomenology at the LHC to date. Our model approximately reproduces the expected thermal distribution of hadron species as an emergent consequence of hadronization dynamics. The ability to predict the production of glueball states heavier than the lightest species significantly expands the reach of long-lived glueball searches in MATHUSLA compared to previous simplified estimates. We also characterize regions of parameter space where emerging and/or semivisible jets could arise from pure-glue dark sectors, thereby providing new benchmark models that motivate searches for these signatures.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Generalising G 2 geometry: involutivity, moment maps and moduli

We analyse the geometry of generic Minkowski N = 1, D = 4 flux compactifications in string theory, the default backgrounds for string model building. In M-theory they are the natural string theoretic extensions of G2 holonomy manifolds. In type II theories, they extend the notion of Calabi-Yau geometry and include the class of flux backgrounds based on generalised complex structures first considered by Graña et al. (GMPT). Using E 7(7) × $\mathbb{R}$ + generalised geometry we show that these compactifications are characterised by an SU(7) ⊂ E 7(7) structure defining an involutive subbundle of the generalised tangent space, and with a vanishing moment map, corresponding to the action of the diffeomorphism and gauge symmetries of the theory. The Kähler potential on the space of structures defines a natural extension of Hitchin’s G 2 functional. Using this framework we are able to count, for the first time, the massless scalar moduli of GMPT solutions in terms of generalised geometry cohomology groups. It also provides an intriguing new perspective on the existence of G 2 manifolds, suggesting possible connections to Geometrical Invariant Theory and stability.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Production of energetic light fragments in extensions of the CEM and LAQGSM event generators of the Monte Carlo transport code MCNP6 [Production of energetic light fragments in CEM, LAQGSM, and MCNP6]

We extend the cascade-exciton model (CEM), and the Los Alamos version of the quark-gluon string model (LAQGSM), event generators of the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code version 6 (MCNP6), to describe production of energetic light fragments (LF) heavier than 4 He from various nuclear reactions induced by particles and nuclei at energies up to about 1 TeV/nucleon. In these models, energetic LF can be produced via Fermi breakup, preequilibrium emission, and coalescence of cascade particles. Initially, we study several variations of the Fermi breakup model and choose the best option for these models. Then, we extend the modified exciton model (MEM) used by these codes to account for a possibility of multiple emission of up to 66 types of particles and LF (up to 28 Mg) at the preequilibrium stage of reactions. Then, we expand the coalescence model to allow coalescence of LF from nucleons emitted at the intranuclear cascade stage of reactions and from lighter clusters, up to fragments with mass numbers A ≤ 7, in the case of CEM, and A ≤ 12, in the case of LAQGSM. Next, we modify MCNP6 to allow calculating and outputting spectra of LF and heavier products with arbitrary mass and charge numbers. The improved version of CEM is implemented into MCNP6. Lastly, we test the improved versions of CEM, LAQGSM, and MCNP6 on a variety of measured nuclear reactions. The modified codes give an improved description of energetic LF from particle- and nucleus-induced reactions; showing a good agreement with a variety of available experimental data. They have an improved predictive power compared to the previous versions and can be used as reliable tools in simulating applications involving such types of reactions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1998

Simulation of Etching Profiles Using Level Sets

Using plasma discharges to etch trenches and via holes in substrates is an important process in semiconductor manufacturing. Ion enhanced etching involves both neutral fluxes, which are isotropic, and ion fluxes, which are anisotropic. The angular distributions for the ions determines the degree of vertical etch, while the amount of the neutral fluxes determines the etch rate. We have developed a 2D profile evolution simulation which uses level set methods to model the plasma-substrate interface. Using level sets instead of traditional string models avoids the use of complicated delooping algorithms. The simulation calculates the etch rate based on the fluxes and distribution functions of both ions and neutrals. We will present etching profiles of Si substrates in low pressure (10s mTorr) Ar/Cl2 discharges for a variety of incident ion angular distributions. Both ion and neutral re-emission fluxes are included in the calculation of the etch rate, and their contributions to the total etch profile will be demonstrated. In addition, we will show RIE lag effects as a function of different trench aspect ratios. (For sample profiles, please see http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/hwangfig1.html)

Hwang, Helen↗
DOE OSTI2015

Precompound Emission of Energetic Light Fragments in Spallation Reactions [Dissertation]

Emission of light fragments (LF) from nuclear reactions is an open question. Different reaction mechanisms contribute to their production; the relative roles of each, and how they change with incident energy, mass number of the target, and the type and emission energy of the fragments is not completely understood. None of the available models are able to accurately predict emission of LF from arbitrary reactions. However, the ability to describe production of LF (especially at energies ≳ 30 MeV) from many reactions is important for different applications, such as cosmic-ray-induced Single Event Upsets (SEUs), radiation protection, and cancer therapy with proton and heavy-ion beams, to name just a few. The Cascade-Exciton Model (CEM) version 03.03 and the Los Alamos version of the Quark-Gluon String Model (LAQGSM) version 03.03 event generators in Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code version 6 (MCNP6) describe quite well the spectra of fragments with sizes up to 4 He across a broad range of target masses and incident energies (up to ~ 5 GeV for CEM and up to ~ 1 TeV/A for LAQGSM). However, they do not predict the high energy tails of LF spectra heavier than 4 He well. Most LF with energies above several tens of MeV are emitted during the precompound stage of a reaction. The current versions of the CEM and LAQGSM event generators do not account for precompound emission of LF larger than 4 He. The aim of our work is to extend the precompound model in them to include such processes, leading to an increase of predictive power of LF-production in MCNP6. This entails upgrading the Modified Exciton Model currently used at the preequilibrium stage in CEM and LAQGSM. It also includes expansion and examination of the coalescence and Fermi break-up models used in the precompound stages of spallation reactions within CEM and LAQGSM. Extending our models to include emission of fragments heavier than 4 He at the precompound stage has indeed provided results that have much better agreement with experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Towards a data-driven model of hadronization using normalizing flows

We introduce a model of hadronization based on invertible neural networks that faithfully reproduces a simplified version of the Lund string model for meson hadronization. Additionally, we introduce a new training method for normalizing flows, termed MAGIC, that improves the agreement between simulated and experimental distributions of high-level (macroscopic) observables by adjusting single-emission (microscopic) dynamics. Our results constitute an important step toward realizing a machine-learning based model of hadronization that utilizes experimental data during training. Finally, we demonstrate how a Bayesian extension to this normalizing-flow architecture can be used to provide analysis of statistical and modeling uncertainties on the generated observable distributions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Study of Azimuthal Correlations in the Target Fragmentation Region in p, d, He, C+C, Ta and C+Ne, Cu Collisions at a Momentum of 4.2, 4.5 and 10 AGeV/c

Azimuthal correlations between the same type of particles (protons or pions) in the target fragmentation region was studied in d, He, C + C, Ta (4.2 AGeV/c), C + Ne, Cu (4.5AGeV/c) and p + C, Ta (10 GeV/c) interactions. The data were obtained from the SKM-200-GIBS streamer chamber and from Propane Bubble Chamber (PBL-500) systems utilized at JINR. Study of multiparticle azimuthal correlations offers unique information about space-time evolution of the interactions. Azimuthal correlations were investigated by using correlation function C($\Delta\phi$)=dN/d($\Delta\phi$), where $\Delta\phi$ represents the angle between the sums of transverse momenta vectors for particles emitted in the forward and backward hemispheres. For protons a "back-to back" ("negative") azimuthal correlations were observed in the above mentioned interactions. The absolute values of the correlation coefficient $|\xi|$ -- the slope parameter of C($\Delta\phi$), strongly depend on the mass number of the target ($A_T$) nuclei in the nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. Namely, $|\xi|$ -- decreases with increase of $A_T$ in p+C and p+Ta collisions, while $|\xi|$ decreases from d+C up to C+Ne and then almost does not change with increase of $A_P$, $A_T$ in (d+He)Ta, C+Cu and C+Ta collisions. For pions a "back-to-back" correlations were obtained for a light targets (C, Ne), and a "side-by-side" ("positive") correlations for a heavy targets (Cu, Ta). The $|\xi|$ insignificantly changes with increase of the momenta per nucleon and almost does not change with increase of $A_P$ and $A_T$. Models, used for description of the data -- the Ultra relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamic (UrQMD) and Quark-Gluon String Model (QGSM), satisfactorily describe the obtained experimental results.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Factorization of chiral string amplitudes

We re-examine a closed-string model defined by altering the boundary conditions for one handedness of two-dimensional propagators in otherwise-standard string theory. We evaluate the amplitudes using Kawai-Lewellen-Tye factorization into open-string amplitudes. The only modification to standard string theory is effectively that the spacetime Minkowski metric changes overall sign in one open-string factor. This cancels all but a finite number of states: as found in earlier approaches, with enough supersymmetry (e.g., type II) the tree amplitudes reproduce those of the massless truncation of ordinary string theory. However, we now find for the other cases that additional fields, formerly thought to be auxiliary, describe new spin-2 states at the two adjacent mass levels (tachyonic and tardyonic). The tachyon is always a ghost, but can be avoided in the heterotic case.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1971

Wind tunnel balance system for determination of wind-induced vibrations of a rigid shuttle model in the launch configuration

A wind tunnel balance system was designed to determine the wind-induced vibrations of a space shuttle model. The balance utilizes a flexible sting mounting in conjunction with a geometrically scaled rigid model. Bending and torsional displacements are determined through strain-gauge-instrumented spring bar mechanisms. The natural frequency of the string-model system can be varied continuously throughout the expected scaled frequency range of the shuttle vehicle while a test is in progress by the use of moveable riders on the spring bar mechanism. Through the use of a frequency analyzer, the output can be used to determine troublesome vibrational frequencies. A dimensional analysis of the wind-induced vibration problem is also presented which suggests a test procedure. In addition a computer program for analytical studies of the forced vibration problem is presented.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2016

Mean transverse momenta correlations in hadron-hadron collisions in MC toy model with repulsing strings

In the present work, Monte-Carlo toy model with repulsing quark-gluon strings in hadron-hadron collisions is described. String repulsion creates transverse boosts for the string decay products, giving modifications of observables. As an example, long-range correlations between mean transverse momenta of particles in two observation windows are studied in MC toy simulation of the heavy-ion collisions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1988

Cosmic strings and the large-scale structure

A possible problem for cosmic string models of galaxy formation is presented. If very large voids are common and if loop fragmentation is not much more efficient than presently believed, then it may be impossible for string scenarios to produce the observed large-scale structure with Omega sub 0 = 1 and without strong environmental biasing.

Stebbins, Albert↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling hadronization using machine learning

We present the first steps in the development of a new class of hadronization models utilizing machine learning techniques. We successfully implement, validate, and train a conditional sliced-Wasserstein autoencoder to replicate the Pythia generated kinematic distributions of first-hadron emissions, when the Lund string model of hadronization implemented in Pythia is restricted to the emissions of pions only. The trained models are then used to generate the full hadronization chains, with an IR cutoff energy imposed externally. The hadron multiplicities and cumulative kinematic distributions are shown to match the Pythia generated ones. We also discuss possible future generalizations of our results.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Entanglement entropy of a color flux tube in (2+1)D Yang-Mills theory

We construct a novel flux tube entanglement entropy (FTE 2 ), defined as the excess entanglement entropy relative to the vacuum of a region of color flux stretching between a heavy quark-anti-quark pair in pure gauge Yang-Mills theory. We show that FTE 2 can be expressed in terms of correlators of Polyakov loops, is manifestly gauge-invariant, and therefore free of the ambiguities in computations of the entanglement entropy in gauge theories related to the choice of the center algebra. Employing the replica trick, we compute FTE 2 for SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in (2+1)D and demonstrate that it is finite in the continuum limit. We explore the properties of FTE 2 for a half-slab geometry, which allows us to vary the width and location of the slab, and the extent to which the slab cross-cuts the color flux tube. Following the intuition provided by computations of FTE 2 in (1+1)D, and in a thin string model, we examine the extent to which our FTE 2 results can be interpreted as the sum of an internal color entropy and a vibrational entropy corresponding to the transverse excitations of the string.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1996

Squeezed States, Uncertainty Relations and the Pauli Principle in Composite and Cosmological Models

The importance of not only uncertainty relations but also the Pauli exclusion principle is emphasized in discussing various 'squeezed states' existing in the universe. The contents of this paper include: (1) Introduction; (2) Nuclear Physics in the Quark-Shell Model; (3) Hadron Physics in the Standard Quark-Gluon Model; (4) Quark-Lepton-Gauge-Boson Physics in Composite Models; (5) Astrophysics and Space-Time Physics in Cosmological Models; and (6) Conclusion. Also, not only the possible breakdown of (or deviation from) uncertainty relations but also the superficial violation of the Pauli principle at short distances (or high energies) in composite (and string) models is discussed in some detail.

Terazawa, Hidezumi↗
NASA NTRS2002

CEM2k and LAQGSM Codes as Event-Generators for Space Radiation Shield and Cosmic Rays Propagation Applications

Space radiation shield applications and studies of cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy require reliable cross sections to calculate spectra of secondary particles and yields of the isotopes produced in nuclear reactions induced both by particles and nuclei at energies from threshold to hundreds of GeV per nucleon. Since the data often exist in a very limited energy range or sometimes not at all, the only way to obtain an estimate of the production cross sections is to use theoretical models and codes. Recently, we have developed improved versions of the Cascade-Exciton Model (CEM) of nuclear reactions: the codes CEM97 and CEM2k for description of particle-nucleus reactions at energies up to about 5 GeV. In addition, we have developed a LANL version of the Quark-Gluon String Model (LAQGSM) to describe reactions induced both by particles and nuclei at energies up to hundreds of GeVhucleon. We have tested and benchmarked the CEM and LAQGSM codes against a large variety of experimental data and have compared their results with predictions by other currently available models and codes. Our benchmarks show that CEM and LAQGSM codes have predictive powers no worse than other currently used codes and describe many reactions better than other codes; therefore both our codes can be used as reliable event-generators for space radiation shield and cosmic ray propagation applications. The CEM2k code is being incorporated into the transport code MCNPX (and several other transport codes), and we plan to incorporate LAQGSM into MCNPX in the near future. Here, we present the current status of the CEM2k and LAQGSM codes, and show results and applications to studies of cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy.

Mashnik, S. G.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Infrared dynamics of a large N QCD model, the massless string sector and mesonic spectra

A consistency check for any UV complete model for large N QCD should be, among other things, the existence of a well-defined vector and scalar mesonic spectra. In this paper, we use our UV complete model in type IIB string theory to study the IR dynamics and use this to predict the mesonic spectra in the dual type IIA side. The advantage of this approach is two-fold: not only will this justify the consistency of the supergravity approach, but it will also give us a way to compare the IR spectra and the model with the ones proposed earlier by Sakai and Sugimoto. Interestingly, the spectra coming from the massless stringy sector are independent of the UV physics, although the massive string sector may pose certain subtleties regarding the UV contributions as well as the mappings to actual QCD. Additionally, we find that a component of the string landscape enters the picture: there are points in the landscape where the spectra can be improved somewhat over the existing results in the literature. These points in the landscape in-turn also determine certain background supergravity components and fix various pathologies that eventually lead to a consistent low energy description of the theory.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Spontaneous dark-matter mass generation along cosmological attractors in string theory

We propose a new scenario for generating a relic density of non-relativistic dark matter in the context of heterotic string theory. Contrary to standard thermal freeze-out scenarios, dark-matter particles are abundantly produced while still relativistic, and then decouple from the thermal bath due to the sudden increase of their mass above the universe temperature. This mass variation is sourced by the condensation of an order-parameter modulus, which is triggered when the temperature T(t) drops below the supersymmetry breaking scale M(t), which are both time-dependent. A cosmological attractor mechanism forces this phase transition to take place, in an explicit class of heterotic string models with spontaneously broken supersymmetry, and at finite temperature.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Estimation of full-field, full-order experimental modal model of cable vibration from digital video measurements with physics-guided unsupervised machine learning and computer vision

Cables are critical components for a variety of structures such as stay cables and suspenders of cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges. When in operational service, they are vulnerable to cumulative fatigue damage induced by dynamic loads (e.g., the cyclic vehicle loads and wind excitation). To accurately analyze and predict their dynamics behaviors and performance that could be spatially local and temporal transient, it is essential to perform high-resolution vibration measurements, from which their dynamics properties are identified and, subsequently, a high spatial resolution, full-modal-order dynamics model of cable vibration can be established. In this study, we develop a physics-guided, unsupervised machine learning-based video processing approach that can blindly and efficiently extract the full-field (as many points as the pixel number of the video frame) modal parameters of cable vibration using only the video of an operating (output-only) cable. In particular, by incorporating the physics of cable vibration (taut string model), a novel automated modal motion filtering method is proposed to enable autonomous identification of full-order (as many modes as possible) dynamic parameters, including those weakly excited modes that used to be challenging to identify in operational modal analysis. Therefore, a full-field, full-order modal model of cable vibration is established by the proposed method. Furthermore, this new approach provides a low-cost and noncontact technique to estimate the cable tension using only the video of the vibrating cable where the fundamental frequency is automatically and efficiently estimated to compute the cable tension according to the taut string equation. Laboratory experiments on a bench-scale cable are conducted to validate the developed approach.

42 ENGINEERING↗