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Results for “RELAXATION”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3

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NASA NTRS2000

Color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity is a preload insensitive index of left ventricular relaxation: animal and human validation

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of preload in color M-mode Doppler flow propagation velocity (v(p)). BACKGROUND: The interpretation of Doppler filling patterns is limited by confounding effects of left ventricular (LV) relaxation and preload. Color M-mode v(p) has been proposed as a new index of LV relaxation. METHODS: We studied four dogs before and during inferior caval (IVC) occlusion at five different inotropic stages and 14 patients before and during partial cardiopulmonary bypass. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volumes (LV-EDV), the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (tau), left atrial (LA) pre-A and LV end-diastolic pressures (LV-EDP) were measured. Peak velocity during early filling (E) and v(p) were extracted by digital analysis of color M-mode Doppler images. RESULTS: In both animals and humans, LV-EDV and LV-EDP decreased significantly from baseline to IVC occlusion (both p < 0.001). Peak early filling (E) velocity decreased in animals from 56 +/- 21 to 42 +/- 17 cm/s (p < 0.001) without change in v(p) (from 35 +/- 15 to 35 +/- 16, p = 0.99). Results were similar in humans (from 69 +/- 15 to 53 +/- 22 cm/s, p < 0.001, and 37 +/- 12 to 34 +/- 16, p = 0.30). In both species, there was a strong correlation between LV relaxation (tau) and v(p) (r = 0.78, p < 0.001, r = 0.86, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that color M-mode Doppler v(p) is not affected by preload alterations and confirms that LV relaxation is its main physiologic determinant in both animals during varying lusitropic conditions and in humans with heart disease.

Non-NASA Center↗

NASA NTRS2016

Separating the Influence of Environment from Stress Relaxation Effects on Dwell Fatigue Crack Growth in a Nickel-Base Disk Alloy

Both environmental embrittlement and crack tip visco-plastic stress relaxation play a significant role in determining the dwell fatigue crack growth (DFCG) resistance of nickel-based disk superalloys. In the current study performed on the Low Solvus High Refractory (LSHR) disk alloy, the influence of these two mechanisms were separated so that the effects of each could be quantified and modeled. Seven different microstructural variations of LSHR were produced by controlling the cooling rate and the subsequent aging and thermal exposure heat treatments. Through cyclic fatigue crack growth testing performed both in air and vacuum, it was established that four out of the seven LSHR heat treatments evaluated, possessed similar intrinsic environmental resistance to cyclic crack growth. For these four heat treatments, it was further shown that the large differences in dwell crack growth behavior which still persisted, were related to their measured stress relaxation behavior. The apparent differences in their dwell crack growth resistance were attributed to the inability of the standard linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) stress intensity parameter to account for visco-plastic behavior. Crack tip stress relaxation controls the magnitude of the remaining local tensile stresses which are directly related to the measured dwell crack growth rates. It was hypothesized that the environmentally weakened grain boundary crack tip regions fail during the dwells when their strength is exceeded by the remaining local crack tip tensile stresses. It was shown that the classical creep crack growth mechanisms such as grain boundary sliding did not contribute to crack growth, but the local visco-plastic behavior still plays a very significant role by determining the crack tip tensile stress field which controls the dwell crack growth behavior. To account for the influence of the visco-plastic behavior on the crack tip stress field, an empirical modification to the LEFM stress intensity parameter, Kmax, was developed by incorporating into the formulation the remaining stress level concept as measured by simple stress relaxation tests. The newly proposed parameter, Ksrf, did an excellent job in correlating the dwell crack growth rates for the four heat treatments which were shown to have similar intrinsic environmental cyclic fatigue crack growth resistance.

Dwell crack growth↗

NASA NTRS2018

Investigation of Bolt Preload Relaxation for JWST Thermal Heat Strap Assembly Joints with Aluminum-1100 and Indium Gaskets

Accurately predicting fastener preload relaxation in the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) heat strap assemblies is essential to insure adequate thermal performance during its mission lifecycle. The mechanisms for preload relaxation in the strap joints include Al-1100 material creep, indium gasket flow-out, and embedment of the joint faying surfaces. This report documents the results from a bolted joint relaxation test, including analysis and curve fitting of the test data for predicting preloads five years after initial torque application. The report also includes the derivation of a preload uncertainty factor enveloping both torque/preload application scatter and expected preload relaxation at the end of mission life.

Joint↗

NASA NTRS2018

Investigation of Bolt Preload Relaxation for JWST Thermal Heat Strap Assembly Joints with Aluminum-1100 and Indium Gaskets

Preload↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Multivibrational Mode Relaxation Scheme for Two-Temperature Thermochemical State Models

An approach to estimate the effective vibrational relaxation time for polyatomic molecules under the context of two-temperature thermochecmial state model is proposed. Landau-Teller vibrational relaxation equation is used as a basis, and vibrational energies are estimated with partition energy functions assuming harmonic oscillator model. A special weighting procedure is presented, and effective vibrational relaxation time is derived. A series of numerical experiments with CO2 and NH3 mixtures is performed, and the aeroheating results are presented. The results of CO2 environment simulations are compared with the vibrational relaxation model of Park et al. [JTHT, 8(1994), pp. 9–23]. The simulations are also conducted with a modified Landau-Teller expression.

Vibrational relaxation time↗

NASA NTRS1965

Theory of Intramolecular Relaxation Processes

A master equation is derived to describe internal relaxation processes in molecular systems with a relatively small number of degrees of freedom. It is an inhomogeneous equation, taking into account nondiagonal elements of the coarse‐grained density matrix which prove to be the most relevant ones for the problem under consideration. Various relaxational time scales, inherent in a molecular system, can thus be shown to exist. Relaxation mechanisms and equilibrium states on these time scales can be determined. The general character and different types of solutions of the master equation are investigated. The theory is applied to internal vibrational relaxation and intramolecular rearrangement (isomerization) reactions.

Hofacker, G. Ludwig↗

NASA NTRS1973

Relaxation factors for supercritical flows.

Relaxation procedures for solution of steady supercritical transonic flows are investigated. Von Neumann (Fourier-mode) stability analysis is used to find bounds of relaxation factors. The bounds depend on local Mach number and local mesh aspect ratio. Long wave instability of Murman-Cole implicit method is indicated. Two new relaxation procedures are introduced. Both employ central differencing exclusively. Group velocities of Fourier modes are used to study signal propagation. It was found necessary to avoid or to damp out signals propagating upstream in supersonic zones in order to obtain physically meaningful transonic solutions. It appears that requirements of high rate of convergence, of stability and accuracy, are in conflict, and that a combination of relaxation methods must be used in order not to compromise the requirements.

Kentzer, C. P.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Low-temperature relaxations in amorphous polyolefins

The dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of two series of amorphous polyolefins, was investigated from 4.2 K to the glass transition. Most of the polymers show a damping maximum or plateau in the 40 to 50 K region. Various mechanisms which have been suggested for cryogenic relaxations in amorphous polymers are considered as they might relate to the polyolefins. Two secondary relaxation processes above 80 K are distinguished. A relaxation at about 160 K (beta) in the second and third member of each series is associated with restricted blackbone motion. This process requires a certain degree of chain flexibility since it is not observed in the first member of each series. A lower temperature process (gamma) is observed in each member of the second series and is attributed to motion of the ethyl side group.

Hiltner, A.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Relaxation methods in fluid mechanics

The present work considers the iterative solution of a coupled set of difference equations and examines methods that carry successive approximates to a state that is invariant with further iteration and independent of the initial guess. Methods are studied with regard to their efficiency and economy of computer resources. The basic principles of classical relaxation are set forth, with attention confined to linear elliptic equations. This discussion involves the evaluation of the spectral radius that is the magnitude of the eigenvalue with largest modulus. The subject of relaxation is then related to the study of ordinary differential equations and hyperbolic partial differential equations. Problems that occur when linearly dependent eigenvectors appear in the relaxation matrix are discussed, leading to multiply connected eigenvalues in the Jordan canonical form. Finally, a brief survey of relaxation methods used in aerodynamics is given.

Lomax, H.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Numerical simulation of supersonic and hypersonic turbulent compression corner flows using relaxation models

Relaxation turbulence eddy viscosity models are incorporated to solve the complete Navier-Stokes equations for supersonic and hypersonic flows over a two-dimensional compression corner. The system of equations is solved by a time-split, second-order accurate numerical scheme. Details of relaxation process are studied, and several relaxation models are tested and compared. Good improvement in the prediction of upstream pressure propagation is obtained for a Mach number of 2.96, and Reynolds number of 10,000,000, with wedge angle of 25 deg. However, the application of the relaxation models to hypersonic flow at Mach number 8.66 and Reynolds number of 22,000,000, with highly cooled wall, shows unfavorable effects on heat transfer and skin friction in the reattachment and recompression regions.

Hung, C. M.↗

NASA NTRS1979

A simultaneous coordinate relaxation algorithm for large, sparse matrix eigenvalue problems

An algorithm is proposed for a scheme of simultaneous coordinate relaxation. A variant of root-shifting coordinate relaxation, this procedure consists of iterating several vectors at the same time, instead of one at a time. Results of application of the algorithm to test matrices are discussed. For many matrix eigenvalue problems for which coordinate relaxation is a viable approach, the present algorithm is more effective than previous implementations of coordinate relaxation. Total central processor operations should be decreased due to significantly improved convergence.

Raffenetti, R. C.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Bolt clampup relaxation in a graphite/epoxy laminate

A simple bolted joint was analyzed to calculate bolt clampup relaxation for a graphite/epoxy (T300/5208) laminate. A viscoelastic finite element analysis of a double-lap joint with a steel bolt was conducted. Clampup forces were calculated for various steady-state temperature-moisture conditions using a 20-year exposure duration. The finite element analysis predicted that clampup forces relax even for the room-temperature-dry condition. The relaxations were 8, 13, 20, and 30 percent for exposure durations of 1 day, 1 month, 1 year, and 20 years, respectively. As expected, higher temperatures and moisture levels each increased the relaxation rate. The combined viscoelastic effects of steady-state temperature and moisture appeared to be additive. From the finite-element analysis, a simple equation was used to calculate clampup forces for the same temperature-moisture conditions as used in the finite-element analysis. The two sets of calculated results agreed well. Previously announced in STAR as N82-19320

Shivakumar, K. N.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Power law rheology of ice and the relaxation style and retention of craters on Ganymede

A numerical finite element model of viscous relaxation of craters in ice is presented which incorporates rheological data for ice at temperatures and pressures appropriated to the near-surface regions of Ganymede. For temperature gradients in reasonable agreement with those obtained from thermal and structural models of Ganymede, relaxation times greater than 10 to the 7th years were obtained for craters with diameters less than 100 km. For all craters with diameters greater than 10 km, the dependence of viscosity on stress was found to significantly shorten the relaxation time. The rheological laws which dominate crater relaxation are discussed for craters of various sizes. The results are compared with imagery from Voyager.

Thomas, Paul J.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Variable thermal properties and thermal relaxation time in hyperbolic heat conduction

Numerical solutions were obtained for a finite slab with an applied surface heat flux at one boundary using both the hyperbolic (MacCormack's method) and parabolic (Crank-Nicolson method) heat conduction equations. The effects on the temperature distributions of varying density, specific heat, and thermal relaxation time were calculated. Each of these properties had an effect on the thermal front velocity (in the hyperbolic solution) as well as the temperatures in the medium. In the hyperbolic solutions, as the density or specific heat decreased with temperature, both the temperatures within the medium and the thermal front velocity increased. The value taken for the thermal relaxation time was found to determine the 'hyperbolicity' of the heat conduction model. The use of a time dependent relaxation time allowed for solutions where the thermal energy propagated as a high temperature wave initially, but approached a diffusion process more rapidly than was possible with a constant large relaxation time.

Glass, David E.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Relaxation processes in a turbulent compressible magnetofluid

The compressible extensions of time asymptotic relaxation states of incompressible two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence are studied. A polytropic equation of state is used with viscous and resistive dissipation. The incompressible case is known to allow three distinct time asymptotic types of behavior: magnetic energy dominated relaxation, kinetic energy dominated relaxation, and cross helicity dominated relaxation. At low Mach numbers the incompressible scenario is reproducible from the compressible simulations, and compressibility plays only a secondary role. At moderate, but still subsonic, Mach numbers the distinct incompressible processes are still recognizable, but strong compressibility features dominate the high-wave-number regime of several simulations. In particular, the magnetic and kinetic energy dominated simulations display regions of strong acoustic turbulence near the dissipation scale.

Ghosh, S.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Asynchronous, macrotasked relaxation strategies for the solution of viscous, hypersonic flows

A point-implicit, asynchronous macrotasked relaxation of the steady, thin-layer, Navier-Stokes equations is presented. The method employs multidirectional, single-level storage Gauss-Seidel relaxation sweeps, which effectively communicate perturbations across the entire domain in 2n sweeps, where n is the dimension of the domain. In order to enhance convergence the application of relaxation factors to specific components of the Jacobian is examined using a stability analysis of the advection and diffusion equations. Attention is also given to the complications associated with asynchronous multitasking. Solutions are generated for hypersonic flows over blunt bodies in two and three dimensions with chemical reactions, utilizing single-tasked and multitasked relaxation strategies.

Gnoffo, Peter A.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Point-implicit relaxation strategies for viscous, hypersonic flows

An upwind-biased, point-implicit relaxation algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution to the governing equations for 3D, viscous, hypersonic flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium is described. The algorithm is derived using a finite-volume formulation in which the inviscid components of flux across cell walls are described with a modified Roe's averaging and Harten's entropy fix with second-order corrections based on Yee's symmetric total variation diminishing scheme. Newton relaxation of the fully coupled equation set is employed on a cell-to-cell basis. Under-relaxation of the inviscid and over-relaxation of the viscous contributions to the residual are implemented. Computational work is easily partitioned among many processors in an asynchronous, dynamic mode for convergence acceleration. An overview of the physical models employed herein for thermochemical nonequilibrium is included. Several test cases and comparisons with experimental data are presented involving hypersonic flow over blunt bodies which illustrate the qualitative and quantitative capabilities of this approach.

Gnoffo, P. A.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Upwind-biased, point-implicit relaxation strategies for hypersonic flowfield simulations on supercomputers

An upwind-biased, point-implicit relaxation algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution to the governing equations for three-dimensional, viscous, hypersonic flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium is described. The algorithm is derived using a finite-volume formulation in which the inviscid components of flux across cell walls are described with Roe's averaging and Harten's entropy fix with second-order corrections based on Yee's Symmetric Total Variation Diminishing scheme. The relaxation strategy is well suited for computers employing either vector or parallel architectures, and the relation between computer architecture and algorithm is emphasized. It is also well suited to the numerical solution of the governing equations on unstructured grids. Because of the point-implicit relaxation strategy, the algorithm remains stable at large Courant numbers without the necessity of solving large. block tri-diagonal systems. A single relaxation step depends only on information from nearest neighbors. Predictions for pressure distributions, surface heating, and aerodynamic coefficients compare well with experimental data for Mach 10 flow over a blunt body. Predictions for the hypersonic flow of air in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium (velocity = 8917 m/s, altitude = 78 km.) over the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) configuration obtained on a multi-domain grid are discussed.

Gnoffo, Peter A.↗