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Use of mechanical refining to improve the production of low-cost sugars from lignocellulosic biomass
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Structure of 3 at.% and 9 at.% Si-doped HfO[subscript 2] from combined refinement of X-ray and neutron diffraction patterns
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Diameter Refinement of Semiconducting Arc Discharge Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation
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Refined description of liquid and supercooled silicon from ab initio simulations
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Refinement of the crystal structure of the high-temperature phase G{sub 0} in (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}WO{sub 2}F{sub 4} (powder, X-ray, and neutron scattering)
The (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}WO{sub 2}F{sub 4} compound undergoes a series of phase transitions: G{sub 0} {yields} 201, K {yields} G{sub 1} {yields} 160, and K {yields} G{sub 2}, with a significant change in entropy ({Delta}S{sub 1} {approx} Rln10 at the G{sub 0} {yields} G{sub 1} transition), which indicates significant orientational disordering in the G{sub 0} phase and the order-disorder type of the phase transition. X-ray diffraction is used to identify the crystal structure of the G{sub 0} phase as rhombohedral (sp. gr. Cmcm, Z = 4), determine the lattice parameters and the positions of all atoms (except hydrogen), and show that [WO{sub 2}F{sub 4}]{sup 2-} ions can form a superposition of dynamic and static orientational disorders in the anionic sublattice. A determination of the orientational position of [NH{sub 4}]{sup +} ions calls for the combined method of elastic and inelastic neutron scattering. Inelastic neutron scattering is used to determine the state of hindered rotation for ammonium ions in the G{sub 0} phase. Powder neutron diffraction shows that the orientational disorder of NH{sub 4} ions can adequately be described within the free-rotation approximation.
Refinement effect of two rare earth borides in an Al-7Si-4Cu alloy: A comparative study
Highlights: • Refinement performance of Al-La-B and Al-Ce-B refiners in Al-7Si-4Cu alloy was investigated. Due to the orientation relationships between rare earth borides and Al, CeB{sub 6} and LaB{sub 6} can act as the nucleation substrate of α-Al and refine Al-Si-Cu casting alloy effectively. • Al-Ce-B refiner showed better refining efficacy than Al-La-B refiner because of the lower lattice mismatch and less angel difference of the certain orientation relationship between CeB{sub 6} and Al, demonstrated by TEM analysis. • Effects of Al-La-B and Al-Ce-B refiners on alloy defects and tensile properties were investigated. The best refiner addition level in this alloy is considered to be 1.0wt%. Tensile properties of Al-7Si-4Cu alloy were prominently improved owing to the better refined microstructures and much fewer shrinkage defects. - Abstract: In this paper, refinement performance of Al-La-B and Al-Ce-B refiners in Al-7Si-4Cu alloy and their effects on alloy defects and tensile properties were investigated. Due to the orientation relationships between rare earth borides and Al, CeB{sub 6} and LaB{sub 6} can act as the nucleation substrate of α-Al and refine Al-Si-Cu casting alloy effectively. Al-Ce-B refiner showed better refining efficacy than Al-La-B refiner because of the lower lattice mismatch and less angel difference of the certain orientation relationship between CeB{sub 6} and Al, demonstrated by TEM analysis. Tensile properties of Al-7Si-4Cu alloy were prominently improved from 204.4 ± 5.9 MPa to 250.6 ± 6.7 MPa in as-cast state and 335.7 ± 6.5 MPa to 386.0 ± 7.0 MPa in heat treatment state owing to the better refined microstructures and much fewer shrinkage defects. However, when the addition level of the refiners was higher than 1.0 wt%, the amount of gas pores in the alloy significantly increased. Hence, the best refiner addition level in this alloy is considered to be 1.0 wt%.
The Novel Charfuel® Coal Refining Process 18 TPD Pilot Plant Project for Co- Producing an Upgraded Coal Product, and Commercially Valuable Co- Products: Area of Interest #3 – Coal Beneficiation Pilot Plant Testing (Final Report)
Operation of Carbon Fuels, LLC’s (“CF”) existing, permitted 18 TPD pilot plant located in Golden, Colorado using two individually ranked (ASTM D 388) coal types (two campaigns), employing the novel Charfuel® coal refining process to produce an upgraded coal product and a number of high-valued organic and inorganic coproducts (for which there presently exists large commercial markets) in order to produce engineering and product data which will then be utilized toward the design of a commercial scale integrated facility (pre-feed document). Carbon Fuels, LLC has developed the Charfuel® Coal Refining Process which refines domestically abundant, raw coal (in the same manner as crude oil is refined) to produce the identical, high value co-products that are refined from crude oil. Thus, gasoline, jet fuel, “green diesel”, fuel oil, and marine fuels, as well as petrochemicals such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and methanol are refined from raw coal using this process. The Charfuel® Coal Refining Process is not a coal conversion process, like pyrolysis, or indirect liquefaction. Nor is it an alternative energy system. Rather it is a coal refining process that has the ability to economically produce products traditionally associated with the refining of crude oil but using only abundant, raw coal as the refinery feed stock. The Charfuel® Coal Refining Process is more economical than crude oil refining and is environmentally benign. Therefore, this value added process yields a return on investment well above 50% for a commercial facility. Furthermore, the Charfuel® process, unlike alternatives such as ethanol and hydrogen, can utilize the existing transportation, delivery, and other petroleum based systems. Hence, there is no need for new engines, pipelines, tankers, or product acceptance. As a result, the profitability of the process is increased. Objectives: (1) Operation of the integrated 18 tpd pilot plant, using two coal types (ranks); (2) Demonstration of process flexibility in being able to produce different products (gas, liquid, and char), as well as determination of operating parameters for identifying scale up criteria for two coal types (ranks); (3) Generation of engineering and design information (process specifications) for use in designing a commercial scale plant (scale-up); (4) Determination of important environmental issues surrounding the process and the products such as fate of trace elements (mercury and other heavy metals) and distributions of SO2, NOx, and CO 2 by analysis of effluent streams; (5) Production of sufficient product to allow reliable commercial economic evaluation of both the refined coal product and the coproducts; and, (6) Assessment of longer-term reliability of unit operations. Period 1: reconfiguration of the 18 TPD plant to meet specific FOA requirements and to qualify the facility for operation; and, Period 2: operation of the 18 TPD plant for two campaigns using two coals types (ranks) which are widely commercially used and abundant - the first being a subbituminous (Powder River Basin (“PRB”)) coal, and the second a bituminous (Illinois #6) coal.
Mesh refinement for anisotropic diffusion in magnetized plasmas
Highly accurate simulation of plasma transport is needed to drive the successful design and operation of magnetically confined fusion reactors. Unfortunately, the extreme anisotropy present in magnetized plasmas results in thin boundary layers that are expensive to resolve. Here, this work investigates how various mesh refinement strategies might reduce that expense to allow for more efficient simulation by comparing standard variable refinement approaches that use a field quantity to an adaptive approach that uses an error estimator. It is first verified that higher order discretization only realizes the proper rate of convergence once the mesh resolves the thin boundary layer, therefore motivating the focusing of refinement on the boundary layer. For three two-dimensional test cases that contain characteristic features of tokamak magnetic fields, an exponential refinement strategy based on the magnetic flux function, which is the standard refinement approach in the field, is compared to an adaptive strategy utilizing the established Zienwiekicz and Zhu error estimator. The adaptive mesh refinement strategy consistently achieves the same accuracy using orders of magnitude less degrees of freedom than either exponential or uniform refinement. This result makes the adaptive refinement strategy more efficient than the exponential refinement strategy while also being more generalizable to problems with complex magnetic geometries. Scaling laws are derived that quantify the improvement in cost of the adaptive refinement strategy over other refinement approaches in 2D and 3D.