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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

Nongravitational Motions of Comets: Component of the Recoil Force Normal to Orbital Plane

The significance and detectability of a normal component of the nogravitational acceleration that perturbs the motions of periodic comets are examined by comparing the total perturbation effect, calculated from the component's empirical term in the equations of motion intergrated over the orbital period, with the cumulative pertubations of the longitude of the ascending node and the orbital inclination brought about by the momentum that is transferred to the nucleus due to water outgassing from discrete active regions.

Comet↗
NASA NTRS1973

Reaction Li-6/p, pt/ at 590 MeV.

A lithium target enriched to 95.6 per cent of Li-6 and 0.685 cm thick was bombarded in the 590-MeV proton beam of a synchrocyclotron. Coincident events were detected in a double telescope arrangement. The characteristics of the unobserved three-nucleon residual system calculated for each event include the missing energy, the longitudinal recoil, and the transverse recoil. The cross-section data obtained indicate that zero recoil momentum for the unobserved three-nucleon recoil system is the most likely situation.

Dollhopf, W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A large area detector for neutrons between 2 and 100 MeV

A neutron detector sensitive from 2 to 100 MeV is described. The detector is designed for high altitude balloon flight to measure the flux, energy and direction of albedo neutrons from the earth and to search for solar neutrons. A neutron scatter from a proton is required in each of two liquid scintillator tanks spaced 1 meter apart. The energy of the recoil proton in the first tank is obtained from pulse height analysis of the scintillator output. The energy of the recoil neutron is obtained from its time of flight between the tanks. The detector has been calibrated with 15.3 MeV neutrons and mu mesons. The minimum detectable flux is 10(-4) neutron/sq cm/sec at a counting rate of one per minute; the energy resolution is 12% at 15 MeV and 30% at 100 MeV. The angle between the incoming neutron and the recoil neutron is measured to + or - 10 deg.

Grannan, R. T.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A numerical hydrodynamic study of coalescence in head-on collisions of identical stars.

The specific results reported refer to head-on collisions between identical polytropes of index 3 having solar mass and radius. If the polytropes were initially at rest at infinity, then about 5% of the combined mass is lost by ejection following collision. The volatilized mass fraction rises to about 18% for an initial relative collision velocity of 1000 km/sec at infinite separation, and to about 60% for the 2000 km/sec case. Since the initial kinetic and gravitational energies balance for a relative velocity of 1512 km/sec at infinity, it may be seen that net coalescence persists to velocities somewhat in excess of this figure. Mass ejection takes place in two ways simultaneously: (1) by a rapid sideward expulsion of fluid in a massive lateral sheet normal to the collision axis, and (2) as a result of two recoil shocks which lead momentum flows backward along this axis. The lateral effect has similarities to the expansion of gas into a vacuum i.e., shocks are not involved. However, the ejection of material from the rear colliding hemisphere due to the recoil shocks predominates at low collision velocities. As the velocity increases, both effects strengthen, but the lateral expulsion intensifies more rapidly than the recoil shocks.

Seidl, F. G. P.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Proton-deuteron double scattering

A simple but accurate form for the proton-deuteron elastic double scattering amplitude, which includes both projectile and target recoil motion and is applicable at all momentum transfer, is derived by taking advantage of the restricted range of Fermi momentum allowed by the deuteron wave function. This amplitude can be directly compared to approximations which have neglected target recoil or are limited to small momentum transfer; the target recoil and large momentum transfer effects are evaluated explicitly within the context of a Gaussian model.

Wilson, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Stoichiometric disturbances in compound semiconductors due to ion implantation

A method is developed to calculate the depth distribution of the local stoichiometric disturbance (SD) resulting from ion implantation in binary-compound substrates. The calculation includes first-order recoils considering projected range straggle of projectiles and recoils and lateral straggle of recoils. The method uses tabulated final-range statistics to infer the projectile range distributions at intermediate energies. This approach greatly simplifies the calculation with little compromise on accuracy as compared to existing procedures. As an illustration, the SD profile is calculated for implantation of boron, silicon, and aluminum in silicon carbide. The results for the latter case suggest that the SD may be responsible for otherwise unexplained distortions in the annealed aluminum profile. A comparison with calculations by other investigators using the Boltzmann transport equation shows good agreement.

Avila, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Energy deposition at the bone-tissue interface from nuclear fragments produced by high-energy nucleons

The transport of nuclear fragmentation recoils produced by high-energy nucleons in the region of the bone-tissue interface is considered. Results for the different flux and absorbed dose for recoils produced by 1 GeV protons are presented in a bidirectional transport model. The energy deposition in marrow cavities is seen to be enhanced by recoils produced in bone. Approximate analytic formulae for absorbed dose near the interface region are also presented for a simplified range-energy model.

Cucinotta, Francis A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

The Ptolemaic gamma-ray burst universe

The BATSE experiment on GRO has demonstrated the isotropic arrival directions and flat log N vs log S of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. These data are best explained if the burst sources are distributed throughout an extended spherical galactic halo, as previously suggested by Jennings. The halo's radius is at least 40 kpc, and probably is more than 100 kpc. I consider possible origins of this halo, including primordial formation and neutron stars recoiling from their birthplaces in the galactic disk. A simple geometrical model leads to a predicted relation between the dipole and quadrupole anisotropy. I suggest that neutron stars born with low recoil become millisecond pulsars, while those born with high recoil become the sources of gamma-ray bursts; these populations are nearly disjoint. Quiescent counterparts of gamma-ray bursts are predicted to be undetectably faint.

Katz, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Distribution of energy in polymers due to incident electrons and protons

The recoil spectrum of nuclei in polymers for incident protons below 10 MeV in energy is calculated by using the Rutherford cross-section with screening corrections. Employing the work of McKinley and Feshbach on the Coulomb scattering of relativistic electrons by nuclei, the recoil spectrum of the nuclei is also calculated for electron energies varying from threshold to 10 MeV. The partitioning of energy between electronic excitation and ionization and nuclear recoil is then studied to search for possible difference in polymer radiation response as a function of radiation energy and type.

NASA Discipline Number 22-70↗
NASA NTRS2012

Computational Transport Modeling of High-Energy Neutrons Found in the Space Environment

The high charge and high energy (HZE) particle radiation environment in space interacts with spacecraft materials and the human body to create a population of neutrons encompassing a broad kinetic energy spectrum. As an HZE ion penetrates matter, there is an increasing chance of fragmentation as penetration depth increases. When an ion fragments, secondary neutrons are released with velocities up to that of the primary ion, giving some neutrons very long penetration ranges. These secondary neutrons have a high relative biological effectiveness, are difficult to effectively shield, and can cause more biological damage than the primary ions in some scenarios. Ground-based irradiation experiments that simulate the space radiation environment must account for this spectrum of neutrons. Using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport Code System (PHITS), it is possible to simulate a neutron environment that is characteristic of that found in spaceflight. Considering neutron dosimetry, the focus lies on the broad spectrum of recoil protons that are produced in biological targets. In a biological target, dose at a certain penetration depth is primarily dependent upon recoil proton tracks. The PHITS code can be used to simulate a broad-energy neutron spectrum traversing biological targets, and it account for the recoil particle population. This project focuses on modeling a neutron beamline irradiation scenario for determining dose at increasing depth in water targets. Energy-deposition events and particle fluence can be simulated by establishing cross-sectional scoring routines at different depths in a target. This type of model is useful for correlating theoretical data with actual beamline radiobiology experiments. Other work exposed human fibroblast cells to a high-energy neutron source to study micronuclei induction in cells at increasing depth behind water shielding. Those findings provide supporting data describing dose vs. depth across a water-equivalent medium. This poster presents PHITS data suggesting an increase in dose, up to roughly 10 cm depth, followed by a continual decrease as neutrons come to a stop in the target.

Cox, Brad↗
NASA NTRS1973

He, Ne and Ar in chondritic Ni-Fe as irradiation hardness sensors.

Noble gas analyses of the Ni-Fe of 9 L, 5 H, and 2 LL chondrites quantitatively support previous suggestions of radiogenic He-4 recoil and He-3 deficits. Furthermore, noble gases in the Ni-Fe show evidence for in situ produced radiogenic He-4 and in some cases for recoil loss of Ar-38 and gain of Ne-21. The ratio of spallogenic Ar-38 and Ne-21 in the metal phase is found to correlate strongly with He-3/Ne-21 and Ne-22/Ne-21 in bulk samples of these chondrites. This is proof of the dependence of these ratios on the irradiation hardness experienced by the meteoroid in space. 'Hardness indices' n equals 1.9-2.2 are found, indicating that on the average the stone meteoroids from which the samples came were smaller in mass than iron meteoroids. The spallogenic Ne-21/Ar-38 ratio in metallic Ni-Fe can be used with the semi-empirical production model deduced from the Grant iron meteorite to calibrate spallogenic He-3/Ne-21 and Ne-21/Ar-38 in bulk samples of L, LL and H chondrites for meteoroid size and sample location allowing the estimation of minimal meteoroid masses.

Nyquist, L.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Single event upset (SEU) of semiconductor devices - A summary of JPL test data

The data summarized describe single event upset (bit-flips) for 60 device types having data storage elements. The data are from 15 acceleration tests with both protons and heavier ions. Tables are included summarizing the upset threshold data and listing the devices tested for heavy ion induced bit-flip and the devices tested with protons. With regard to the proton data, it is noted that the data are often limited to one proton energy, since the tests were usually motivated by the engineering requirement of comparing similar candidate devices for a system. It is noted that many of the devices exhibited no upset for the given test conditions (the maximum fluence and the maximum proton energy Ep are given for these cases). It is believed, however, that some possibility of upset usually exists because there is a slight chance that the recoil atom may receive up to 10 to 20 MeV of recoil energy (with more energy at higher Ep).

Nichols, D. K.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Electron-positron pair production by ultrarelativistic electrons in a soft photon field

The fully differential cross section for photon-electron pair production is integrated numerically over phase space. Results are obtained for the astrophysically interesting case in which the interaction between an ultrarelativistic electron and a soft photon results in electron-positron pair production. The positron spectrum is a function of the energies of both the photon and the electron, as well as the angle of interaction. It is found that the energy at which the positron distribution peaks is inversely proportional to the photon energy and independent of the electron energy. The positron spectrum is integrated once more over initial electron energies for a power-law energy distribution of primary electrons. The same procedure is repeated for the recoil particle; it is shown that the peak of the recoil energy distribution depends linearly on the energy of the primary electron. Finally, semianalytical expressions are obtained for the energy losses of the primary electrons.

Mastichiadis, A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Absolute flux measurements for swift atoms

While a torsion balance in vacuum can easily measure the momentum transfer from a gas beam impinging on a surface attached to the balance, this measurement depends on the accommodation coefficients of the atoms with the surface and the distribution of the recoil. A torsion balance is described for making absolute flux measurements independent of recoil effects. The torsion balance is a conventional taut suspension wire design and the Young modulus of the wire determines the relationship between the displacement and the applied torque. A compensating magnetic field is applied to maintain zero displacement and provide critical damping. The unique feature is to couple the impinging gas beam to the torsion balance via a Wood's horn, i.e., a thin wall tube with a gradual 90 deg bend. Just as light is trapped in a Wood's horn by specular reflection from the curved surfaces, the gas beam diffuses through the tube. Instead of trapping the beam, the end of the tube is open so that the atoms exit the tube at 90 deg to their original direction. Therefore, all of the forward momentum of the gas beam is transferred to the torsion balance independent of the angle of reflection from the surfaces inside the tube.

Fink, M.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Infrared absorption study of neutron-transmutation-doped germanium

Using high-resolution far-infrared Fourier transform absorption spectroscopy and Hall effect measurements, the evolution of the shallow acceptor and donor impurity levels in germanium during and after the neutron transmutation doping process was studied. The results show unambiguously that the gallium acceptor level concentration equals the concentration of transmutated Ge-70 atoms during the whole process indicating that neither recoil during transmutation nor gallium-defect complex formation play significant roles. The arsenic donor levels appear at full concentration only after annealing for 1 h at 450 C. It is shown that this is due to donor-radiation-defect complex formation. Again, recoil does not play a significant role.

Park, I. S.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Multistroke cloud-to-ground strike to the NASA F-106B airplane

An analysis of electromagnetic waveform records and video images of a multistroke cloud-to-ground (CG) strike to the NASA F-106B instrumented airplane is presented. The CG flash started as a lightning strike triggered by the airplane and later produced multiple return strokes to the ground (the ground strike network registered six return strokes). Although there are some uncertainties in data interpretation resulting from lack of independent measurements with other than the airborne instruments, recoil streamers and eight sequences of dart leaders followed by return strokes (two more than were indicated by the ground network) were identified in the airborne data. At least three of the subsequent return strokes were attached to the airplane. The analysis provides evidence that formation of recoil streamers and dart leaders is accompanied by a surge in continuous current. This feature is similar to that observed in the bidirectional leader development during lightning initiation on the airplane.

Mazur, Vladislav↗
NASA NTRS1991

Description and interpretation of aircraft lightning attachment electric and magnetic field measurements and video observation

In 1988, ONERA carried out a complete airborne lightning characterization program. Among other features, the program has provided a significant amount of data from analog records of electric and magnetic field sensors to give a description of all stages of the lightning process. The initiation phase has a description of all stages of the lightning process. The initiation phase has been described in the past, so the present objective is to give a description of the other stages of the discharge, based on the observation of analog electromagnetic waveforms and of fast video (200 f/s) image processed pictures. During lightning attachment, the aircraft remains electrically connected to the lightning channel where a large variety of physical processes occur. These physical processes include recoil streamers, return strokes, and even other initiation processes of secondary discharges. Typical records of analog electromagnetic field along with relative luminosity variation of the channel, which shows that there is no extinction of the continuous current throughout the discharge process. A computation of current and potential waveforms using the transmission line formalism is presented and gives satisfactory results for the representation of two of the typical waveforms observed in the recoil streamer processes.

Moreau, J. P.↗