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At least 55 records · Page 3

Discovery, Timing, and Multiwavelength Observations of the Black Widow Millisecond Pulsar PSR J1555–2908

Abstract We report the discovery of PSR J1555−2908, a 1.79 ms radio and gamma-ray pulsar in a 5.6 hr binary system with a minimum companion mass of 0.052 M ⊙ . This fast and energetic ( E ̇ = 3 × 10 35 erg s −1 ) millisecond pulsar was first detected as a gamma-ray point source in Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) sky survey observations. Guided by a steep-spectrum radio point source in the Fermi error region, we performed a search at 820 MHz with the Green Bank Telescope that first discovered the pulsations. The initial radio pulse timing observations provided enough information to seed a search for gamma-ray pulsations in the LAT data, from which we derive a timing solution valid for the full Fermi mission. In addition to the discovery and timing of radio and gamma-ray pulsations, we searched for X-ray pulsations using NICER but no significant pulsations were detected. We also obtained time-series r -band photometry that indicates strong heating of the companion star by the pulsar wind. Material blown off the heated companion eclipses the 820 MHz radio pulse during inferior conjunction of the companion for ≈10% of the orbit, which is twice the angle subtended by its Roche lobe in an edge-on system.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Variability in Proto-planetary Nebulae. VI. Multitelescope Light Curve Studies of Several Medium-bright (V = 13–15), Carbon-rich Objects

We present 10 years of new photometric monitoring of the light variability of five evolved stars with strong mid-infrared emission from surrounding dust. Three are known carbon-rich proto-planetary nebulae (PPNe) with F−G spectral types; the nature of the other two was previously unknown. For the three PPNe, we determine or refine the pulsation periods of IRAS 04296+3429 (71 days), 06530−0213 (80 days), and 23304+6147 (84 days). A secondary period was found for each, with a period ratio P {sub 2}/P {sub 1} of 0.9. The light variations are small, 0.1–0.2 mag. These are similar to values found in other PPNe. The other two are found to be giant stars. IRAS 09296+1159 pulsates with a period of only 47 days but reaches pulsational light variations of 0.5 mag. Supplemental spectroscopy reveals the spectrum of a CH carbon star. IRAS 08359−1644 is a G1 III star that does not display pulsational variability; rather, it shows nonperiodic decreases of brightness of up to 0.5 mag over this 10 year interval. These drops in brightness are reminiscent of the light curves of R Corona Borealis variables, but with much smaller decreases in brightness and are likely due to transient dust obscuration. Its spectral energy distribution is very similar to that of the unusual oxygen-rich giant star HDE 233517, which possesses mid-infrared hydrocarbon emission features. These two non-PPNe turn out to be members of the rare group of giant stars with large mid-infrared excesses due to dust, objects which presumably have interesting evolutionary histories.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Highlights of Discoveries for δ Scuti Variable Stars from the Kepler Era

The NASA Kepler and follow-on K2 mission (2009–2018) left a legacy of data and discoveries, finding thousands of exoplanets, and also obtaining high-precision long time-series data for hundreds of thousands of stars, including many types of pulsating variables. Here we highlight a few of the ongoing discoveries from Kepler data on δ Scuti pulsating variables, which are core hydrogen-burning stars of about twice the mass of the Sun. We discuss many unsolved problems surrounding the properties of the variability in these stars, and the progress enabled by Kepler data in using pulsations to infer their interior structure, a field of research known as asteroseismology.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The Circumstellar Gas of Phi Leonis in the UV

HST UV spectra were obtained to study whether the φ Leo system has one or more stellar companions, as shown for the A-star dwarf, HR10, stellar pulsation, or transiting exocomets. During five partial HST observation sets spread over 13 months, redshifted gas with radial velocities up to +245 km s{sup -1} was observed on one occasion, with lower velocity infalling material seen twice. Blueshifted gas features with velocities as high as -150 km s{sup -1} with up to three features in two spectra were also seen. Low-mass stellar companions to late A stars are coronal sources. Assuming an age of 450 Myr, G-K companions to φ Leo, and multiple M-star companions would have been detected in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey data, but are not seen. Further, the star shows only 1 major pulsation component, suggesting it is single, excluding an A- or early F-star companion. Low covering factor absorption features with |v| ≤ 200 km s{sup -1} have been reported in optical spectra with variation on timescales consistent with nonradial pulsation. However, the highest velocity infall feature has a broader, continuous absorption profile extending from the stellar velocity to +245 km s{sup -1}, with a covering factor of ~25% which is more consistent with a transit by a body on a star-grazing orbit.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Electric field measurements of DC-driven positive streamer coronas using the E-FISH method

This paper reports on electric field measurements, using the electric field-induced second harmonic (E-FISH) method, sampling the spatial structure and temporal development of DC-driven positive streamer coronas in atmospheric-pressure air at relevant timescales to examine the self-pulsating behavior of the discharge. The discharge is triggered from a point-to-plate geometry and consists of transient coronas, which bridge the inter-electrode gap and pulsate at about 3 kHz, superimposed with a persisting glow corona. The measurements presented challenge the phenomenological explanation for the pulsations based on field recovery at the anode driven by the evacuation of positive ions by electric drift effects and hint at a propagating wave-like feature from the plate-cathode to the tip-anode.

42 ENGINEERING↗

TESS cycle 1 observations of roAp stars with 2-min cadence data

ABSTRACT We present the results of a systematic search for new rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) stars using the 2-min cadence data collected by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) during its Cycle 1 observations. We identify 12 new roAp stars. Amongst these stars we discover the roAp star with the longest pulsation period, another with the shortest rotation period, and six with multiperiodic variability. In addition to these new roAp stars, we present an analysis of 44 known roAp stars observed by TESS during Cycle 1, providing the first high-precision and homogeneous sample of a significant fraction of the known roAp stars. The TESS observations have shown that almost 60 per cent (33) of our sample of stars are multiperiodic, providing excellent cases to test models of roAp pulsations, and from which the most rewarding asteroseismic results can be gleaned. We report four cases of the occurrence of rotationally split frequency multiplets that imply different mode geometries for the same degree modes in the same star. This provides a conundrum in applying the oblique pulsator model to the roAp stars. Finally, we report the discovery of non-linear mode interactions in α Cir (TIC 402546736, HD 128898) around the harmonic of the principal mode – this is only the second case of such a phenomenon.

Holdsworth, D. L.↗

Digging a little deeper: characterizing three new extreme ULX candidates

ABSTRACT A prime motivation for compiling catalogues of any celestial X-ray source is to increase our numbers of rare subclasses. In this work, we take a recent multimission catalogue of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) and look for hitherto poorly-studied ULX candidates that are luminous ($L_{\rm X} \ge 10^{40}\,{\rm erg\,s}^{-1}$), bright ($f_{\rm X} \ge 5 \times 10^{-13}\,{\rm erg\,cm}^{-2}\,{\rm s}^{-1}$), and have archival XMM–Newton data. We speculate that this luminosity regime may be ideal for identifying new pulsating ULXs (PULXs), given that the majority of known PULXs reach similar high luminosities. We find three sources that match our criteria and study them using archival data. We find 4XMM J165251.5−591503 to possess a bright and variable Galactic optical/IR counterpart, and so conclude it is very likely to be a foreground interloper. 4XMM J091948.8−121429 does appear to be an excellent ULX candidate associated with the dwarf irregular galaxy PGC 26378, but has only one detection to date with low data quality. The best data set belongs to 4XMM J112054.3+531040 which we find to be a moderately variable, spectrally hard (Γ ≈ 1.4) X-ray source located in a spiral arm of NGC 3631. Its spectral hardness is similar to known PULXs, but no pulsations are detected by accelerated pulsation searches in the available data. We discuss whether other missions provide objects for similar studies and compare this method to others suggested for identifying good PULX candidates.

Roberts, T. P. (ORCID:0000000182526337)↗

Asteroseismological analysis of the polluted ZZ Ceti star G 29 – 38 with TESS

G29 – 38 (TIC 422526868) is one of the brightest (V = 13.1) and closest (d = 17.51 pc) pulsating white dwarfs with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere (DAV/ZZ Ceti class). It was observed by the TESS spacecraft in sectors 42 and 56. The atmosphere of G 29 – 38 is polluted by heavy elements that are expected to sink out of visible layers on short time-scales. Here, the photometric TESS data set spans ~51 d in total, and from this, we identified 56 significant pulsation frequencies, that include rotational frequency multiplets. In addition, we identified 30 combination frequencies in each sector. The oscillation frequencies that we found are associated with g-mode pulsations, with periods spanning from ~ 260 to ~ 1400 s. We identified rotational frequency triplets with a mean separation δν ℓ = 1 of 4.67 μHz and a quintuplet with a mean separation δν ℓ = 2 of 6.67 μHz, from which we estimated a rotation period of about 1.35 ± 0.1 d. We determined a constant period spacing of 41.20 s for ℓ = 1 modes and 22.58 s for ℓ = 2 modes. We performed period-to-period fit analyses and found an asteroseismological model with M * /M ⊙ = 0.632 ± 0.03, K, and log g = 8.048 ± 0.005 (with a hydrogen envelope mass of M H ~ 5.6 × 10 –5 M * ), in good agreement with the values derived from spectroscopy. We obtained an asteroseismic distance of 17.54 pc, which is in excellent agreement with that provided by Gaia (17.51 pc).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

A Two-Step Control Approach for Torque Ripple and Vibration Reduction in Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

The objective of this work is to reduce the torque ripple and vibration in Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) drives. To achieve such a goal, a two-step approach is proposed. In the first step, the reference current is profiled using an optimization method, aimed to reduce the torque pulsation. In the second, the optimum current profile is applied to the SRM through an adaptive hysteresis band controller to actively cancel the radial vibration. The proposed technique uses an optimization procedure based on the Field Reconstruction Method (FRM) and Non-Derivative Optimization Method to find the optimal current profile that mitigates the torque pulsation, however, the investigation has shown that the proposed excitation leads to a higher radial vibration, which has been mitigated by using an adaptive hysteresis band controller. The theoretical basis for the proposed approach is initially presented, followed by system modeling and simulation. In addition, experimental verification has been conducted using an 8/6 SRM to show the feasibility of the proposed approach. The proposed method alleviates the acoustic noise and torque pulsation in SRM and offers an effective step towards the prevalent use of SRM in a wide range of applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗

On the Effect of Beating during Nonlinear Frequency Chirping

Spectroscopic analyses of energetic particle (EP) driven bursts of MHD fluctuations in magnetically confined plasmas often exhibit chirps that occur simultaneously in groups of two or more. While the superposition of oscillations at multiple frequencies necessarily causes beating in the signal acquired by a localized external probe, self-consistent hybrid simulations of chirping EP modes in a JT-60U tokamak plasma have demonstrated the possibility of global beating, where the mode's electromagnetic field vanishes globally between beats and reappears with opposite phase [Bierwage et al., Nucl. Fusion 57, 016036 (2017)]. This implies that there can be a single coherent field mode that oscillates at multiple frequencies simultaneously when it is resonantly driven by multiple density waves in EP phase space. Conversely, this means that the EP density waves are mutually coupled and interfere with each other via the jointly driven field, a mechanism ignored in some theories of chirping. In this thesis-style treatise, we study the role of field pulsations in general and beating in particular using the Hamiltonian guiding center orbit-following code ORBIT with a reduced wave-particle interaction model in realistic geometry. Beating is found to drive the evolution of EP phase space structures. Additionally, a key mechanism is the pulsation of effective phase space islands combined with the alternation of their effective O- and X-points due to phase jumps between each beat. Observations: (1) Beating causes density wave fronts to advance radially in a pulsed manner and the resulting chirps become staircase-like. (2) The pulsations facilitate convective transfer of material between neighboring layers of phase space density waves. On the one hand, this may inhibit the early detachment of solitary phase space vortices. On the other hand, it facilitates the accumulation of hole and clump fragments into larger structures. (3) Long-range chirping is observed when massive holes or clumps detach and drift away from the turbulent belt around the seed resonance. It is remarkable that the detached vortices remain robust and,on average, maintain their concentric nested layers while being visibly perturbed by the field's continued beating.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

How Gaps in Time-Series Data Affect Asteroseismic Interpretation

Most pulsating white dwarf stars pulsate with many periods, each of which is a probe of their interior, which has made asteroseismolgy of these stars an active field. However, disentangling the multiple periodicities requires long, uninterrupted strings of data. We briefly describe the history of multi-site observing campaigns that culminated in the development of the Whole Earth Telescope in the late 1980s that still functions today. Through examples from the May 1990 campaign on GD 358, we show how critical it is to eliminate periodic gaps in data to greatly reduce aliasing in Fourier Transforms normally used to analyze the frequency content of pulsating white dwarfs. We close with a brief description of space satellite-based data, along with the advantages and disadvantages of these data compared to ground-based data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Physical Nature of the Eclipsing δ Scuti Star AO Serpentis

We present the absolute properties of the eclipsing binary AO Ser with a pulsating component from our BV photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic observations, which were performed between 2017 April and May. The radial velocities (RVs) for both components were measured, and the effective temperature and projected rotational velocity of the primary star were determined to be T eff,1 = 8,820 ± 62 K and v 1 sini 1 = 90 ± 18 km s -1 , respectively, by comparing the observed spectrum with the Kurucz models. The accurate fundamental parameters of AO Ser were determined by a simultaneous analysis of the light and RV curves. The masses and radii of the primary and secondary components are M 1 = 2.55 ± 0.09 M ⊙ and R 1 = 1.64 ± 0.02 R ⊙ and M 2 = 0.49 ± 0.02 M ⊙ and R 2 = 1.38 ± 0.02 R ⊙ , respectively. Multiple frequency analyses for the eclipse-subtracted light residuals were conducted. As a result, we detected two frequencies of f 1 = 21.852 days -1 and f 2 = 23.484 days -1 . The evolutionary position on the HR diagram and the pulsational characteristics indicate that the primary star is a δ Sct pulsator with a radial fundamental mode. On the other hand, the relatively evolved secondary is oversized for its own mass.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The DESI Y1 RR Lyrae catalog I: Empirical modeling of the cyclic variation of spectroscopic properties and a chemodynamical analysis of the outer halo

We present the catalog of RR Lyrae stars observed in the first year of operations of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey. This catalog contains 6,240 RR Lyrae stars out to $\sim100$ kpc from the Galactic center and over 12,000 individual epochs with homogeneously-derived stellar atmospheric parameters. We introduce a novel methodology to model the cyclical variation of the spectroscopic properties of RR Lyrae from single-epoch measurements. We employ this method to infer the radial velocity and effective temperature variation of fundamental mode and first-overtone RR Lyrae stars and to determine their systemic velocities and mean temperatures. For fundamental mode pulsators, we obtain radial velocity curves with amplitudes of $\sim$30--50 km s$^{-1}$ and effective temperature curves with 300--1,000 K variations, whereas for first-overtone pulsators these amplitudes are $\sim20$ km s$^{-1}$ and $\sim 600$ K, respectively. We use our sample to study the metallicity distribution of the halo and its dependence on Galactocentric distance ($R_{\rm GC}$). Using a radius-dependent mixture model, we split the data into chemodynamically distinct components and find that our inner halo sample ($R_{\rm GC}\lesssim50$ kpc) is predominantly composed of stars with [Fe/H] $\sim-1.5$ dex and largely radial orbits (with an anisotropy parameter $\beta\sim0.94$), that we associate with the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger event. Stars in the outer halo field exhibit a broader and more metal-poor [Fe/H] distribution with more circular orbits ($\beta\sim0.39$). The metallicity gradient of the metal-rich and the metal-poor components is found to be $0.005$ and $0.010$ dex kpc$^{-1}$, respectively. Our catalog highlights DESI's tantalizing potential for studying the Milky Way and the pulsation properties of RR Lyrae stars in the era of large spectroscopic surveys.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Revisiting the δ Scuti star FG Virginis using Kepler K2 and TESS data

FG Virginis is a δ Scuti variable star that was the target of several ground-based multisite photometric campaigns from 1992 to 2004. Over 75 pulsation frequencies were detected (Breger et al., Astron. Astrophys., 2005, 435, 955–965), more than for any other δ Sct star before the era of space photometry. FG Vir was observed for 52 days in 30-minute cadence photometry by the NASA Kepler spacecraft K2 mission in 2016, and for 23 days in 2-minute cadence photometry by the NASA TESS spacecraft in 2021. We present light curves and amplitude spectra obtained from these space missions. We find around 30 significant frequencies in the K2 data, and more than 100 significant frequencies in the TESS data. There is good correspondence between the first 10 or so highest-amplitude modes found in the K2 and TESS data and those found from the ground-based multisite campaigns, although the amplitude order is slightly different, indicating some stability in mode frequencies and amplitudes spanning 20 years. However, the 9th highest-amplitude mode of Breger et al. has moved down considerably in amplitude rank, while the 35th highest-amplitude mode has moved up to near the top ten as seen in both the K2 and TESS data. We find several low frequencies between 0.3 and 3 cycles per day in the TESS data that were not detected using the ground-based data. If low-frequency pulsations are confirmed, FG Vir would be classified as a δ Sct/γ Dor hybrid variable star. We also review stellar model results and some of the challenges for asteroseismology for this well-studied δ Sct star.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Dynamical Mass Estimates of the β Pictoris Planetary System through Gaussian Process Stellar Activity Modeling

Nearly 15 yr of radial velocity (RV) monitoring and direct imaging enabled the detection of two giant planets orbiting the young, nearby star β Pictoris. The δ Scuti pulsations of the star, which overwhelm planetary signals, need to be carefully suppressed. In this work, we independently revisit the analysis of the RV data following a different approach than available in the literature to model the activity of the star. We show that a Gaussian process (GP) with a stochastically driven damped harmonic oscillator kernel can model the δ Scuti pulsations. It provides similar results to parametric models but with a simpler framework, using only three hyperparameters. It also enables us to model poorly sampled RV data that were excluded from previous analyses, hence extending the RV baseline by nearly five years. Altogether, the orbit and mass of both planets can be constrained from RV only, which was not possible with the parametric modeling. To characterize the system more accurately, we also perform a joint fit of all available relative astrometry and RV data. Our orbital solutions for β Pic b favor a low eccentricity of 0.029$_{−0.024}^{+0.061}$ and a relatively short period of 21.1$_{−0.8}^{+2.0}$ yr. The orbit of β Pic c is eccentric with 0.206$_{−0.063}^{+0.074}$ with a period of 3.36 ± 0.03 yr. We find model-independent masses of 11.7 ± 1.4 and 8.5 ± 0.5 M Jup for β Pic b and c, respectively, assuming coplanarity. The mass of β Pic b is consistent with the hottest start evolutionary models, at an age of 25 ± 3 Myr. A direct detection of β Pic c would provide a second calibration measurement in a coeval system.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The Pre-He White Dwarfs in Eclipsing Binaries. II. WASP 0843–11

We present the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry and our high-resolution spectra of the EL CVn–type star 1SWASP J084356.46–113327.5 (WASP 0843–11), which consists of an F-type main-sequence (MS) star and a hotter low-mass helium white dwarf precursor (pre-He WD). In a spectral analysis, double-lined radial velocities (RVs) were obtained for the first time. From a simultaneous analysis of the TESS light and RV curves, the masses, radii, and temperatures of each component were determined to be M {sub 1} = 1.733 ± 0.031 M {sub ⊙}, M {sub 2} = 0.220 ± 0.008 M {sub ⊙}, R {sub 1} = 2.094 ± 0.013 R {sub ⊙}, R {sub 2} = 0.331 ± 0.003 R {sub ⊙}, T {sub 1} = 6960 ± 120 K, and T {sub 2} =9870 ± 310 K, respectively. According to their physical properties, the primary and secondary stars are located on the instability strips of δ Sct/γ Dor hybrids and extremely low-mass WDs, respectively. We applied multiple frequency analyses to the residual light curve after subtracting the binarity effects and detected a total of four independent frequencies. A frequency of f {sub 3} = 1.6356 day{sup −1} in the low-frequency region was reminiscent of γ Dor stars, while the other three frequencies of f {sub 2}, f {sub 15}, and f {sub 18} in the high-frequency region (150–196 day{sup −1}) are probably related to pre-He WD components. Our results demonstrate that the more massive MS primary star of WASP 0843–11 is a γ Dor pulsator, whereas the hotter secondary component is a pre-He WD with high-frequency pulsations.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Spectroscopic and Photometric Monitoring of a Poorly Known Highly Luminous OH/IR Star: IRAS 18278+0931

We present the time-dependent properties of a poorly known OH/IR star, IRAS 18278+0931 (hereafter IRAS 18+09), toward the Ophiuchus constellation. We have carried out long-term optical/near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic observations to study the object. From optical R- and I-band light curves, the period of IRAS 18+09 is estimated to be 575 ± 30 days and the variability amplitudes range from ΔR ∼ 4.0 mag to ΔI ∼ 3.5 mag. From the standard period–luminosity relations, the distance (D) to the object, 4.0 ± 1.3 kpc, is estimated. Applying this distance in the radiative transfer model, the spectral energy distribution is constructed from multiwavelength photometric and IRAS-LRS spectral data, which provide the luminosity, optical depth, and gas mass-loss rate of the object to be 9600 ± 500 L {sub ⊙}, 9.1 ± 0.6 at 0.55 μm, and 1.0 × 10{sup −6} M {sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}, respectively. The current mass of the object is inferred to be in the range 1.0−1.5 M {sub ⊙} assuming solar metallicity. Notably, the temporal variation of atomic and molecular features (e.g., TiO, Na i, Ca i, CO, H{sub 2}O) over the pulsation cycle of the OH/IR star illustrates the sensitivity of the spectral features to the dynamical atmosphere as observed in pulsating AGB stars.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Variable Blue Straggler Stars in the Open Cluster NGC 6819 Observed in the Kepler “Superstamp” Field

Abstract NGC 6819 is an open cluster of age 2.4 Gyr that was in the NASA Kepler spacecraft’s field of view from 2009 to 2013. The central part of the cluster was observed in a 200 × 200 pixel “superstamp” during these four years in 30 minute cadence photometry, providing a unique, high-precision, long time-series data set. The cluster contains “blue straggler” stars, i.e., stars on the main sequence above the cluster turnoff that should have left the main sequence to become red giants. We present light curves and pulsation frequency analyses derived from custom photometric reductions for five confirmed cluster members—four blue stragglers and one star near the main-sequence turnoff. Two of these stars show a rich spectrum of δ Scuti pulsation modes, with 236 and 124 significant frequencies identified, respectively, while two stars show mainly low-frequency modes, characteristic of γ Doradus variable stars. The fifth star, a known active X-ray binary, shows only several harmonics of two main frequencies. For the two δ Scuti stars, we use a frequency separation–mean density relation to estimate their mean densities, and then use these values along with their effective temperature to derive their stellar masses and radii. For the two stars showing low frequencies, we searched for period-spacing sequences that may be representative of gravity-mode or Rossby-mode sequences, but found no clear sequences. The common age for the cluster members, considered along with the frequencies, will provide valuable constraints for asteroseismic analyses, and may shed light on the origin of the blue stragglers.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗