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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1993

Light-heavy ion measurements in CR-39 located on the Earth side of LDEF

The azimuthal angle distribution and the charge and energy spectra of selected light-heavy (5 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 8) stopping particles were measured in a single layer of CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector (PNTD) from the stack of the A0015 experiment located on the Earth-end of the LDEF satellite. The directional incidence of the trapped protons is studied by comparing the azimuthal angle distribution of selected recoils, obtained in the LDEF detectors, to that obtained through calibrations of PNTD's with exposures performed with 200 MeV proton beams from different directions.

Csige, I.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Analytic optical potentials for nucleon-nucleus nucleus-nucleus collisions involving light and medium nuclei

Utilizing an optical model potential approximation to the exact nucleus-nucleus multiple-scattering series, optical potentials for nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions are analytically derived. These expressions are applicable to light and medium cosmic ray nuclei as their single-particle density distributions are analytically determined, without approximation, from their actual harmonic well charge density distributions. Pauli correlation effects are included through the use of a simple Gaussian function to replace the usual expression obtained in the infinite nuclear matter approximation.

Bidasaria, H. B.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Three-dimensional shielding effects on charged particle fluences measured in the P0006 experiment of LDEF

Three-dimensional shielding effects on cosmic ray charged particle fluences were measured with plastic nuclear track detectors in the P0006 experiment on Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). The azimuthal and polar angle distributions of the galactic cosmic ray particles (mostly relativistic iron) were measured in the main stack and in four side stacks of the P0006 experiment, located on the west end of the LDEF satellite. A shadowing effect of the shielding of the LDEF satellite is found. Total fluence of stopping protons was measured as a function of the position in the main and side stacks of the P0006 experiment. Location dependence of total track density is explained by the three-dimensional shielding model of the P0006 stack. These results can be used to validate 3D mass model and transport code calculations and also for predictions of the outer radiation environment for the Space Station Freedom.

Csige, I.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Ultra Heavy Ion Collector (UHIC)

The purpose of this final report is to study the propagation of heavy nuclei in cosmic radiation. Topics include: Mass Distributions of Fragments from the Interactions of 600 MeV/n Silver Nuclei; Charge-pickup by Heavy Relativistic Nuclei; Fragmentation and Propagation Heavy UH Cosmic Ray Nuclei; Nuclear Fragmentation Parameters Needed for Interpretation of Observed Fluxes of UH Cosmic Ray Nuclei; Fragmentation and Electromagnetic Dissociation of 10.6 GeV/nucleon (197) Au Nuclei; Nuclear Interaction Cross Sections for UltraHeavy Nuclei; The Charge-Changing Fragmentation of 10.6 GeV/nucleon 197 Au Nuclei; Fragmentation Cross Sections of Relativistic 84/36 Kr and 109/47 Ag Nuclei in Targets from Hydrogen to Lead; Mission Concept for the Study of Ultraheavy Galactic Cosmic Rays; and Propagation of the Heaviest UH - Cosmic Ray Nuclei.

Stone, E. C.↗

NASA NTRS2010

Proton Lateral Broadening Distribution Comparisons Between GRNTRN, MCNPX, and Laboratory Beam Measurements

Recent developments in NASA s deterministic High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport (HZETRN) code have included lateral broadening of primary ion beams due to small-angle multiple Coulomb scattering, and coupling of the ion-nuclear scattering interactions with energy loss and straggling. This new version of HZETRN is based on Green function methods, called GRNTRN, and is suitable for modeling transport with both space environment and laboratory boundary conditions. Multiple scattering processes are a necessary extension to GRNTRN in order to accurately model ion beam experiments, to simulate the physical and biological-effective radiation dose, and to develop new methods and strategies for light ion radiation therapy. In this paper we compare GRNTRN simulations of proton lateral broadening distributions with beam measurements taken at Loma Linda University Proton Therapy Facility. The simulated and measured lateral broadening distributions are compared for a 250 MeV proton beam on aluminum, polyethylene, polystyrene, bone substitute, iron, and lead target materials. The GRNTRN results are also compared to simulations from the Monte Carlo MCNPX code for the same projectile-target combinations described above.

Mertens, Christopher J.↗

DOE OSTI2024

New proxies for second-order cumulants of conserved charges in heavy-ion collisions within the EPOS4 framework

Proxies for cumulants of baryon number 𝐵, electric charge 𝑄, and strangeness 𝑆 are usually measured in heavy-ion collisions via moments of net-number distribution of given hadronic species. Since these cumulants of conserved charges are expected to be sensitive to the existence of a critical point in the phase diagram of nuclear matter, it is crucial to ensure that the proxies used as substitutes are as close to them as possible. Hence, we use the EPOS 4 framework to generate Au + Au collisions at several collision energies of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider beam energy scan. We compute second-order net cumulants of 𝜋, 𝐾, and 𝑝, for which experimental data have been published as well as the corresponding conserved charge cumulants. We then compare them with proxies, defined in previous lattice QCD and hadron resonance gas model studies, which are shown to reproduce more accurately their associated conserved charge cumulants. We investigate the impact of hadronic rescatterings occurring in the late evolution of the system on these quantities, as well as the amount of signal actually originating from the bulk medium which endures a phase transition.

Physics↗

DOE OSTI2024

Elucidation of Design Criteria for V‐based Redox Mediators: Structure‐Function Relationships that Dictate Rates of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer

Redox mediators are attractive solutions for addressing the stringent kinetic stipulations required for efficient energy conversion processes. In this work, we compare the electrochemical properties of four vanadium complexes, namely [V(acac) 3 ], [V 6 O 7 (OMe) 12 ], [ n Bu 4 N] 3 [V 6 O 13 (TRIS NO2 ) 2 ], and [ n Bu 4 N] 5 [V 18 O 46 (NO 3 )] in non-aqueous solutions on glassy carbon electrodes. The goal of this study is to investigate the electron transfer kinetics and diffusivity of these compounds under identical experimental conditions to develop an understanding of structure-function relationships that dictate the physicochemical properties of vanadium oxide assemblies. Complex selection was dictated by two criteria – (1) nuclearity of the transition metal complexes (2) distribution of electron density in the native electronic configuration. In conclusion, our analyses establish that electronic communication between metal centers significantly impacts charge transfer kinetics of these vanadium-based compounds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS1982

Fluid dynamical description of relativistic nuclear collisions

On the basis of both a conventional relativistic nuclear fluid dynamic model and a two fluid generalization that takes into account the interpenetration of the target and projectile upon contact, collisions between heavy nuclei moving at relativistic speeds are calculated. This is done by solving the relevant equations of motion numerically in three spatial dimensions by use of particle in cell finite difference computing techniques. The effect of incorporating a density isomer, or quasistable state, in the nuclear equation of state at three times normal nuclear density, and the effect of doubling the nuclear compressibility coefficient are studied. For the reaction 20Ne + 238U at a laboratory bombarding energy per nucleon of 393 MeV, the calculated distributions in energy and angle of outgoing charged particles are compared with recent experimental data both integrated over all impact parameters and for nearly central collisions.

Nix, J. R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Space radiation interaction mechanisms in materials

Models of charged-particle impact under conditions typical of the space environment are reported, with a focus on impact excitation and nuclear reactions, especially for heavy ions. Impact excitation is studied by using a global model for electronic excitation based on formal relations through the classical dielectric function to derive an approximation related to the local plasma (electron density distribution) within the atoms and molecules; and corrections to the model resulting from the nonfluid nature of this plasma are discussed. Nuclear reactions are studied by reducing quantum-mechanical treatment of this general N-body problem to an equivalent two-body problem that is solvable, and by comparing the results with experimental data. The equations for heavy-charged-particle transport are derived and solution techniques demonstrated. Finally, these methods of analysis are applied to study the change in the electrical properties of a GaAs semiconductor for photovoltaic applications; proton damage to GaAs crystals is found to arise from stable replacement defects and to be nonannealable, in contrast to electron-induced damage.

Wilson, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1972

High energy particle astronomy.

Discussion of techniques currently used in high energy particle astronomy for measuring charged and neutral cosmic rays and their isotope and momentum distribution. Derived from methods developed for accelerator experiments in particle physics, these techniques help perform important particle astronomy experiments pertaining to nuclear cosmic ray and gamma ray research, electron and position probes, and antimatter searches.

Buffington, A.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Energy Distribution of Electrons in Radiation Induced-Helium Plasmas

Energy distribution of high energy electrons as they slow down and thermalize in a gaseous medium is studied. The energy distribution in the entire energy range from source energies down is studied analytically. A helium medium in which primary electrons are created by the passage of heavy-charged particles from nuclear reactions is emphasized. A radiation-induced plasma is of interest in a variety of applications, such as radiation pumped lasers and gaseous core nuclear reactors.

Lo, R. H.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Stark-profile calculations for Lyman-series lines of one-electron ions in dense plasmas

The frequency distributions of the first six Lyman lines of hydrogenlike carbon, oxygen, neon, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon ions broadened by the local fields of both ions and electrons are calculated for dense plasmas. The electron collisions are treated by an impact theory allowing (approximately) for level splittings caused by the ion fields, finite duration of the collisions, and screening of the electron fields. These calculations are fully quantum mechanical and include the full Coulomb interaction. Ion effects are calculated in the quasistatic, linear-Stark-effect approximation, using distribution functions of Hooper and Tighe which include correlation and shielding effects. Theoretical uncertainties from the various approximations are estimated, and the scaling of the profiles with density, temperature, and nuclear charge is discussed. A correction for the effects caused by low-frequency field fluctuations is suggested.

Griem, H. R.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Nuclear collective flow and charged-pion emission in Ne-nucleus collisions at E/A = 800 MeV

Triple-differential cross sections of charged pions were measured for collisions of Ne projectiles at E/A = 800 MeV with NaF, Nb, and Pb targets. The reaction plane was estimated event by event from the light-baryon momentum distribution. For heavy targets, preferential emission of charged pions away from the interaction zone towards the projectile side was observed in the transverse direction. Such a preferential emission, which is not predicted by cascade calculations, may be attributed to a stronger pion absorption by the heavier spectator remnant.

NASA Discipline Number 04-10↗

NASA NTRS1985

Fluctuations of development maximum depth and nuclear composition of primary cosmic radiation

The extensive air showers (EAS) cascade curves from the Cerenkov light lateral distribution measurements are recovered and the maximum depth fluctuations of the shower development theta x sub m both on the Cerenkov and charged EAS components are defined. At E sub 0 approximates 10 to the 18th power eV the mean content of protons is greater than 85%, and p-air cross section theta sub 0 p-air 750mb.

Dyakonov, M. N.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurements of Gamow-Teller transitions from 59 Co via the 59 Co ⁢(𝑡, 3 He +𝛾) charge-exchange reaction and its application to the stellar electron-capture rates

Electron-capture reactions on iron-group nuclei play a crucial role in the late stages of massive star evolution. Since stellar evolution simulations depend on accurate electron-capture rates—which are highly sensitive to the detailed Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distributions—reliable theoretical models are essential. However, experimental data on GT strength distributions are scarce. High-resolution measurements are therefore vital for benchmarking and improving these theoretical calculations. To provide high-resolution data on Gamow-Teller strength distributions of iron-group nuclei and to compare these results with theoretical calculations within this mass region. Differential cross sections for the 59 Co ⁢(𝑡, 3 He)⁢ 59 Fe charge-exchange reaction at 115 MeV/u were measured using the S800 spectrometer. Furthermore, to resolve individual levels that are not distinguishable in the S800 particle singles data, coincident 𝛾 rays from the 59 Fe residual nucleus were detected by using the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking In-beam Nuclear Array 𝛾-ray tracking array. Here, the Gamow-Teller transition strength distribution from the ground state of 59 Co to 59 Fe was extracted up to an excitation energy of 10 MeV. Additionally, transition strengths for several low-lying states were determined from coincident 𝛾-ray measurements. Electron-capture rates calculated using the present data indicate that these low-lying states contribute significantly to the overall rates in relevant stellar environments. The experimental results show reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions based on both shell-model and projected shell-model calculations. High-resolution data on Gamow-Teller strength distributions—particularly for individual low-lying states—are essential for accurately determining electron-capture rates in iron-group nuclei. Coincident 𝛾-ray measurements provide a powerful tool for obtaining such detailed information. While the present work demonstrates that shell-model calculations successfully reproduce the experimental results, such comparisons are scarce and more experimental data are desirable.

59 ≤ A ≤ 89↗

DOE OSTI2026

Shadow molecular dynamics for flexible multipole models

Shadow molecular dynamics provide an efficient and stable atomistic simulation framework for flexible charge models with long-range electrostatic interactions. Shadow molecular dynamics simulations are driven by approximate “shadow” Born–Oppenheimer potentials for which the exact charges and forces are directly accessible without relying on costly (and approximate) iterative solvers. While previous implementations have been limited to atomic monopole charge distributions, we extend this approach to flexible multipole models. We derive detailed expressions for the shadow energy functions, potentials, and force terms, explicitly incorporating monopole–monopole, dipole–monopole, and dipole–dipole interactions. In our formulation, both atomic monopoles and atomic dipoles are treated as extended dynamical variables alongside the propagation of the nuclear degrees of freedom. We demonstrate that introducing the additional dipole degrees of freedom preserves the stability and accuracy previously seen in monopole-only shadow molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, we present a shadow molecular dynamics scheme where the monopole charges are held fixed while the dipoles remain flexible. Our extended shadow dynamics provide a framework for stable, computationally efficient, and versatile molecular dynamics simulations involving long-range interactions between flexible multipoles. This is of particular current interest in combination with machine-learned interatomic potentials, including long-range electrostatic interactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Signatures of QCD conductivities in heavy-ion collisions

Dissipative processes are pivotal for understanding the hydrodynamic evolution of hot and dense quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter created in relativistic nuclear collisions. The interplay of multiple conserved charges—net baryon, strangeness, and electric charge—is of particular interest. Here, we simulate the longitudinal hydrodynamic evolution with the three diffusion currents in a hydrodynamic model with a lattice-QCD-based equation of state, NEOS -4 D , and estimate rapidity distributions including diffusive corrections to the phase-space distribution in the presence of multiple charges, which ensure charge conservation at particlization. We determine the response of particle yields at midrapidity to changes in the diagonal and off-diagonal conductivities. Inversely, we find that most components of the conductivity matrix can be constrained experimentally using identified particle multiplicities at different collision energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Breakdown of collinear factorization in the exclusive photoproduction of a π 0 γ pair with large invariant mass

We study the exclusive photoproduction of a π 0 γ pair with large invariant mass M γ π 2 , which is sensitive to the exchange of either two quarks or two gluons in the t channel. In this paper, we show that the process involving two-gluon exchanges does factorize in the Bjorken limit at the leading twist. This can be explicitly demonstrated by the fact that there exist diagrams, which contribute at the leading twist, for which are , due to the pinching of the contour integration of the plus and minus component of the Glauber gluon momentum. For the same reason, π 0 -nucleon scattering to two photons also suffers from the same issue. On the other hand, we stress that there are no issues with respect to collinear factorization for the quark channels. By considering an analysis of all potential reduced diagrams of leading pinch-singular surfaces, we argue that the quark channel is safe from Glauber pinches, and therefore, a collinear factorization in that case follows through without any problems. This means that processes where gluon exchanges are forbidden, such as the exclusive photoproduction of π ± γ and ρ 0 , ± γ , are unaffected by the factorization breaking effects we point out in this paper. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗