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Recursive multibody dynamics and discrete-time optimal control

A recursive algorithm is developed for the solution of the simulation dynamics problem for a chain of rigid bodies. Arbitrary joint constraints are permitted, that is, joints may allow translational and/or rotational degrees of freedom. The recursive procedure is shown to be identical to that encountered in a discrete-time optimal control problem. For each relevant quantity in the multibody dynamics problem, there exists an analog in the context of optimal control. The performance index that is minimized in the control problem is identified as Gibbs' function for the chain of bodies.

Deleuterio, G. M. T.

Approaches and possible improvements in the area of multibody dynamics modeling

A wide ranging look is taken at issues involved in the dynamic modeling of complex, multibodied orbiting space systems. Capabilities and limitations of two major codes (DISCOS, TREETOPS) are assessed and possible extensions to the CONTOPS software are outlined. In addition, recommendations are made concerning the direction future development should take in order to achieve higher fidelity, more computationally efficient multibody software solutions.

Lips, K. W.

Obstacles to high fidelity multibody dynamics simulation

The authors take a wide ranging look at issues involved in the dynamic modeling of complex, multibodied orbiting space systems. The nature of the multibody problem is reviewed and capabilities and limitations of two major codes (DISCOS, TREETOPS) are assessed. Problem areas that limit accuracy or contribute to uncertainty in the modeling, simulation process are identified. As a specific case, the significance of including, or of not including, second-degree geometric nonlinearity in the elastic displacement field (foreshortening) is evaluated. Conclusions and recommendations are made concerning the direction future development should take to achieve higher-fidelity and more computationally efficient multibody software solutions.

Lips, K. W.

Multibody dynamics model building using graphical interfaces

In recent years, the extremely laborious task of manually deriving equations of motion for the simulation of multibody spacecraft dynamics has largely been eliminated. Instead, the dynamicist now works with commonly available general purpose dynamics simulation programs which generate the equations of motion either explicitly or implicitly via computer codes. The user interface to these programs has predominantly been via input data files, each with its own required format and peculiarities, causing errors and frustrations during program setup. Recent progress in a more natural method of data input for dynamics programs: the graphical interface, is described.

Macala, Glenn A.

A unifying framework for rigid multibody dynamics and serial and parallel computational issues

A unifying framework for various formulations of the dynamics of open-chain rigid multibody systems is discussed. Their suitability for serial and parallel processing is assessed. The framework is based on the derivation of intrinsic, i.e., coordinate-free, equations of the algorithms which provides a suitable abstraction and permits a distinction to be made between the computational redundancy in the intrinsic and extrinsic equations. A set of spatial notation is used which allows the derivation of the various algorithms in a common setting and thus clarifies the relationships among them. The three classes of algorithms viz., O(n), O(n exp 2) and O(n exp 3) or the solution of the dynamics problem are investigated. Researchers begin with the derivation of O(n exp 3) algorithms based on the explicit computation of the mass matrix and it provides insight into the underlying basis of the O(n) algorithms. From a computational perspective, the optimal choice of a coordinate frame for the projection of the intrinsic equations is discussed and the serial computational complexity of the different algorithms is evaluated. The three classes of algorithms are also analyzed for suitability for parallel processing. It is shown that the problem belongs to the class of N C and the time and processor bounds are of O(log2/2(n)) and O(n exp 4), respectively. However, the algorithm that achieves the above bounds is not stable. Researchers show that the fastest stable parallel algorithm achieves a computational complexity of O(n) with O(n exp 4), respectively. However, the algorithm that achieves the above bounds is not stable. Researchers show that the fastest stable parallel algorithm achieves a computational complexity of O(n) with O(n exp 2) processors, and results from the parallelization of the O(n exp 3) serial algorithm.

Fijany, Amir

Spatially recursive filtering and smoothing for multibody dynamics

Methods developed recently by the author to solve the problem of forward dynamics for nonlinear joint-connected multibody systems are summarized. Solution of this problem is of interest in such application areas as robotics, deploying structures, ground vehicles, and pointing of antennas and instrumented platforms. The problem is solved by the recursive filtering and smoothing techniques of state estimation theory. The filtering stage takes the applied joint moments as inputs to produce a sequence of spatial constraint forces acting at the joints of the system. The smoothing stage takes the innovations process resulting from the filter as an input and produces a set of spatial accelerations and a corresponding set of joint-angle accelerations.

Rodriguez, G.

Development and Verification of a Pipeline for Modeling Flexible Multibody Dynamics

This project was proposed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) personnel in response to a call from the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Chief Engineer at JPL for discipline-advancing work. The work described in this NESC Final Assessment Report was requested to improve the efficiency and accuracy of analyses to support the dynamic modeling of complex aerospace systems.

Dynamic Modeling; Flexible Multibody; Finite Eleme

Linked-List-Based Multibody Dynamics (MBDyn) Engine

This new release of MBDyn is a software engine that calculates the dynamics states of kinematic, rigid, or flexible multibody systems. An MBDyn multibody system may consist of multiple groups of articulated chains, trees, or closed-loop topologies. Transient topologies are handled through conservation of energy and momentum. The solution for rigid-body systems is exact, and several configurable levels of nonlinear term fidelity are available for flexible dynamics systems. The algorithms have been optimized for efficiency and can be used for both non-real-time (NRT) and real-time (RT) simulations. Interfaces are currently compatible with NASA's Trick Simulation Environment. This new release represents a significant advance in capability and ease of use. The two most significant new additions are an application programming interface (API) that clarifies and simplifies use of MBDyn, and a link-list infrastructure that allows a single MBDyn instance to propagate an arbitrary number of interacting groups of multibody top ologies. MBDyn calculates state and state derivative vectors for integration using an external integration routine. A Trickcompatible interface is provided for initialization, data logging, integration, and input/output.

MacLean, John

Recursive linearization of multibody dynamics equations of motion

The equations of motion of a multibody system are nonlinear in nature, and thus pose a difficult problem in linear control design. One approach is to have a first-order approximation through the numerical perturbations at a given configuration, and to design a control law based on the linearized model. Here, a linearized model is generated analytically by following the footsteps of the recursive derivation of the equations of motion. The equations of motion are first written in a Newton-Euler form, which is systematic and easy to construct; then, they are transformed into a relative coordinate representation, which is more efficient in computation. A new computational method for linearization is obtained by applying a series of first-order analytical approximations to the recursive kinematic relationships. The method has proved to be computationally more efficient because of its recursive nature. It has also turned out to be more accurate because of the fact that analytical perturbation circumvents numerical differentiation and other associated numerical operations that may accumulate computational error, thus requiring only analytical operations of matrices and vectors. The power of the proposed linearization algorithm is demonstrated, in comparison to a numerical perturbation method, with a two-link manipulator and a seven degrees of freedom robotic manipulator. Its application to control design is also demonstrated.

Lin, Tsung-Chieh

On the Modeling of Shells in Multibody Dynamics

Energy preserving/decaying schemes are presented for the simulation of the nonlinear multibody systems involving shell components. The proposed schemes are designed to meet four specific requirements: unconditional nonlinear stability of the scheme, a rigorous treatment of both geometric and material nonlinearities, exact satisfaction of the constraints, and the presence of high frequency numerical dissipation. The kinematic nonlinearities associated with arbitrarily large displacements and rotations of shells are treated in a rigorous manner, and the material nonlinearities can be handled when the, constitutive laws stem from the existence of a strain energy density function. The efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach is illustrated with specific numerical examples that also demonstrate the need for integration schemes possessing high frequency numerical dissipation.

Bauchau, Olivier A.

A computational procedure for large rotational motions in multibody dynamics

A computational procedure suitable for the solution of equations of motion for multibody systems is presented. The present procedure adopts a differential partitioning of the translational motions and the rotational motions. The translational equations of motion are then treated by either a conventional explicit or an implicit direct integration method. A principle feature of this procedure is a nonlinearly implicit algorithm for updating rotations via the Euler four-parameter representation. This procedure is applied to the rolling of a sphere through a specific trajectory, which shows that it yields robust solutions.

Park, K. C.

A computational procedure for large rotational motions in multibody dynamics

A computational procedure suitable for the solution of equations of motion for multibody systems is presented. The present procedure adopts a differential partitioning of the translational motions and the rotational motions. The translational equations of motion are then treated by either a conventional explicit or implicit direct integration method. A principal feature of this procedure is a nonlinearly implicit algorithm for updating rotations via the Euler four-parameter representation. This procedure is applied to the rolling of a sphere through a specific trajectory, which shows that it yields robust solutions.

Park, K. C.

Element-specific modal formulations for large-displacement multibody dynamics

Large dispacement assumed-mode modeling techniques are examined in the context of multibody elastodynamics. The range of both general and element-specific approaches are studied with the aid of examples involving beams, plates, and shells. For systems undergoing primarily structural bending and twisting with little or no membrane distortion, it is found that fully-linear, element-specific, modal formulations provide the most accurate time history solutions at the least expense. When membrane effects become dominant in structural problems due to loading and boundary conditions, one must naturally resort to a formulation involving a nonlinear stress-strain relationship in addition to nonlinear terms associated with large overall system motion. Such nonlinear models were investigated using assumed modes and found to lead to modal convergence difficulties when standard free-free structural modes are employed. A constrained mode formulation aimed at addressing the convergence problem is proposed.

Ryan, R. R.

Explicit modeling and concurrent processing in the simulation of multibody dynamic systems

The objective is to present the activities at TRW in developing the capability to simulate the behavior of large flexible multibody space structures. The features of the simulation tools are: (1) to accommodate all rigid/flexible body degrees-of-freedom which incorporate the control system models and external forces, (2) to provide the flexibility to incorporate engineering-defined models and to retain parameters of significance to the engineer, (3) to reduce the computation cost by one order of magnitude (two orders of magnitude compared to a CRAY 1S), and (4) to keep it versatile so that radical variations in anticipated space structures can be accommodated. The current computer tools to simulate multibody systems appear not only to be very costly and time consuming, but also do not produce the desired fidelity of the mathematical models. In summary, a multibody simulation tool will be developed in the near future which will allow solution of the dynamics and controls of the deployment of the LDR backup structure, or the problem associated with the robotic assembly of the structure. The tools will allow the engineer to define the modeling technique and solve problems in less time and at reduced cost.

Gluck, R.

Random field estimation approach to multibody dynamics

The use of recursive techniques similar to random field models to factor and invert the inertia matrix of a multibody system is discussed. An equivalence is established between the composite multibody system inertia matrix and the covariance of the output of a described linear system model. Conditional mean estimation and sequential estimation problems are solved along with problems of filtering and smoothing. Formulas are developed to compute the covariance of several relevant quantities. The foregoing results are used to obtain the inverse of the composite multibody system inertia in closed form.

Rodriguez, G.

Connection forces in deformable multibody dynamics

In the dynamic formulation of holonomic and nonholonomic systems based on D'Alembert-Lagrange equation, the forces of constraints are maintained in the dynamic equations by introducing auxiliary variables, called Lagrange multipliers. This approach introduces a set of generalized reaction forces associated with the system generalized coordinates. Different sets of variables can be used as generalized coordinates and accordingly, the generalized reactions associated with these generalized coordinates may not be the actual reaction forces at the joints. In rigid body dynamics, the generalized reaction forces and the actual reaction forces at the joints represent equipollent systems of forces since they produce the same total forces and moments at and about any point on the rigid body. This is not, however, the case in deformable body analyses wherein the generalized reaction forces depend on the system generalized reference and elastic coordinates. In this paper, a method for determining the actual reaction forces at the joints from the generalized reaction forces in deformable multibody systems is presented.

Shabana, A. A.