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The role and value of fungi in forest associations of Mt. Babia Gora massif were determined. The general physiographic characteristics of the research terrain, the distribution of the fungi sites, a list of the 618 taxons noted in the subalpine forests of Mt. Babia Gora, and the initial characteristics of the forest mycoflora of this massif are presented.
The purpose was to establish a detailed history of the sequence of geologic events which occurred at Mt. Hope and an area 6.8 miles in diameter surrounding it. The final result will be comprised of information collected during field mapping, with data from petrographic studies and wet chemical analyses. From this it should be possible to suggest relationships to other volcanic regions, particularly bimodal suites in the transition zone, and gain a clearer picture of the petrologic nature of this area. Field work conducted this past summer confirmed the bimodal nature of volcanism at Mt. Hope. The symmetrical, radial cone is comprised of several rhyolites with numerous intrusions of intermediate-composition dikes and two breccia pipes near the summit.
The structure of the EAS shower disk, the arrival time distribution of charged particles at the core of the small or middle size shower, is measured at Mt. Norikura in Japan. Four fast scintillation counters with an area of 0.25 sq m and a fast trigger system are added to the Mt. Norikura EAS array for the study.
One of the goals of the SIR-B experiment was the definition of optimum radar incidence and intersection angles for radargrammetric stereoscopy by comparing the results from three separate data-reduction methods. To this end three overlapping images of the prime radargrammetric site (Mt. Shasta in northern California) were obtained, fewer than anticipated. This paper describes the mathematical basis for radar stereomapping, along with preliminary results from one of the methods (using a so-called 'analytical' stereoplotter) for the Mt. Shasta site. Height coordinate errors range from 60 to 170 m depending on the density (number per ground area) of ground control points used.
This investigation, in the northern spruce-fir forest at Mt. Moosilauke, NH, indicates that Landsat TM data can be used to distinguish between and map major vegetation zones. Principal components analysis can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the TM data; and in this simpler spectral space, it is easier to visualize the discrimination between major vegetation zones: the northern hardwoods zone, spruce-fir zone, fir zone, and alpine tundra zone. The moisture stress index highlights areas of heavy forest damage (fir waves), but does not correlate with low levels of damage in the mixed, background forest at Mt. Moosilauke. Care must be taken to avoid confusion between high-elevation climatically-stressed vegetation (normal krummholz forest) and damaged lower elevation forests, both of which have similar TM5/TM4 ratio values.
MT's algorithm was developed as an aid in the design of space telecommunications systems when utilized with simultaneous range/command/telemetry operations. This algorithm provides selection of modulation indices for: (1) suppression of undesired signals to achieve desired link performance margins and/or to allow for a specified performance degradation in the data channel (command/telemetry) due to the presence of undesired signals (interferers); and (2) optimum power division between the carrier, the range, and the data channel. A software program using this algorithm was developed for use with MathCAD software. This software program, called the MT program, provides the computation of optimum modulation indices for all possible cases that are recommended by the Consultative Committee on Space Data System (CCSDS) (with emphasis on the squarewave, NASA/JPL ranging system).
The volcano Mt. Pinatubo located on the Luzon Island, Philippines, had explosively erupted on June 15, 1991. The volcanic eruptions such as volcanic ash, SO2 and H2O reached into the stratosphere over 30 km altitude by the NOAA-11 satellite observation and this is considered one of the biggest volcanic eruptions in this century. A grandiose volcanic eruption influences the atmosphere seriously and causes many climatic effects globally. There had been many impacts on radiation, atmospheric temperature and stratospheric ozone after some past volcanic eruptions. The main cause of volcanic influence depends on stratospheric aerosol, that stay long enough to change climate and other meteorological conditions. Therefore it is very important to watch stratospheric aerosol layers carefully and continuously. Standing on this respect, we do not only continue stratospheric aerosol observation at Tsukuba but also have urgently developed another lidar observational point at Naha in Okinawa Island. This observational station could be thought valuable since there is no lidar observational station in this latitudinal zone and it is much nearer to Mt. Pinatubo. Especially, there is advantage to link up these two stations on studying the transportation mechanism in the stratosphere. In this paper, we present the results of lidar observations at Tsukuba and Naha by lidar systems with Nd:YAG laser.
Differential SO2 column measurements of the Mt. Pinatubo volcanic plume were made from a NASA Electra aircraft flying in the Caribbean in July, 1991. The mean column content of the volcanic plume in the Caribbean was 25 micro-atm m (2.5 Dobson units) with periods of over 100 micro-atm m observed. The data indicate that an aerosol absorption or scattering effect occurs for long slant paths (low sun-elevation angles) and that 41 micro-atm m (an average obtained for 1-2 airmasses) is more representative of a true column average. Dispersion of the initial cloud from Mt. Pinatubo and a one-month SO2-to-sulfate conversion-time constant are in good agreement with the column contents found here.
The Curiosity rover is exploring 155 km diameter Gale crater and Mt. Sharp, Gale's 5 km high central mound. This study addresses the formation and erosion history of Mt. Sharp
The Mars rover Curiosity has encountered silica-enriched bedrock (as strata and as veins and associated halos of alteration) in the largely basaltic Murray Fm. of Mt. Sharp in Gale Crater. Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) investigations of the Murray Fm. revealed decreasing Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, and Al, and higher S, as silica increased (Fig. 1). A positive correlation between SiO2 and TiO2 (up to 74.4 and 1.7 wt %, respectively) suggests that these two insoluble elements were retained while acidic fluids leached more soluble elements. Other evidence also supports a silica-retaining, acidic alteration model for the Murray Fm., including low trace element abundances consistent with leaching, and the presence of opaline silica and jarosite determined by CheMin. Phosphate stability is a key component of this model because PO4 3- is typically soluble in acidic water and is likely a mobile ion in diagenetic fluids (pH less than 5). However, the Murray rocks are not leached of P; they have variable P2O5 (Fig. 1) ranging from average Mars (0.9 wt%) up to the highest values in Gale Crater (2.5 wt%). Here we evaluate APXS measurements of Murray Fm. bedrock and veins with respect to phosphate stability in acidic fluids as a test of the acidic alteration model for the Lower Mt. Sharp rocks.
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 had dramatic effects on the global climate, introducing a sudden and extreme forcing on the radiative budget. In this presentation we analyze the effects of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption on the seasonal forecast performed with Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS), an Earth System Model that includes a bulk aerosol model coupled to radiation and an interactive ocean.We performed three ten-member ensembles of 12-month simulations (June 1991-May 1992). These simulations were performed with a 0.5 longitude by 0.5 latitude horizontal resolution. Out of the three ensembles, one excludes the eruption, representing the control experiment. The other two ensembles include the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, varying in the effective radius of the volcanic sulfate: one assumed the effective radius to be equal to 0.35 micron (as for tropospheric aerosol) and the other has the effective radius set to 0.6 micron (closer to natural observation). Through the analysis of the aerosol forcing results derived from the two assumptions, we can show how this forcing acts on the seasonal forecast system. In particular, we will focus on the impacts to the surface and ocean temperatures and precipitation.
The Curiosity rover landed in Gale crater in August 2012 and has since been travelling up the central sedimentary mound known as Mt. Sharp. The ChemCam instrument on Curiosity was designed primarily for the use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), where a laser ablates a small amount of material from the target and the spectrum of the resulting plasma yields elemental abundance data. ChemCam’s three spectrometers range from 240-905 nm and can also take passive spectra (without the use of the laser). The spectral range ChemCam passive spectra observe is sensitive to charge-transfer and crystal field absorptions related to iron-bearing minerals. In the first 2934 sols of Curiosity’s mission, 9,400 passive spectra were taken of bedrock targets in Mt. Sharp’s Murray and Carolyn Shoemaker formations. We examine these spectra using spectral slope/ratio and band depth calculations as well as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For the first time, paired passive spectra and LIBS elemental abundances are compared on a large scale. Finally, CheMin data are compared to ChemCam passive observations to understand sources of spectral variability.
As part of DEEPEN (DE-risking Exploration of geothermal Plays in magmatic ENvironments), a 3D play fairway analysis (PFA) was conducted at Newberry Volcano in Central Oregon for multiple play types (conventional hydrothermal, superhot EGS, and supercritical). For use in this PFA, combined full tensor broadband magnetotelluric (MT) and gravity data were acquired, processed, and inverted by Enthalpion Energy LLC (Enthalpion) with support from NREL staff. The data collection efforts took place from June 19th to July 24. Data were collected with the goal of gaining an improved understanding of the South Flank and the extent of the magma chamber. This GDR submission includes the raw data, single inversions, joint inversions, resolution matrices, and a report on these processes. More detailed information about the folder structure of the datasets included in this submission may be found on pages 94-97 of Magnetotelluric and Gravity Survey Report.pdf below.
The vertical scales of turbulence at the Mt. Wilson observatory are inferred from data from the University of California at Berkeley Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI), by modeling path length fluctuations observed in the interferometric paths to celestial objects and those in instrumental ground- based paths. The correlations between the stellar and ground-based path length fluctuations and the temporal statistic of those fluctuations are modeled on various time scales to constrain the vertical scales.
In this study, contact angles were measured for CO 2 bubbles on six different sandstones (Navajo, Nugget, Bentheimer, Bandera Brown, Berea, and Mt. Simon) that could potentially represent properties of CO 2 storage depositional environments. The impacts of pressure and temperature were studied by focusing on the CO 2 phase behavior in three different scenarios: gaseous, liquid, and supercritical conditions. Despite controlling the sample preparation and cleanliness, CO 2 -brine equilibration conditions, and pressure and temperature, there were inconsistencies in contact angle trends that could largely be attributed to natural sample heterogeneity resulting from localized variations in topography, surface roughness, and mineral composition across the surface. Despite these variations, the analysis of 298 measurements from this study showed that 81% of the contact angles were below 40° representing strongly water-wet to (moderately) water-wet behaviors. Also, 17.3% of the measurements were between 40° and 60° (weakly water-wet) and primarily belonged to small CO 2 bubbles (< 500 μm) that were heavily impacted by localized surface heterogeneity in natural sandstone samples. Additionally, only 1.7% of the measurements had angles greater than 60° and could be classified as CO 2 -wet behavior, but these measurements occurred on extremely small bubbles (100-200 μm) that were very dependent on localized surface heterogeneity. While some of the detailed physics of the CO 2 -brine-sandstone interface is still poorly understood, from an application standpoint, the sandstones of this study were best characterized as strongly water-wet to (moderately) water-wet.
Abstract Despite the crucial role of bioaerosol particles (BAP) in our climate system, local ecosystems, and human health, our grasp on their atmospheric interactions is hampered by a lack of high‐resolution and long‐term data, which is essential for understanding their abundance and variability in response to meteorological conditions. To discern these relationships in a high‐altitude mountainous terrain is even less well‐studied. Therefore, we deployed a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS‐Neo) for three months during the first biologically active season of the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign in summer 2022 on Mt. Crested Butte in Colorado (elevation 3,140 m ASL). Here, we report real‐time fluorescent BAP (FBAP) data collected from 15 June to 13 September 2022, sampled from within the ARM Aerosol Observing System (AOS). To our knowledge, these are the first high altitude (>3,000 m ASL) continuous measurements of FBAP made in North America. During this deployment, we observed on average 21% and as many as 48% (hourly maximum) of particles within the detection size range ( to ) of the WIBS as FBAP. Our analysis presents the diurnal cycles for seven distinct types of FBAP, showing unique patterns and, in some cases, correlations with temperature and solar radiation cycles. Abundance and composition of FBAP varied with relative humidity and precipitation. Precipitation events appeared to both cause emission and removal of FBAP, whereas dust and smoke events had no significant effect, highlighting the critical role of meteorology on FBAP at high altitudes.
Muon radiography is a technique based on the measurement of absorption profiles of muons as they pass through matter. This measurement allows to obtain an image of the inner structure of large volume objects and is suitable to be applied in several fields, such as volcanology, archaeology and civil engeneering. One of the main applications concerns the study of volcanic structures; indeed it is possible to use this technique to measure the mass distribution inside the edifice of a volcano providing useful information to better understand the possible eruption mechanisms. The MURAVES (MUon RAdiography of VESuvius) project aims to the study of the summital cone of Mt. Vesuvius near Naples in Italy, one of the most dangerous active volcanoes in the world. The MURAVES apparatus is a modular, robust muon hodoscope system with a low power consumption, optimized to be used in inhospitable environments like the surroundings of volcanoes. The complete detection system is an array of identical tracking modules, each with an area of 1 m2, based on the use of plasic scintillators. The technologies, the status and the data analysis strategy of the experiment will be presented in this paper.
MT-xGEMM is a simple driver for benchmarking xGEMM Level 3 BLAS functions. Support includes multiple BLAS interfaces, including: CBLAS, MKL, CUBLAS and HIPBLAS.