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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

LiMo 8 O 10 : Polar Crystal Structure with Infinite Edge-Sharing Molybdenum Octahedra

Here, polycrystalline LiMo 8 O 10 was prepared in a sealed Mo crucible at 1380 °C for 48 h using the conventional high-temperature solid-state method. The polar tetragonal crystal structure (space group I4 1 md) is confirmed based on the Rietveld refinement of powder neutron diffraction and 7 Li/ 6 Li solid-state NMR. The crystal structure features infinite chains of Mo 4 O 5 (i.e., Mo 2 Mo 4/2 O 6/2 O 6/3 ) as a repeat unit containing edge-sharing Mo 6 octahedra with strong Mo–Mo metal bonding along the chain. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy of the Mo-L 3 edge is consistent with the formal Mo valence/configuration. Magnetic measurements reveal that LiMo 8 O 10 is paramagnetic down to 1.8 K. Temperature-dependent resistivity [ρ(T)] measurement indicates a semiconducting behavior that can be fitted with Mott’s variable range hopping conduction mechanism in the temperature range of 215 and 45 K. The ρ(T) curve exhibits an exponential increase below 5 K with a large ratio of ρ 1.8 /ρ 300 = 435. LiMo 8 O 10 shows a negative field-dependent magnetoresistance between 2 and 25 K. Heat capacity measurement fitted with the modified Debye model yields the Debye temperature of 365 K.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sources of Li isotope bias during SIMS analysis of standard glasses

The 7 Li/ 6 Li ratios in fourteen USGS, MPI-DING, and NIST glass reference materials (RMs) were analyzed by LG-SIMS to assess compositional matrix effects, evaluate RM δ 7 Li homogeneity, and calculate the useful yield of lithium in silicate glasses. The analyzed RMs cover a range of SiO 2 contents from 45.5 to 75.6% (komatiite to rhyolite), the largest compositional range yet evaluated for δ 7 Li matrix effects. We observe a matrix-induced bias (matrix effect) of up to 18‰ over the studied range that linearly correlates with SiO 2 content, demonstrating that SiO 2 content is a critical factor that must be considered when using silicate glasses to standardize for silicate samples of unknown δ 7 Li composition. All RMs were found to be sufficiently reproducible to aid in standardization of variable SiO 2 contents and appear isotopically homogeneous at the precision of our measurements. Lithium ionizes very efficiently in these RMs, with measurable yields >5% in all fused-rock RMs and >15% in low SiO 2 fused-rock RMs measured at high beam intensities. Finally, fused-rock RMs ionize lithium 2-3x more efficiently than synthetic glass RMs, which may be related to differences in major oxide chemistry and the reduced nature of the synthetic glasses relative to their fused counterparts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

3 He +𝛼 resonances in 7 Be

Resonances in 7 Be which decay into the 3 He+α exit channel have been measured with improved precision using preexisting data sets. The energy and width of the J π =7/2 - state have been extracted from an invariant-mass study of projectile-breakup products originating from interactions of an E/A=10.7-MeV 10 C beam on Be and C targets. The excitation energy of this state (from the pole of the S-matrix) is determined to be E*=4.545(6)~MeV, a factor of 8 improvement in precision as compared to the ENSDF value. This improvement is enabled by fine tuning the detector calibrations using calibration resonances in 6 Li, 7 Li, 6 Be, 9 B, and 12 C whose decay energies are known to high precision. The J π =7/2- resonance in 7 Be can now itself be used as a calibration resonance in invariant-mass experiments. This utility is particularly helpful for 3 He energy calibrations of CsI(Tl) detectors which are often used in detector arrays employed for measurements with fast beams. This utility is demonstrated with a data set associated with E/A=70 MeV 7 Be beams which are inelastically excited to the 7/2 - and 5/2 - 1 resonances. Again using the pole of the S-matrix as the definition of the resonance parameters, the fitted excitation energy of the 5/2 - 1 resonance is 6.376(17) MeV, approximately 300 keV lower than the ENSDF value. Finally, its width of 565(4) keV is roughly half of the ENSDF value.

energy levels↗
DOE OSTI2025

Improved interfacial li-ion transport in composite polymer electrolytes via surface modification of LLZO

Composite polymer electrolytes that incorporate ceramic fillers in a polymer matrix offer mechanical strength and flexibility as solid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. However, fast Li + transport between polymer and Li + -conductive filler phases is not a simple achievement due to high barriers for Li + exchange across the interphase. This study demonstrates how modification of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) nanofiller surfaces with silane chemistries influences Li + transport at local and global electrolyte scales. Anhydrous reactions covalently link amine-functionalized silanes [(3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES)] to LLZO nanoparticles, which protects LLZO in air. APTES functionalization lowers the poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-LLZO interphase resistance to half that of unmodified LLZO and increases effective Li + transference number, while insulating Al 2 O 3 completely blocks ion exchange and lowers transference number and conductivity in PEO-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI)-LLZO composites. Modeling an inner resistive interphase between LLZO and PEO surrounded by an outer conductive interphase explains non-linear conductivity trends. Solid-state 7 Li & 6 Li nuclear magnetic resonance shows Li + only exchanges between PEO-LiTFSI and some LLZO interphase, with no appreciable Li + transport through bulk LLZO. Surface functionalization is a promising path toward lowering the polymer-ceramic interphase resistance. This work demonstrates that local changes in Li + transport affect macroscopic performance, highlighting the intricate relationships between all interfaces in inherently heterogeneous composite polymer electrolytes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(BH)6 by Materials Project

Li(BH)6 crystallizes in the cubic Pa-3 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight Li(BH)6 clusters. Li is bonded in a distorted octahedral geometry to six H atoms. There are three shorter (2.09 Å) and three longer (2.24 Å) Li–H bond lengths. There are two inequivalent B sites. In the first B site, B is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.21 Å. In the second B site, B is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. There are two inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Li and one B atom. In the second H site, H is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Li and one B atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

F and N Rich Solid Electrolyte for Stable All-Solid-State Battery

We report the instability of sulfide solid electrolytes to Li anode and high-voltage LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) cathodes limits the cyclic performance of all-solid-state lithium battery (ASSLB). Herein, the stability of Li 6 PS 5 Cl against Li anode is enhanced by mixing a small amount (0.32 wt%) of CuF 2 -LiNO 3 (CL) into Li 6 PS 5 Cl electrolyte layer to in-situ form a mixed-conductive-lithiophobic and self-healing LiF-Li 3 N-Cu solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at Li 6 PS 5 Cl-CL/Li interface. The critical current density (CCD) of Li 6 PS 5 Cl-CuF 2 -LiNO 3 increases to 1.4 mA cm –2 /1.4 mAh cm –2 at room temperature, which is much higher than that of pristine Li 6 PS 5 Cl (0.4 mA cm –2 /0.4 mAh cm –2 ) even though mixing 0.32 wt% CL into Li 6 PS 5 Cl slightly reduces the ionic conductivity from 2.9 × 10 –3 to 1.5 × 10 –3 S cm –1 . The compatibility of Li 6 PS 5 Cl-CL electrolyte to single-crystalline NMC811 (S-NMC811) is further enhanced by adding a small amount (0.02 wt%) of AlF 3 into Li 6 PS 5 Cl-CL forming Li 6 PS 5 Cl-CuF 2- LiNO 3 -AlF 3 (Li 6 >PS 5 Cl-CLA) as a cathode electrolyte and by doing Cl – on S-NMC811 (Cl@S-NMC811) surface. The Cl@S-NMC811-Li 6 PS 5 Cl-CLA|Li 6 PS 5 Cl-CL|Li cells with areal capacity of 2.55 mAh cm -2 achieve a capacity retention of 69.4% after 100 cycles at 1C (1C = 200 mAh g -1 ). Adding a small amount of SEI and cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) former into the sulfide electrolytes with minimal reduction (48.3%) of ionic conductivity is an effective method to enhance the performance of ASSLB.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of catholyte aging on high-nickel NMC cathodes in sulfide all-solid-state batteries

Sulfide solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) in all-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are recognized for their high ionic conductivity and inherent safety. The LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) cathode offers a high thermodynamic potential of approximately 3.8 V vs. Li/Li + and a theoretical specific capacity of 200 mA h g −1 . However, the practical utilization of NMC811 in sulfide SSBs faces significant interfacial challenges. The oxidation instability of sulfide solid electrolytes against NMC811 and the formation of the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) during cycling lead to degradation and reduced cell performance. Volumetric changes in NMC during lithiation and de-lithiation can also cause detachment from sulfide electrolytes or internal particle cracking. Despite extensive galvanostatic cycling studies to address the issues, the calendar life of sulfide SSBs remains poorly understood. Here, we systematically studied the effects of four different catholytes on the calendar aging of LiNbO 3 (LNO)-coated NMC811, including Li 6 PS 5 Cl (LPSCl), Li 3 InCl 6 –Li 6 PS 5 Cl (LIC–LPSCl), Li 3 YCl 6 –Li 6 PS 5 Cl (LYC–LPSCl), and Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 (LGPS). Our results indicate that LPSCl provides optimal capacity retention when stored at high state-of-charge (SOC) at room temperature, but the LIC–LPSCl cathode shows significant capacity degradation and chemical incompatibility. We also established an effective electrochemical calendar aging testing protocol to simulate daily usage, enabling quick inference of the calendar life of SSBs. In conclusion, this new testing approach accelerates materials selection strategies for high-nickel NMC composite cathodes in sulfide SSBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(SiNi)6 by Materials Project

Li(NiSi)6 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to eight Si+1.33- atoms to form LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with twelve equivalent NiSi6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and faces with twelve NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 53°. There are two shorter (2.61 Å) and six longer (2.80 Å) Li–Si bond lengths. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to eight Si+1.33- atoms to form LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with twelve equivalent NiSi6 octahedra and faces with twelve equivalent NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 52°. There are two shorter (2.61 Å) and six longer (2.79 Å) Li–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ni+1.17+ sites. In the first Ni+1.17+ site, Ni+1.17+ is bonded to six Si+1.33- atoms to form distorted NiSi6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with fourteen NiSi6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent NiSi6 octahedra, faces with two equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and faces with four equivalent NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 32–67°. There are a spread of Ni–Si bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.53 Å. In the second Ni+1.17+ site, Ni+1.17+ is bonded to six Si+1.33- atoms to form distorted NiSi6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with fourteen NiSi6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent NiSi6 octahedra, faces with two LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and faces with four NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 32–68°. There are a spread of Ni–Si bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.54 Å. There are four inequivalent Si+1.33- sites. In the first Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, six equivalent Ni+1.17+, and one Si+1.33- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.37 Å. In the second Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, six Ni+1.17+, and one Si+1.33- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.38 Å. In the third Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and six Ni+1.17+ atoms. In the fourth Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li1+ and six Ni+1.17+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(CoGe)6 by Materials Project

Li(CoGe)6 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to twelve equivalent Co and eight Ge atoms. All Li–Co bond lengths are 3.17 Å. There are two shorter (2.54 Å) and six longer (2.92 Å) Li–Ge bond lengths. Co is bonded to two equivalent Li, four equivalent Co, and six Ge atoms to form a mixture of distorted face, edge, and corner-sharing CoLi2Co4Ge6 cuboctahedra. All Co–Co bond lengths are 2.53 Å. There are four shorter (2.41 Å) and two longer (2.60 Å) Co–Ge bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Li and six equivalent Co atoms. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Co atoms. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Li, six equivalent Co, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.58 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(NiGe)6 by Materials Project

Li(NiGe)6 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded to eight Ge atoms to form distorted edge-sharing LiGe8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are two shorter (2.65 Å) and six longer (2.88 Å) Li–Ge bond lengths. In the second Li site, Li is bonded in a hexagonal bipyramidal geometry to eight Ge atoms. There are two shorter (2.66 Å) and six longer (2.85 Å) Li–Ge bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ni and six Ge atoms. Both Ni–Ni bond lengths are 2.53 Å. There are a spread of Ni–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.63 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ni and six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Ni–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.60 Å. There are four inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li, six Ni, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.54 Å. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li, six equivalent Ni, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.52 Å. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li and six Ni atoms. In the fourth Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to one Li and six Ni atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(FeGe)6 by Materials Project

Li(FeGe)6 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded to twelve equivalent Fe and eight Ge atoms to form distorted corner-sharing LiFe12Ge8 hexagonal bipyramids. All Li–Fe bond lengths are 3.22 Å. There are two shorter (2.70 Å) and six longer (2.86 Å) Li–Ge bond lengths. In the second Li site, Li is bonded to twelve Fe and eight Ge atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and face-sharing LiFe12Ge8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are six shorter (3.20 Å) and six longer (3.22 Å) Li–Fe bond lengths. There are two shorter (2.69 Å) and six longer (2.88 Å) Li–Ge bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two Li, four Fe, and six Ge atoms. All Fe–Fe bond lengths are 2.51 Å. There are four shorter (2.47 Å) and two longer (2.61 Å) Fe–Ge bond lengths. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li, four equivalent Fe, and six Ge atoms. There are a spread of Fe–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.60 Å. There are four inequivalent Ge sites. In the first Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Li, six Fe, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.61 Å. In the second Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to one Li and six Fe atoms. In the third Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li and six Fe atoms. In the fourth Ge site, Ge is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Li, six equivalent Fe, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.59 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(BH)6 by Materials Project

Li(BH)6 crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of forty-eight boranediylradical molecules and eight lithium molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(NO)6 by Materials Project

Li(N2O)2(NO2)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight nitrous acid molecules and four Li(N2O)2 clusters. In each Li(N2O)2 cluster, Li1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Li–O bond lengths are 2.03 Å. There are two inequivalent N+1.83+ sites. In the first N+1.83+ site, N+1.83+ is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one N+1.83+ and one O2- atom. The N–N bond length is 1.17 Å. The N–O bond length is 1.26 Å. In the second N+1.83+ site, N+1.83+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+1.83+ atom. O2- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and one N+1.83+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

6 Li-loaded liquid scintillators produced by direct dissolution of compounds in diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN)

Here, this paper describes preparation of 6 Li-loaded liquid scintillators by methods involving direct dissolution of 6Li salts in the commercial diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) solvent, without the formation of water-in-oil emulsions. Methods include incorporation of 6 Li that, unlike previously reported formulations, does not require additions of water or a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid (HCl). Results of the conducted experiments show that dissolution of aromatic and aliphatic 6 Li salts in DIPN can be easily achieved at 0.1%–0.3% by weight of atomic 6 Li, using small additions of waterless surfactants, or mild carboxylic acids. An alternative way suggests incorporation of 6 Li as a part of a surfactant molecule that can be dissolved in DIPN without any solubilizing additions. Proposed methods enable preparation of efficient 6 Li-loaded liquid scintillators that, at a large scale of 50 cm, exhibit good pulse shape discrimination (PSD) properties combined with up to 107% of light output and up to 115% of the attenuation length measured relative to standard undoped EJ-309 liquid scintillator.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(BH)6 by Materials Project

Li(BH)4(BH)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight boranediylradical molecules and four Li(BH)4 clusters. In each Li(BH)4 cluster, Li is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four H atoms. There are a spread of Li–H bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.26 Å. There are four inequivalent B sites. In the first B site, B is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. In the second B site, B is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. In the third B site, B is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. In the fourth B site, B is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.21 Å. There are four inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Li and one B atom. In the second H site, H is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one Li and one B atom. In the third H site, H is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Li and one B atom. In the fourth H site, H is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Li and one B atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of large-scale 6 Li-doped pulse-shape discriminating plastic scintillators

A 6 Li-doped plastic scintillator with pulse-shape discrimination capabilities, commercially identified as EJ -299-50, has been developed and produced at the kilogram-scale. A total of 44 bars of dimensions 5.5 cm x 5.5 cm x 50 cm of this material have been characterized. Optical properties like light output and effective attenuation length have been found to be comparable to 6 Li-doped liquid scintillators. Further, the scintillator EJ -299-50 shows good neutron detection capabilities with an effective efficiency for capture on 6 Li of approximately 85%. Stability tests performed on two formulation variations showed no intrinsic degradation in the material or optical properties during several months of observations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗