The Japan-United States meteorological rocket project.
Japan-U.S. meteorological rocket project, discussing launchings of MT-135 and Arcas rockets from NASA Wallops Island facility
Arizumi, N.↗
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Mechanism of underthrusting in southwest Japan - A model of convergent plate interactions
Underthrusting mechanism during southwest Japan earthquakes, presenting model of convergent plate interactions
Fitch, T. J.↗
Mechanism of underthrusting in southwest Japan: A model of convergent plate interactions
An elastic rebound mechanism consistent with underthrusting at the time of the magnitude 8.2 Nankaido earthquake of 21 December, 1946 accounts for a reversal in sense between seismic and preseismic changes in elevation throughout a large portion of southwest Japan. It is shown that the seismic movements during the earthquake were generated by slip on a complex thrust fault that is inferred to intersect the surface near the base of the continental slope. The preseismic deformation is explained by strain accumulation equivalent to a virtual dislocation with the same orientation as the fault surface but a sense opposite to that of the real dislocation that occurred at the time of the earthquake. Adjustments by slip along the fault surface and extensions of that surface can account for postseismic movements.
Fitch, T. J.↗
Present status of remote sensing with ERTS image in Japan
Remote sensing with ERTS-1 image in Japan
Takakazu, M.↗
A model of convergent plate margins based on the recent tectonics of Shikoku, Japan
A viscoelastic finite element plate tectonic model is applied to displacement data for the island of Shikoku, Japan. The flow properties and geometry of the upper portions of the earth are assumed known from geophysical evidence, and the loading characteristics are determined from the model. The nature of the forces acting on the Philippine Sea plate, particularly in the vicinity of the Nankai trough, is determined. Seismic displacement data related to the 1946 Nankaido earthquake are modeled in terms of a thick elastic plate overlying a fluidlike substratum. The sequence of preseismic and seismic displacements can be explained in terms of two independent processes operating on elastic lithospheric plates: a strain accumulation process caused by vertical downward forces acting on or within the lithosphere in the vicinity of the trench, and a strain release process caused by plate failure along a preexisting zone on weakness. This is a restatement of Reid's elastic rebound theory in terms of elastic lithospheric plates.
Bischke, R. E.↗
Astrogeodetic geoid of Japan
Three kinds of astrogeodetic geoid maps for Japan are presented: one referred to the global (18, 18) geoid of the 1973 Smithsonian Standard Earth (III) (SE III), referred to the best-fitting ellipsoid of SE III, and one referred to the reference ellipsoid of the Tokyo datum. Interpolations of the deflection of the vertical are carried out by a least squares estimation method. The geoid height differences obtained are compared with solutions of satellite-derived station positions. Good agreement is found in a comparison with Doppler tracking stations.
Ganeko, Y.↗
Environmental change pattern in central Japan as revealed by LANDSAT data
The author has identified the following significant results. A patched cirrus reported by weather stations was hardly recognizable by the eye in LANDSAT MSS data of a three year time lapse. The cloud cover affected radiance values significantly in band 4, while its effect was minimal in bands 6 and 7 (near infrared spectra). The cross correlation coefficient analysis between the two images indicated that the highest value obtained in central Japan was 0.963 for the area where little change occurred in land use over the three period. An analysis of land use in Nagoya showed little change in the metropolitan area while a fairly large change occurred in the northern periphery of the city where large scale housing projects are located.
Maruyasu, T.↗
An astrogeodetic geoid of Japan
Three kinds of astrogeodetic geoid maps for Japan are presented: one referred to the global (18, 18) geoid of the 1973 Smithsonian Standard Earth (3) (SE 3), one referred to the ellipsoid of the SE 3 system, and one referred to the reference ellipsoid of the Tokyo datum. Interpolations of the deflection of the vertical are carried out by a least squares estimation method. The geoid height differences obtained are compared with solutions of satellite-derived station positions.
Ganeko, Y.↗
Investigation of environmental change pattern in Japan
The author has identified the following significant results. In the Plains of Tokachi, where the scale of agricultural field was comparatively large in Japan, LANDSAT data with its accuracy have proved to be useful enough to observe the actual condition of agricultural land use and changes more accurately than present methods. Species and ages of grasses in pasture were identified and soils were classified into several types. The actual land cover and ecological environment were remarkably changeable at the rapidly industrialized area by the urbanization in the flat plane and also by the forest works and road construction in the mountainous area. The practical use of the recognition results was proved as the base map of the field survey or the retouching work of the vegetation and land use. There was a 10% cut in cost, labor, and time. Vegetation cover in Tokyo districts was estimated by both the multiregression model and the parametric model. Multicorrelation coefficient between observed value and estimated value was 0.87 and standard deviation was + or - 15%. Vegetation cover in Tokyo was mapped into five levels with equal intervals of 20%.
Maruyasu, T.↗
Studying internal and external magnetic fields in Japan using MAGSAT data
Examination of the total intensity data of CHRONIT on a few paths over Japan and its neighboring sea shows MAGSAT is extremely useful for studying the local magnetic anomaly. In high latitudes, the signatures of field aligned currents are clearly recognized. These include (1) the persistent basic pattern of current flow; (2) the more intense currents in the summer hemisphere than in the winter hemisphere; (3) more fluctuations in current intensities in summer dawn hours; and (4) apparent dawn-dusk asymmetry in the field-aligned current intensity between the north and south polar regions.
Fukushima, N.↗
Japanese Magsat Team. A: Crustal structure near Japan and its Antarctic Station. B: Electric currents and hydromagnetic waves in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere
Efforts continue in compiling tapes which contain vector and scalar data decimated at an interval of 0.5 sec, together with time and position data. A map of the total force field anomaly around Japan was developed which shows a negative magnetic anomaly in the Okhotsk Sea. Examination of vector residuals from the MGST model shows that the total force perturbation is almost ascribable to the perturbation parallel to the main geomagnetic field and that the contribution from the perturbation transverse to the main field to the total force perturbation is negligibly small. The influences of ionospheric current with equatorial electroject and of the magnetospheric field aligned current on the dawn-dusk asymmetry of daily geomagnetic variations are being considered. The total amount of electric current flowing through the plane of the Magsat orbit loop was calculated by direct application of Maxwell's equation. Results show that the total electric current is 1 to 5 ampheres, and the current direction is either sunward or antisunward.
Fukushima, N.↗
A split explicit reformulation of the regional numerical weather prediction model of the Japan Meteorological Agency
The split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction models is employed in a version of the regional numerical weather prediction model of the Japan Meteorological Agency. The finite-difference scheme of the model is designed in the manner proposed by Okamura (1975). The horizontal advection terms in the governing equations are integrated with a time step limited by the wind speed while the terms which describe inertial-gravity oscillations are integrated in a succession of shorter time steps. The physical processes included within the model are precipitation, small-scale convection, surface exchanges of sensible and latent heat, and radiative heating and cooling. An example of a surface pressure forecast over Europe is shown for initial data observed at 0000 GMT 29 December 1979. Quantitative precipitation forecasts over Europe and North America for the 24 h period beginning at 0000 GMT 30 December 1979 are also shown. It is concluded that the model is capable of realistically depicting the evolution of synoptic-scale systems.
Duffy, D. G.↗
Applications of stereoscopic height computations from dual geosynchronous satellite data/joint NASA-Japan stereo project
Stereoscopic heights of the top of an Oklahoma thunderstorm were computed, finding that high cloud tops are not always characterized by very cold IR temperature. The identical method was also applied to the computation of stereo heights based on GOES West and GMS stereo pairs obtained under the NASA-JAPAN cooperative program. It was found that stereo techniques are extremely useful in understanding the structure of thunderstorms in the United States, as well as that of hurricanes over the South Pacific.
Fujita, T. T.↗
Photovoltaics in Japan
Report surveys status of research and development on photovoltaics in Japan. Report based on literature searches, private communications, and visits by author to Japanese facilities. Included in survey are Sunshine Project, national program to develop energy sources; industrial development at private firms; and work at academic institutions.
Shimada, K.↗
MAP in Japan: Organization and projects
Japan's participation in the following five map projects are discussed: (1) winds and waves; (2) constituents; (3) aerosols and radiation; (4) coordinated observations in Antarctica; and (5) data analysis and modeling.
Kato, S.↗
General Report of the Researches of Snowpack Properties, Snowmelt Runoff and Evapotranspiration in Japan
A method was developed for estimating the distribution of snow and the snow water equivalent in Japan by combining LANDSAT data with the degree day method. A snow runoff model was improved and applied to the Okutadami River basin. The Martinec Rango model from the U.S. was applied to Japanese river basins to verify its applicability. This model was then compared with the Japanese model. Analysis of microwave measurements obtained by a radiometer on a tower over dry snow in Hokkaido indicate a certain correlation between brightness temperature and snowpack properties. A correlation between brightness temperature and depth of dry snow in an inland plain area was revealed in NIMBUS SMMR data obtained from the U.S. Calculation of evaporation using airborne remote sensing data and a Priestley-Taylor type of equation shows that the differentiation of evaporation with vegetation type is not remarkable because of little evapotransportation in winter.
Takeda, K.↗
Application of Martinec-rango Model to River Basin in Japan
Variables and parameters used in applying the Martinec-Rango model to Japan's Okutadami River basin are given. The calculated inflow for three snowmelt seasons is shown in relation to the observed inflow. When the peak inflow occurs, two values of the calculated and the observed do not coincide with each other. A one day lag can be seen between them. Most periods in the season (except peak stage) exhibited a good agreement.
Tshihara, K.↗
The astrometry network of observers in Japan
The astrometric network of observers and the main telescopes for professional and amateur astronomers in Japan and their availability for the International Halley Watch (IHW) are described.
Kozai, Y.↗