Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Guidelines”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Simulation-based assessment of ASHRAE Guideline 36, considering energy performance, indoor air quality, and control stability

This study assesses American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Guideline 36 (G36) with a typical medium office building. Specifically, this study employed a Modelica model of a variable air volume (VAV) system that serves this building, which includes components for representing indoor virus transmission and filtration. It then implemented the G36 control sequences for both water-side and air-side equipment in Python. After that, this study conducted the assessment by co-simulating G36 and the Modelica model using the Building Operations Testing Framework. Unlike existing works, this work has three unique features: (1) It considers the interactions between control sequences for water-side and air-side equipment of the studied VAV system. (2) It assesses the performance of G36 from the perspective of IAQ. (3) It examines the short-term behaviors of the studied building under G36 to understand the control stability. This assessment confirms significant energy savings from G36, largely because of the interaction between supply air temperature and hot water controls. It also reveals a trade-off between the ability to slow the spread of virus and the energy performance via demand controlled ventilation. Lastly, it emphasizes the necessity of tuning local feedback control when implementing G36.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

A guideline to document occupant behavior models for advanced building controls

The availability of computational power, and a wealth of data from sensors have boosted the development of model-based predictive control for smart and effective control of advanced buildings in the last decade. More recently occupant-behavior models have been developed for including people in the building control loops. However, while important objectives of scientific research are reproducibility and replicability of results, not all information is available from published documents. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose a guideline for a thorough and standardized occupant-behavior model documentation. For that purpose, the literature screening for the existing occupant behavior models in building control was conducted, and the occupant behavior modeling processes were studied to extract practices and gaps for each of the following phases: problem statement, data collection, and preprocessing, model development, model evaluation, and model implementation. Here, the literature screening pointed out that the current state-of-the-art on model documentation shows little unification, which poses a particular burden for the model application and replication in field studies. In addition to the standardized model documentation, this work presented a model-evaluation schema that enabled benchmarking of different models in field settings as well as the recommendations on how OB models are integrated with the building system.

Building control↗
DOE OSTI2021

MHD flow in liquid metal blankets: Major design issues, MHD guidelines and numerical analysis

The design of breeding blankets represents the major challenge for fusion reactor engineering because of performance requirements and severe operating conditions in terms of heat load and neutron flux. Liquid metal alloys such as lead-lithium, due to their lithium content, can be used to breed tritium, one of the plasma fuel components, and owing to their high thermal conductivity, they may serve as coolants. On the other hand, there are technical issues related to the fact that the liquid metals are electrically conducting and interact with the plasma-confining magnetic field. Induced electric currents and generated electromagnetic forces affect velocity and pressure distribution in the blankets. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows for fusion applications have been often investigated in simplified geometries, such as pipes, ducts, bends, with focus on their fundamental features. These analyses are essential, since results remain valid as background for the development of blanket designs, even when a concept is dismissed. However, the conceptual study of fusion blankets requires to take into account the global multiple effects, that arise when the full system is considered. Progress made in fusion-related MHD research results from combined numerical and experimental activities. In this paper we review and summarize features of 2D and 3D MHD flows that are typical in liquid metal blankets, together with available correlations for MHD pressure losses. This knowledge can provide simple design MHD guidelines that support a preliminary estimate of MHD effects in a blanket concept, in terms of pressure drop and flow distribution.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quality Guidelines for Energy System Studies: Process Modeling Design Parameters

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) conducts systems analysis studies that require a large number of inputs, from ambient conditions to parameters for Aspen Plus ® (Aspen) process blocks. The sheer number of assumptions required makes it impractical to document all of them in each issued report. The purpose of the Quality Guidelines for Energy System Studies (QGESS) is to document the assumptions most commonly used in system analysis studies and the basis for those assumptions. In order to develop the systems analysis models presented in various NETL reports, significant vendor data have been obtained, and these data enhance the model outputs. Much of the vendor data obtained are considered proprietary and not suitable for public release or attribution to a specific vendor. As such, several sub-systems common in NETL reports and their process parameter data are not reported in this document to protect proprietary vendor information. The values and ranges of values presented in this report represent assumptions that have been made in previous studies.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Quality Guidelines for Energy System Studies: Capital Cost Scaling Methodology: Revision 4b Report

The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) regularly updates legacy analysis with new studies and cases as the Department of Energy objectives change, technology performance improves, costs are reduced, regulations change, market drivers are established, fuel prices fluctuate, and any number of other relevant factors vary in the market. As legacy studies are updated by NETL, the underlying performance and cost of the cases presented changes, and as such, the methods for interpreting and scaling the cost estimates change. Therefore, it is important that NETL maintain public guidance documents associated with different sets of cost estimates that delineate how a specific set, based on report vintage and/or year published, should be scaled. This Quality Guidelines for Energy System Studies report, providing guidance on capital cost scaling, should generally be applied to NETL case costs included in the report “Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Plants Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity Revision 4b,” (NETL, 2025) or any cases derived from the cases presented in the referenced report.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Powering Progress: Increasing capacity for State Agency participation in the development of solar guidelines

This project supported State Fish and Wildlife Agencies (SFWAs) in their participation in an industry-led process to develop nationwide utility scale solar energy wildlife guidelines intended to mitigate the impacts of large-scale solar development on wildlife and natural habitats. Led by the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), the project focused on documenting and communicating SFWA priorities, providing logistical and technical support for state engagement, and disseminating early outcomes to promote adoption and use.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Wind Turbine Design Guideline DG03: Yaw and Pitch Rolling Bearing Life Revisited - An Outline of Suggested Changes: Preprint

The Design Guideline 03 (DG03) published by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in 2009 is widely used in the wind industry. It allows engineers to get acquainted with design aspects and methodologies to determine pitch and yaw bearing static capacity and fatigue life. The combination of the detailed theoretical descriptions and practical examples makes it a highly application-oriented document. Since its publication, the knowledge about oscillating bearings, slewing bearings, and wind turbines has grown significantly. Some aspects of the DG03 need updates to reflect the current state of the art. This work covers proposed changes for an upcoming revision of DG03.

design guideline↗
DOE OSTI2025

Exploring the Potential of ASHRAE Guideline 36 in District Cooling Systems: Preprint

ASHRAE Guideline 36-2021 (G36) provides high-performance control sequences for all-air and hydronic HVAC systems, and it has proven effective at reducing energy use for single building all-air equipment. The most recent version of G36 included control sequences for water-cooled chiller plants, which can be used in district cooling systems (DCSs). Despite not being a traditional application of G36 controls, DCSs could benefit from energy savings that G36 control sequences have demonstrated in single building systems. We therefore investigate the possibility to extend G36 chiller plant control from a single building to district cooling using a real-world district cooling system in Boulder, Colorado as a case study. Four timeframes representing low to peak loads are simulated and analyzed to compare energy use of the district cooling system for three control sequences. Results show that although G36 chiller plant sequences can be applied to DCSs, further analysis and potentially control optimization is needed to ensure energy savings compared to default controls.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mechanical Design Guidelines to Inhibit Fracture in Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite (PVSK) solar cells offer significant benefits over conventional silicon cells including low-cost solution processibility, minimal materials usage related to strong photon absorption in thin-film cell architectures, and a tunable bandgap. However, PVSK films are mechanically fragile, and fracture of PVSK layers and adjacent interfaces are a significant concern during fabrication, encapsulation, and operation. Herein, a thin-film mechanics fracture analysis tailored for p–i–n and n–i–p PVSK solar cells on both soda lime glass and polyimide substrates fabricated with three PVSK crystallization methods is presented. Here, the role of thermal processing of each cell layer is explored to determine the maximum allowable temperature below which fracture is inhibited. In the analysis, the mechanics basis for processing and materials selection guidelines for preventing fracture in PVSK solar cells is provided.

adhesion↗
DOE OSTI2021

Modern Radiation Therapy for Extranodal Nasal-Type NK/T-cell Lymphoma: Risk-Adapted Therapy, Target Volume, and Dose Guidelines from the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group

In the multidisciplinary management of early-stage extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL), with curative intent, radiation therapy is the most efficacious modality and is an essential component of a combined-modality regimen. In the past decade, utilization of upfront radiation therapy and non–anthracycline-based chemotherapy has improved treatment and prognosis. This guideline mainly addresses the heterogeneity of clinical features, principles of risk-adapted therapy, and the role and appropriate design of radiation therapy. Radiation therapy methods (including target volume definition, dose and delivery methods) are crucial for optimizing cure for patients with early-stage ENKTCL. The application of the principles of involved site radiation therapy in this lymphoma entity often leads to a more extended clinical target volume (CTV) than in other lymphoma types because it usually presents with primary tumor invasion, multifocal lesions, or extensive submucosal infiltration beyond the macroscopic disease. The CTV varies across different primary sites and is classified mainly into nasal, nonnasal upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), and extra-UADT entities. This review is a consensus of the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group regarding the approach to radiation therapy, target-volume definition, optimal dose, and dose constraints in ENKTCL treatment.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hydrokinetic tidal energy resource assessment following international electrotechnical commission guidelines

Marine renewable energy can be used as a viable energy source to alleviate the impact of the climate crisis and have a carbon-free electricity sector in the future. Especially the energetic tidal streams are an attractive source of clean energy due to the periodic occurrence of high tidal flows daily. However, before any deployment of tidal turbine farms, it is essential to perform a resource assessment depending on the scope and scale of the project. Here, the International Electrotechnical Commission has developed a technical standard for assessing the tidal stream resource "IEC 62600-201 TS" to aid in this effort: determine a particular site's feasibility and perform the project layout design. In this study, we implemented and validated a high-resolution three-dimensional numerical model and provided results following the IEC TS for a project layout design in a highly energetic tidal channel, Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound, in the State of Washington, USA. Implementation of the guidelines has helped adequately identify the undisturbed theoretical and technical resources with less bias, where the latter included energy extraction from the flow field arranging a hypothetical tidal energy converter (TEC) array. Also, following the standard, we carefully assessed the changes to channel flow properties from TECs, such as the kinetic energy flux and annual energy production (AEP), to provide the detailed information required for a larger project layout design. Ultimately, this work has shown the important role of IEC TS in tidal stream resource assessment, which can simultaneously act as a benchmark for other studies worldwide.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Characterization of the In Vivo Deuteration of Native Phospholipids by Mass Spectrometry Yields Guidelines for Their Regiospecific Customization

Customization of deuterated biomolecules is vital for many advanced biological experiments including neutron scattering. However, because it is challenging to control the proportion and regiospecificity of deuterium incorporation in live systems, often only two or three synthetic lipids are mixed together to form simplistic model membranes. This limits the applicability and biological accuracy of the results generated with these synthetic membranes. Despite some limited prior examination of deuterating Escherichia coli lipids in vivo, this approach has not been widely implemented. In this report an extensive mass spectrometry-based profiling of E. coli phospholipid deuteration states with several different growth media was performed, and a computational method to describe deuterium distributions with a one-number summary is introduced. The deuteration states of 36 lipid species were quantitatively profiled in 15 different growth conditions, and tandem mass spectrometry was used to reveal deuterium localization. Regressions were employed to enable the prediction of lipid deuteration for untested conditions. Small-angle neutron scattering was performed on select deuterated lipid samples, which validated the deuteration states calculated from the mass spectral data. Based on these experiments, guidelines for the design of specifically deuterated phospholipids are described. This unlocks even greater capabilities from neutron-based techniques, enabling experiments that were formerly impossible.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Guidelines to Achieving High Selectivity for the Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes with Bimetallic and Dilute Alloy Catalysts: A Review

Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols is a challenging class of reactions, yielding valuable intermediates for the production of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and flavorings. On monometallic heterogeneous catalysts, the formation of the unsaturated alcohols is thermodynamically disfavored over the saturated aldehydes. Hence, new catalysts are required to achieve the desired selectivity. In this work, the literature of three major research areas in catalysis is integrated as a step toward establishing the guidelines for enhancing the selectivity: reactor studies of complex catalyst materials at operating temperature and pressure, surface science studies of crystalline surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, and first-principles modeling using density functional theory calculations. Aggregate analysis shows that bimetallic and dilute alloy catalysts significantly enhance the selectivity to the unsaturated alcohols compared to monometallic catalysts. This comprehensive review focuses primarily on the role of different metal surfaces as well as the factors that promote the adsorption of the unsaturated aldehyde via its C=O bond, most notably by electronic modification of the surface and formation of the electrophilic sites. Furthermore, challenges, gaps, and opportunities are identified to advance the rational design of efficient catalysts for this class of reactions, including the need for systematic studies of catalytic processes, theoretical modeling of complex materials, and model studies under ambient pressure and temperature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantum guidelines for solid-state spin defects

Defects with associated electron and nuclear spins in solid-state materials have a long history relevant to quantum information science going back to the first spin echo experiments with silicon dopants in the 1950s. Since the turn of the century, the field has rapidly spread to a vast array of defects and host crystals applicable to quantum communication, sensing, and computing. From simple spin resonance to long-distance remote entanglement, the complexity of working with spin defects is fast advancing, and requires an in-depth understanding of their spin, optical, charge, and material properties in this modern context. This is especially critical for discovering new relevant systems dedicated to specific quantum applications. In this review, we therefore expand upon all the key components with an emphasis on the properties of defects and the host material,on engineering opportunities and other pathways for improvement. Finally, this review aims to be as defect and material agnostic as possible, with some emphasis on optical emitters,providing a broad guideline for the field of solid-state spin defects for quantum information.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Guidelines for performing lignin-first biorefining

With these guidelines, we aim to unite the lignin-first biorefining research field around best practices for performing or reporting feedstock analysis, reactor design, catalyst performance, and product yields.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design Guidelines for Deployable Wind Turbines for Defense and Disaster Response Missions

Access to on-site electrical energy is critical to ensuring a successful military or humanitarian response to conflicts and disasters. These missions typically rely on access to liquid fuel that could be vulnerable to disruption or attack during transport. Generating power on location with wind technology—whether at a contingency base or disaster response coordination point—can reduce this risk and enhance mission reach by diversifying energy sources. Common characteristics of these missions are short planning and execution time horizons and a global scope of potential locations. Compared to conventional wind turbine applications, defense and disaster response applications place a premium on rapid shipping and installation, short-duration operation (days to months), and quick teardown upon mission completion. These design drivers depart from features found in conventional distributed wind turbines, thus necessitating unique design guidance. The supporting information for this guidance comes from available relevant references, technical analyses, and input from industry and military stakeholders. This paper serves as a summary of the full report, Design Guidelines for Deployable Wind Turbines for Military Operational Energy Applications (Sandia report SAND2021-14581 R [1]), which presents the best currently available design guidance for deployable wind turbines to facilitate the effective development and acquisition of technology solutions to support mission success.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Guidelines for Making, Interpreting, and Quantifying Activity Measurements of Molten Salts Containing Mixed Cations and Anions Using Cation-Based Electrodes by Electromotive Force

Measurements of thermochemical properties in molten salt electrolytes with mixtures of cations and anions are difficult to interpret. Electromotive force measurements of salts containing common anions were driven by the least stable anion compound (e.g., LiCl in LiCl-KCl), while measurements in common cation salts were driven by the most noble anion half-cell reaction (e.g., F − /F 2 in LiCl-LiF). Measurements in mixed cation and anion salts were driven by the least stable anion compound for the most noble anion half-cell reaction (e.g., KF in KCl-LiF). These guidelines enable quantification of the activity of electroactive species in salts containing multiple cations or anions.

Lichtenstein, Timothy [Argonne National Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2021

Guideline 36 Savings Calculator v0.1

This software package contains a simple calculator that can be used to estimate savings from implementing a retrofit of HVAC controls to ASHRAE Guideline 36 in a multi-zone office building. Implemented in Excel, the calculator has a user-interface front-end to configure parameters of the case study, such as location, building size, and existing control strategies, and a back-end containing results from a large number of pre-run annual energy simulations. The software package also contains the simulation models and associated pre- and post-processing scripts to generate these results.

Blum, David↗