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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2018

How old are lunar lobate scarps? 1. Seismic resetting of crater size-frequency distributions

Previous studies have estimated the ages of lunar lobate scarps, some of the youngest tectonic landforms on the Moon, based on the estimated life-times of their fresh morphologies and associated small graben, using crater degradation ages, or via buffered and traditional crater size-frequency distribution (CSFD) measurements. Here, we reexamine five scarps previously dated by Binder and Gunga (1985) with crater degradation ages to benchmark the evaluation of both the buffered and traditional CSFD approaches for determination of absolute model ages (AMAs) at scarps. Both CSFD methods yield similar ages for each individual scarp, indicating that fault activity not only can be measured on the scarp itself, but also in the surrounding terrain –an indication that tectonic activity causes surface renewal both adjacent to and even kilometers distant from scarps. Size-frequency variations in the regions surrounding the scarps are thus useful for studying the extent and severity of the ground motion caused by coseismic slip events during scarp formation. All age determination approaches continue to indicate that lunar lobate scarps were active in the late Copernican, with some scarps possibly experiencing activity within the last 100 Ma.

Carolyn H. van der Bogert↗
NASA NTRS1976

The size frequency distribution and rate of production of microcraters

The paper contends that lunar crater size distributions vary to a degree that cannot be explained by variations in lunar surface orientation of the crater detectors or changes in micrometeoroid flux. In an attempt to investigate this size frequency distribution, a flux of micrometeoroid particles producing 0.1 micron diameter craters of approximately 300/sq cm/steradian/yr was obtained. No anisotropy was observed in the 0.1 micron flux between the ecliptic plane and the normal in the direction of lunar north.

Morrison, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Frequency distributions of lunar slopes, part C

The metric and panoramic cameras aboard the Apollo 16 spacecraft provided photographs on which photogrammetric techniques may be used to obtain precise measurements of horizontal distances and elevations. It is reported that these measurements may in turn be used to obtain slope-frequency distributions of lunar surfaces at various slope lengths and for various types of terrain and geologic map units. Bistatic radar and photoclinometric methods were also used to obtain the same data.

Wu, S. S. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Statistical aspects of the 1980 solar flars. 1: Data base, frequency distributions, and overview remarks

AII1349 H alpha flares occurring in 1980 which have known start, maximum brightness, and end times, latitudes, and associated importance and X-ray classes were used to perform a statistical study of flare rise time, decay time, duration, latitude, importance (areal and relative intensity), and X-ray class. Frequency distributions of these parameters are tabulated and plotted.

Wilson, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Endogenic craters on basaltic lava flows - Size frequency distributions

Circular crater forms, termed collapse depressions, which occur on many basalt flows on the earth have also been detected on the moon and Mars and possibly on Mercury and Io. The admixture of collapse craters with impact craters would affect age determinations of planetary surface units based on impact crater statistics by making them appear anomalously old. In the work described in the present paper, the techniques conventionally used in planetary crater counting were applied to the determination of the size range and size frequency distribution of collapse craters on lava flows in Idaho, California, and New Mexico. Collapse depressions range in size from 3 to 80 m in diameter; their cumulative size distributions are similar to those of small impact craters on the moon.

Greeley, R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Observations on the magnitude-frequency distribution of Earth-crossing asteroids

During the past decade, discovery of Earth-crossing asteroids has continued at the pace of several per year; the total number of known Earth crossers reached 70 as of September, 1986. The sample of discovered Earth crossers has become large enough to provide a fairly strong statistical basis for calculations of mean probabilities of asteroid collision with the Earth, the Moon, and Venus. It is also now large enough to begin to address the more difficult question of the magnitude-frequency distribution and size distribution of the Earth-crossing asteroids. Absolute V magnitude, H, was derived from reported magnitudes for each Earth crosser on the basis of a standard algorithm that utilizes a physically realistic phase function. The derived values of H range from 12.88 for (1627) Ivar to 21.6 for the Palomar-Leiden object 6344, which is the faintest and smallest asteroid discovered.

Shoemaker, Eugene M.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Daily Precipitation Frequency Distributions Impacts on Land-Surface Simulations of CONUS

Many precipitation-driven data products from land data assimilation systems support assessments of droughts, floods, and other societally-relevant land-surface processes.The accumulated precipitation used as input to these products has a significant impacton water budgets; however, the effects of daily distribution of precipitation on theseproducts are not well known. A comparison of the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievalsfor GPM (IMERG) and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stationsversion 2 (CHIRPS2) rainfall products over the continentalUnited States (CONUS) wasperformed to quantify the impacts of the daily distributionof precipitation on biases anderrors in soil moisture, runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET). Since the total accumulatedprecipitation between the IMERG and CHIRPS product differed, a third precipitationproduct, CHIRPS-to-IMERG (CHtoIM), was produced that usedCHIRPS2 accumulatedprecipitation totals and the daily precipitation frequency distribution of IMERG. Thisnew product supported a controlled analysis of the impact ofprecipitation frequencydistribution on simulated hydrological fields. The CHtoIM had higher occurrences ofprecipitation in the 0–5 mm day−1range, with a lower occurrence of dry days, whichdecreased soil moisture and surface runoff in the land-surface model. The surface soillayer had a tendency to reach saturation more often in the CHIRPS2 simulations, wherethe number of moderate to heavy precipitation days (>5mm day−1) was increased. Usingthe blended CHtoIM product as input reduced errors in surface soil moisture by 5–15%when compared to Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) data.Similarly, ET errors werealso slightly decreased (∼2%) when compared to SSEBop data. Moderate changes indaily precipitation distributions had a quantifiable impact on soil moisture, runoff, andET. These changes usually improved the model when compared to other modeled andobservational datasets, but the magnitude of the improvements varied by region andtime of year.

Daniel P Sarmiento↗
NASA NTRS1991

Cumulative frequency distribution of past species extinctions

Analysis of Sepkoski's compendium of the time ranges of 30,000+ taxa yields a mean duration of 28.4 ma for genera of fossil invertebrates. This converts to an average extinction rate of 3.5 percent per million years or about one percent every 286,000 years. Using survivorship techniques, these estimates can be converted to the species level, yielding a Phanerozoic average of one percent species extinction every 40,000 years. Variation in extinction rates through time is far greater than the null expectation of a homogeneous birth-death model and this reflects the well-known episodicity of extinction ranging from a few large mass extinctions to so-called background extinction. The observed variation in rates can be used to construct a cumulative frequency distribution of extinction intensity, and this distribution, in the form of a kill curve for species, shows the expected waiting times between extinction events of a given intensity. The kill curve is an average description of the extinction events of a given intensity. The kill curve is an average description of the extinction record and does not imply any cause or causes of extinction. The kill curve shows, among other things, that only about five percent of total species extinctions in the Phanerozoic were involved in the five largest mass extinctions. The other 95 percent were distributed among large and small events not normally called mass extinctions. As an exploration of the possibly absurd proposition that most past extinctions were produced by the effects of large-body impact, the kill curve for species was mapped on the comparable distribution for comet and asteroid impacts. The result is a curve predicting the species kill for a given size of impacting object (expressed as crater size). The results are reasonable in that impacts producing craters less than 30 km (diameter) cause negligible extinction but those producing craters 100-150 km (diameter) cause extinction of species in the range of 45-60 percent.

Raup, D. M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

[NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Report 5:] Summary report to phase 1 respondents including frequency distributions

Phase 1 of a four part study was undertaken to investigate the use of scientific and technical information (STI) by U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists. Specific attention was paid to institutional and sociometric variables and to the step-by-step process of information gathering used by the respondents. Data were collected by means of three self-administered mail-back questionnaires. The approximately 34,000 members of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics served as the study population. More than 65 percent of the randomly selected respondants returned the questionnaires in each of the three groups. Respondants relied more heavily on informal sources of information than formal sources and turned to librarians and other technical information specialists only when they did not obtain results via informal means or their own formal searches. The report includes frequency distributions for the questions.

Pinelli, Thomas E.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Fiber optic reference frequency distribution to remote beam waveguide antennas

In the NASA/JPL Deep Space Network (DSN), radio science experiments (probing outer planet atmospheres, rings, gravitational waves, etc.) and very long-base interferometry (VLBI) require ultra-stable, low phase noise reference frequency signals at the user locations. Typical locations for radio science/VLBI exciters and down-converters are the cone areas of the 34 m high efficiency antennas or the 70 m antennas, located several hundred meters from the reference frequency standards. Over the past three years, fiber optic distribution links have replaced coaxial cable distribution for reference frequencies to these antenna sites. Optical fibers are the preferred medium for distribution because of their low attenuation, immunity to EMI/IWI, and temperature stability. A new network of Beam Waveguide (BWG) antennas presently under construction in the DSN requires hydrogen maser stability at tens of kilometers distance from the frequency standards central location. The topic of this paper is the design and implementation of an optical fiber distribution link which provides ultra-stable reference frequencies to users at a remote BWG antenna. The temperature profile from the earth's surface to a depth of six feet over a time period of six months was used to optimize the placement of the fiber optic cables. In-situ evaluation of the fiber optic link performance indicates Allan deviation on the order of parts in 10(exp -15) at 1000 and 10,000 seconds averaging time; thus, the link stability degradation due to environmental conditions still preserves hydrogen maser stability at the user locations. This paper reports on the implementation of optical fibers and electro-optic devices for distributing very stable, low phase noise reference signals to remote BWG antenna locations. Allan deviation and phase noise test results for a 16 km fiber optic distribution link are presented in the paper.

Calhoun, Malcolm↗
NASA NTRS1978

Size-frequency distributions of primary and secondary lunar impact craters

The graphs of diameter vs frequency plotted in the present study for primary impact craters produced in four time intervals exhibit an appreciable change in form with age. A deficiency of small craters relative to an extrapolation from the large-diameter parts of the curves is greatest and extends to the largest sizes in the oldest population (pre-Nectarian), whose curve approximates a log-normal form. Successively younger populations (Nectarian, Imbrian, Copernican plus Eratosthenian) have successively more small craters relative to larger ones and more nearly log-log distributions. Many of the craters thought to be small old primaries are here identified as secondary craters of basins, on the basis of previously developed criteria.

Wilhelms, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Ultra stable frequency distribution system

A system is presented for synchronizing a signal at a remotely located slave station with the phase and frequency of a signal generated at a master station. The signal transmitted at the master station and received by the slave station provides compensation for the phase shift caused by the transmission path delays between the master and slave station. The slave station transmits a signal to the master station at a frequency that is different from the frequency of the signal being transmitted by the master station. The signal transmitted by the slave station is received by the master station while the master station transmitter is off. The signal transmitted by the master station is received by the slave station while the slave station transmitter is off.

Sydnor, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Ultrastable-frequency distribution system

System automatically compensates for path perturbations between transmitter (master) and receiver (slave) sites, and thereby allows single source, such as a hydrogen maser, to serve as frequency reference for multiple users. Highly accurate reference can be transmitted at cost much lower than for sophisticated onsite frequency standard.

Macconnell, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Geomorphology and Geology of the Southwestern Margaritifer Sinus and Argyre Regions of Mars. Part 2: Crater Size-frequency Distribution Curves and Geomorphic Unit Ages

In assessing the relative ages of the geomorphic/geologic units, crater counts of the entire unit or nearly the entire unit were made and summed in order to get a more accurate value than obtainable by counts of isolated sections of each unit. Cumulative size-frequency counts show some interesting relationships. Most of the units show two distinct crater populations with a flattening out of the distribution curve at and below 10 km diameter craters. Above this crater size the curves for the different units diverge most notably. In general, the variance may reflect the relative ages of these units. At times, however, in the larger crater size range, these curves can overlap and cross on another. Also the error bars at these larger sizes are broader (and thus more suspect), since counts of larger craters show more scatter, whereas the unit areas remain constant. Occasional clusters of relatively large craters within a given unit, particularly one of limited areal extent, can affect the curve so that the unit might seem to be older than units which it overlies or cuts.

Parker, T. J.↗