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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1998

Structural Loading on the QCM/SAW Instrument Aboard the ER-2 Used for Atmospheric Testing

Several experiments have been proposed to capture and evaluate samples of the atmosphere where SST's travel. One means to achieve this is to utilize the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) / surface acoustical wave (SAW) instrument installed aboard the ER-2, formerly the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. The QCM is a cascade impactor designed to perform in-situ, real-time measurements of aerosols and chemical vapors at an altitude of 60,000-70,000 feet. The primary use of the ER-2 is by NASA for Earth resources to test new sensor systems before being placed aboard satellites. One of the main reasons the ER-2 is used for this flight experiment is its capability to fly approximately twelve miles above the sea level (can reach an altitude of 78,000 feet). Because the ER-2 operates at such a high altitude, it is of special interest to scientists interested in space exploration or supersonic aircraft. The purpose of some of the experiments is to extinct data from the atmosphere around the ER-2. For the current CSTEA flight experiment, the housing of the QCM is in a frame that connects to an outer pod that attaches to the fuselage of the ER-2. Due to the location of the QCM within the housing frame and the location of the pod on the ER-2, the pod and its contents are subject to structural loads. In addition to structural loads, structural vibrations are also of importance because the QCM output data is based on the determination of beat frequencies between a pair of oscillators (one coated, the second uncoated, according to the chemical reaction being monitored). A structural analysis of this system can indicate whether potential resonances may exist between the (higher) structural modal frequencies and the beat frequencies. In addition undesirable deformations may result due to maximum expected static or dynamic loads during typical flight conditions. If the deformations are excessive they may adversely affect the accuracy the instrumentation output.

Bainum, Peter M.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Structural Analysis of the QCM Aboard the ER-2

As a result of recent supersonic transport (SST) studies on the effect they may have on the atmosphere, several experiments have been proposed to capture and evaluate samples of the stratosphere where SST's travel. One means to achieve this is to utilize the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) installed aboard the ER-2, formerly the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. The QCM is a cascade impactor designed to perform in-situ, real-time measurements of aerosols and chemical vapors at an altitude of 60,000 - 70,000 feet. The ER-2 is primarily used by NASA for Earth resources to test new sensor systems before they are placed aboard satellites. One of the main reasons the ER-2 is used for this flight experiment is its capability to fly approximately twelve miles above sea level (can reach an altitude of 78,000 feet). Because the ER-2 operates at such a high altitude, it is of special interest to scientists interested in space exploration or supersonic aircraft. Some of the experiments are designed to extract data from the atmosphere around the ER-2. For the current flight experiment, the QCM is housed in a frame that is connected to an outer pod that is attached to the fuselage of the ER-2. Due to the location of the QCM within the housing frame and the location of the pod on the ER-2, the pod and its contents are subject to structural loads. In addition to structural loads, structural vibrations are also of importance because the QCM is a frequency induced instrument. Therefore, a structural analysis of the instrument within the frame is imperative to determine if resonance and/or undesirable deformations occur.

Jones, Phyllis D.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Powdery mildew effectors AVR A1 and BEC1016 target the ER J‐domain protein Hv ERdj3B required for immunity in barley

Abstract The barley powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria hordei (Bh), secretes hundreds of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) to facilitate pathogen infection and colonization. One of these, CSEP0008, is directly recognized by the barley nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich‐repeat (NLR) receptor MLA1 and therefore is designated AVR A1 . Here, we show that AVR A1 and the sequence‐unrelated Bh effector BEC1016 (CSEP0491) suppress immunity in barley. We used yeast two‐hybrid next‐generation interaction screens (Y2H‐NGIS), followed by binary Y2H and in planta protein–protein interactions studies, and identified a common barley target of AVR A1 and BEC1016, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐localized J‐domain protein Hv ERdj3B. Silencing of this ER quality control (ERQC) protein increased Bh penetration. Hv ERdj3B is ER luminal, and we showed using split GFP that AVR A1 and BEC1016 translocate into the ER signal peptide‐independently. Overexpression of the two effectors impeded trafficking of a vacuolar marker through the ER; silencing of Hv ERdj3B also exhibited this same cellular phenotype, coinciding with the effectors targeting this ERQC component. Together, these results suggest that the barley innate immunity, preventing Bh entry into epidermal cells, requires ERQC. Here, the J‐domain protein Hv ERdj3B appears to be essential and can be regulated by AVR A1 and BEC1016. Plant disease resistance often occurs upon direct or indirect recognition of pathogen effectors by host NLR receptors. Previous work has shown that AVR A1 is directly recognized in the cytosol by the immune receptor MLA1. We speculate that the AVR A1 J‐domain target being inside the ER, where it is inapproachable by NLRs, has forced the plant to evolve this challenging direct recognition.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(NiGe)2 by Materials Project

Er(NiGe)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Ni and eight equivalent Ge atoms. All Er–Ni bond lengths are 3.17 Å. All Er–Ge bond lengths are 3.12 Å. Ni is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er and four equivalent Ge atoms. All Ni–Ge bond lengths are 2.35 Å. Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er, four equivalent Ni, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.50 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(Fe2Ge)2 by Materials Project

ErFe4Ge2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnnm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to twelve Fe and six equivalent Ge atoms. There are a spread of Er–Fe bond distances ranging from 3.02–3.39 Å. There are two shorter (2.93 Å) and four longer (2.97 Å) Er–Ge bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er, four Fe, and three equivalent Ge atoms. There are a spread of Fe–Fe bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.61 Å. All Fe–Ge bond lengths are 2.41 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er, four Fe, and four equivalent Ge atoms. The Fe–Fe bond length is 2.66 Å. There are a spread of Fe–Ge bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.66 Å. Ge is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er and seven Fe atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(FeB)2 by Materials Project

Er(FeB)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Fe and eight equivalent B atoms. All Er–Fe bond lengths are 2.93 Å. All Er–B bond lengths are 2.93 Å. Fe is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er and four equivalent B atoms. All Fe–B bond lengths are 2.00 Å. B is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er and four equivalent Fe atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(Al2Fe)4 by Materials Project

ErFe4Al8 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Fe and twelve Al atoms. All Er–Fe bond lengths are 3.31 Å. There are four shorter (2.95 Å) and eight longer (3.15 Å) Er–Al bond lengths. Fe is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Er, two equivalent Fe, and eight Al atoms. Both Fe–Fe bond lengths are 2.51 Å. There are four shorter (2.52 Å) and four longer (2.62 Å) Fe–Al bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Er, four equivalent Fe, and five Al atoms. There are a spread of Al–Al bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.80 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Er, four equivalent Fe, and six Al atoms. Both Al–Al bond lengths are 2.70 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(SiIr)2 by Materials Project

Er(IrSi)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Ir and eight equivalent Si atoms. All Er–Ir bond lengths are 3.21 Å. All Er–Si bond lengths are 3.12 Å. Ir is bonded to four equivalent Er and four equivalent Si atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing IrEr4Si4 tetrahedra. All Ir–Si bond lengths are 2.41 Å. Si is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er, four equivalent Ir, and one Si atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.40 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(GeRh)2 by Materials Project

Er(RhGe)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Rh and eight equivalent Ge atoms. All Er–Rh bond lengths are 3.31 Å. All Er–Ge bond lengths are 3.18 Å. Rh is bonded to four equivalent Er and four equivalent Ge atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge, corner, and face-sharing RhEr4Ge4 tetrahedra. All Rh–Ge bond lengths are 2.46 Å. Ge is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er, four equivalent Rh, and one Ge atom. The Ge–Ge bond length is 2.50 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(PPd)2 by Materials Project

Er(PdP)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Pd and eight equivalent P atoms. All Er–Pd bond lengths are 3.21 Å. All Er–P bond lengths are 3.09 Å. Pd is bonded to four equivalent Er, four equivalent Pd, and four equivalent P atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing PdEr4P4Pd4 cuboctahedra. All Pd–Pd bond lengths are 2.89 Å. All Pd–P bond lengths are 2.47 Å. P is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Er, four equivalent Pd, and one P atom. The P–P bond length is 2.19 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(BIr)4 by Materials Project

Er(IrB)4 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4_2/nmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve equivalent Ir and twelve equivalent B atoms. There are four shorter (2.97 Å) and eight longer (3.21 Å) Er–Ir bond lengths. There are eight shorter (3.08 Å) and four longer (3.13 Å) Er–B bond lengths. Ir is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er and five equivalent B atoms. There are a spread of Ir–B bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.27 Å. B is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Er, five equivalent Ir, and one B atom. The B–B bond length is 1.87 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(Al2Cu)4 by Materials Project

Al8Cu4Er crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Er is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent Cu and twelve Al atoms. All Er–Cu bond lengths are 3.36 Å. There are four shorter (3.06 Å) and eight longer (3.19 Å) Er–Al bond lengths. Cu is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Er, two equivalent Cu, and eight Al atoms. Both Cu–Cu bond lengths are 2.55 Å. There are four shorter (2.56 Å) and four longer (2.69 Å) Cu–Al bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Er, four equivalent Cu, and five Al atoms. There are a spread of Al–Al bond distances ranging from 2.69–2.83 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Er, four equivalent Cu, and six Al atoms. Both Al–Al bond lengths are 2.71 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er(Mg4Al3)4 by Materials Project

Er(Mg4Al3)4 crystallizes in the cubic I-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to seven Mg and five equivalent Al atoms. There are a spread of Mg–Mg bond distances ranging from 3.03–3.16 Å. There are a spread of Mg–Al bond distances ranging from 2.87–3.18 Å. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mg, one Er, and six equivalent Al atoms. The Mg–Er bond length is 3.26 Å. All Mg–Al bond lengths are 3.16 Å. Er is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Mg and twelve equivalent Al atoms. All Er–Al bond lengths are 3.22 Å. Al is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to seven Mg, one Er, and three equivalent Al atoms. There are one shorter (2.71 Å) and two longer (2.77 Å) Al–Al bond lengths.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Switching from batch to continuous granulation: A case study of metoprolol succinate ER tablets

Continuous manufacturing (CM) has been used to produce several immediate release drug products. No extended-release (ER) product manufactured employing CM technology has been approved yet. Herein this study investigated the critical aspects of switching from the batch mode of high shear granulation to the continuous operation of twin-screw granulation for extended-release tablets. Metoprolol succinate ER tablets was used as a model ER formulation for this purpose. A central composite design (CCD) was employed to determine the effects of high shear granulator (HSG) parameters, namely impeller speed, granulation time, and binder liquid feeding rate, on the critical granulation characteristics important for product performance. These critical granulation characteristics served as a guide for switching from the batch processing to the continuous operation for achieving the same breaking strength and dissolution for this ER metoprolol tablets. The granulation time was the most critical factor affecting the bulk properties of granules which contributed to tablet dissolution. The higher density and lower compressibility of granules were attained at the longest granulation time of 5.4 min with the fastest liquid feeding rate of 75 g/min. The granules’ density was the primary factor negatively affecting the dissolution of metoprolol tablets. However, the breaking strength of tablets confounded the effect of granules density on metoprolol dissolution. Switching the processing parameters of high shear granulation to twin-screw granulation achieved similar dissolution profiles (F2 greater than 50). The screw speed was not found to affect bulk properties of granules. The root cause of granulation failures in twin-screw granulation, such as premature consolidation, excessive swelling, poor cohesion, inconsistent shearing effects, and formation of deformed agglomerates, were identified. In conclusion, the use of critical granulation characteristics through a performance-based approach of ER tablets facilitated the switching of manufacturing of an ER formulation form batch to continuous operation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dynamics of ER stress-induced gene regulation in plants

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a potentially lethal condition that is induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded secretory proteins in the ER. In eukaryotes, ER stress is managed by the unfolded protein response (UPR) through a tightly regulated, yet highly dynamic, reprogramming of gene transcription. Although the core principles of the UPR are similar across eukaryotes, unique features of the plant UPR reflect the adaptability of plants to their ever-changing environments and the need to balance the demands of growth and development with the response to environmental stressors. Here, the past decades have seen notable progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying ER stress sensing and signaling transduction pathways, implicating the UPR in the effects of physiological and induced ER stress on plant growth and crop yield. Facilitated by sequencing technologies and advances in genetic and genomic resources, recent efforts have driven the discovery of transcriptional regulators and elucidated the mechanisms that mediate the dynamic and precise gene regulation in response to ER stress at the systems level.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Er-doped anatase TiO 2 thin films on LaAlO 3 (001) for quantum interconnects (QuICs)

Rare-earth ions (REIs) doped into solid-state crystal hosts offer an attractive platform for realizing quantum interconnects that can function as quantum memories and quantum repeaters. The 4f valence electrons of REIs are shielded by 5s and 5p electrons and undergo highly coherent transitions even when embedded in host crystals. In particular, Er 3+ has an optical transition in the telecom band that is suitable for low-loss communication. Recently, REIs in thin film systems have gained interest due to potential advantages in providing a flexible host crystal environment, enabling scalable on-chip integration with other quantum devices. Here, we investigate the structural and optical properties of Er-doped anatase TiO 2 thin films on LaAlO 3 (001) substrates. By choosing a system with minimal lattice mismatch and adjusting Er-dopant concentration, we achieve optical inhomogeneous linewidths of 5 GHz at 4.5 K. Furthermore, we show that 9 nm-thick buffer and capping layers can reduce the linewidth by more than 40%, suggesting a pathway to further narrowing linewidths in this system. We also identify that Er 3+ ions mainly incorporate into substitutional Ti 4+ sites with non-polar D 2d symmetry, which makes Er dopants insensitive to the first order to local electric fields from impurities and is desirable for coherence properties of Er 3+ spins.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quasi-deterministic localization of Er emitters in thin film TiO 2 through submicron-scale crystalline phase control

With their shielded 4f orbitals, rare-earth ions (REIs) offer optical and electron spin transitions with good coherence properties even when embedded in a host crystal matrix, highlighting their utility as promising quantum emitters and memories for quantum information processing. Among REIs, trivalent erbium (Er 3+ ) uniquely has an optical transition in the telecom C-band, ideal for transmission over optical fibers, making it well suited for applications in quantum communication. The deployment of Er 3+ emitters into a thin film TiO 2 platform has been a promising step toward scalable integration; however, like many solid-state systems, the deterministic spatial placement of quantum emitters remains an open challenge. Here, we investigate laser annealing as a means to locally tune the optical resonance of Er 3+ emitters in TiO 2 thin films on Si. Using both nanoscale x-ray diffraction measurements and cryogenic photoluminescence spectroscopy, we show that tightly focused below-gap laser annealing can induce anatase to rutile phase transitions in a nearly diffraction-limited area of the films and improve local crystallinity through grain growth. As a percentage of Er:TiO 2 is converted to rutile, the Er 3+ optical transition blueshifts by 13 nm. We explore the effects of changing laser annealing time and show that the amount of optically active Er:rutile increases linearly with laser power. We additionally demonstrate local phase conversion on microfabricated Si structures, which holds significance for quantum photonics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic properties of the quasi-XY Shastry-Sutherland magnet ER 2 Be 2 SiO 7

Polycrystalline and single-crystal samples of the insulating Shastry-Sutherland compound Er 2 ⁢Be 2 ⁢SiO 7 were synthesized via a solid-state reaction and the floating zone method, respectively. The crystal structure, Er single-ion anisotropy, zero-field magnetic ground state, and magnetic phase diagrams along high-symmetry crystallographic directions were investigated with bulk measurement techniques, x-ray and neutron diffraction, and neutron spectroscopy. Here, we establish that Er 2 ⁢Be 2 ⁢SiO 7 crystallizes in a tetragonal space group with planes of orthogonal Er dimers and a strong preference for the Er moments to lie in the local plane perpendicular to each dimer bond. We also find that this system has a noncollinear ordered ground state in zero field with a transition temperature of 0.841 K consisting of antiferromagnetic dimers and in-plane moments. Finally, we mapped out the H-T phase diagrams for Er 2 ⁢Be 2 ⁢SiO 7 along the directions H ∥ [001], [100], and [110]. While an increasing in-plane field simply induces a phase transition to a field-polarized phase, we identify three metamagnetic transitions in the H ∥ [001] case. Single-crystal neutron diffraction results reveal that the H ∥ [001] phase diagram can be explained predominantly by the expected field-induced behavior of classical, anisotropic moments, although the microscopic origin of one phase requires further investigation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗