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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1948

Performance of J-33-A-21 Turbojet-Engine Compressor I - Over-All Performance Characteristics at Equivalent Impeller Speeds from 6000 to 13,400 RPM

The NACA is investigating a series of J-33 turbojet-engine compressors to determine the over-all and component performances and to improve theories of flow through large centrifugal compressors, The production model J-33-A-21 was operated over a range of inlet temperatures from 80 to -40 F and inlet pressures from 14 to 5 inches mercury absolute for equivalent impeller speeds from 6000 to 13,400 rpm. At the equivalent design speed of 11,500 rpm, the compressor had a peak pressure ratio of 3.98 at an equivalent weight flow of 73.4 pounds per second and an adiabatic temperature-rise , efficiency of 0.701. When the compressor speed was reduced from the design speed to 6000 rpm, the adiabatic temperature-rise efficiency increased to 0.747. At the maximum equivalent speed investigated (13,400 rpm), a peak pressure ratio of 5.09 was obtained at an adiabatic temperature-rise efficiency of 0.617 and an equivalent weight flow of 66.O pounds per second. An increase in inlet pressure from 5.5 to 14 inches mercury absolute, with a consequent increase in Reynolds number index, improved the pressure ratio but had no apparent effect on the ratio of temperature rise through the compressor to inlet temperature. The variation of the peak adiabatic temperature-rise efficiency with inlet pressure is in the direction that would be expected from a Reynolds number effect. Decrease in the inlet temperature from 80 to -40 F, with a consequent increase in Reynolds number index, resulted in scatter of the pressure-ratio data and increased values of temperature ratio. The variation of the adiabatic temperature-rise efficiency with inlet temperature is probably the result of heat-transfer effects and scatter in the pressure ratio.

Beede, William L.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Inertia and Double Bending of Light from Equivalence

Careful examination of light paths in an accelerated reference frame, with use of Special Relativity, can account fully for the observed bending of light in a gravitational field, not just half of it as reported in 1911. This analysis also leads to a Machian formulation of inertia similar to the one proposed by Einstein in 1912 and later derived from gravitational field equations in Minkowsky Space by Sciama in 1953. There is a clear inference from equivalence that there is some type of inertial mass increase in a gravitational field. It is the purpose of the current paper to suggest that equivalence provides a more complete picture of gravitational effects than previously thought, correctly predicting full light bending, and that since the theory of inertia is derivable from equivalence, any theory based on equivalence must take account of it. Einstein himself clearly was not satisfied with the status of inertia in GRT, as our quotes have shown. Many have tried to account for inertia and met with less than success, for example Davidson s integration of Sciama s inertia into GRT but only for a steady state cosmology [10], and the Machian gravity theory of Brans and Dicke [11]. Yet Mach s idea hasn t gone away, and now it seems that it cannot go away without also disposing of equivalence.

Shuler, Robert L., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Recertification and Equivalency Test Results for IM7/8552-1 Following Extended Freezer Storage

In 2015, the Composites for Exploration Upper Stage (CEUS) Project established an equivalency test program to reduce the scope of laminate coupon tests within the project. The material selected was IM7/8552-1, a variant of the IM7/8552 prepreg used to populate a National Center for Advanced Materials Performance (NCAMP) database. The CEUS successor program, Composites Technology for Exploration (CTE), kicked off in 2017 with the remaining CEUS prepreg planned for use. The IM7/8552-1 prepreg was recertified through an in-house defined set of pass/fail criteria then evaluated for equivalency to the NCAMP database. Over the course of recertification and equivalency panel fabrication, the time of freezer storage ranged from 19 - 22 months. Panels for recertification and equivalency tests were fiber placed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and NASA Langley Research Center (LARC).

carbon fiber/epoxy↗
NASA NTRS2018

Re-Certification and Equivalency Test Results for IM7/8552-1 Following Extended Freezer Storage

In 2015, the Composites for Exploration Upper Stage (CEUS) Project established an equivalency test program to reduce the scope of laminate coupon tests within the project. The material selected was IM7/8552-1, a variant of the IM7/8552 prepreg used to populate a National Center for Advanced Materials Performance (NCAMP) database. The CEUS successor program, Composites Technology for Exploration (CTE), kicked off in 2017 with the remaining CEUS prepreg planned for use. The IM7/8552-1 prepreg was recertified through an in-house defined set of pass/fail criteria then evaluated for equivalency to the NCAMP database. Over the course of recertification and equivalency panel fabrication, the time of freezer storage ranged from 19-23 months. Panels for recertification and equivalency tests were fiber placed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and NASA Langley Research Center (LARC).

equivalency↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Review and Revalidation of Equivalency Factors in H-Canyon

In recent years, an effort has begun to validate and reaffirm long-existing limits and equivalency factors in use at the H-Canyon (HCA) facility located at the Savanah River Site. Equivalency factors (EF) are coefficients used to express the reactivity of a quantity of a given isotope in terms of an equivalent amount of another isotope’s reactivity, commonly termed Fissile Gram Equivalent (FGE). For criticality safety purposes, EFs are often used to conservatively determine if a given mixed-isotope system is within previously established limits. These EFs are calculated by taking ratios of established subcritical limits for a given system or process.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS1971

TNT equivalency study for space shuttle (EOS). Volume 1: Management summary report

The existing TNT equivalency criterion for LO2/LH2 propellant is reevaluated. It addresses the static, on-pad phase of the space shuttle launch operations and was performed to determine whether the use of a TNT equivalency criterion lower than that presently used (60%) could be substantiated. The large quantity of propellant on-board the space shuttle, 4 million pounds, was considered of prime importance to the study. A qualitative failure analysis of the space shuttle (EOS) on the launch pad was made because it was concluded that available test data on the explosive yield of LO2/LH2 propellant was insufficient to support a reduction in the present TNT equivalency value, considering the large quantity of propellant used in the space shuttle. The failure analysis had two objectives. The first was to determine whether a failure resulting in the total release of propellant could occur. The second was to determine whether, if such a failure did occur, ignition could be delayed long enough to allow the degree of propellant mixing required to produce an explosion of 60% TNT equivalency since the explosive yield of this propellant is directly related to the quantities of LH2 and LO2 mixed at the time of the explosion.

Wolfe, R. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Preliminary studies of autoignition and flashback in a premixing-prevaporizing flame tube using Jet-A fuel at lean equivalence ratios

Lean equivalence ratios from 0.3 to 0.7 were observed. Combustor inlet air pressures were varied from 0.54 to 2.5 MPa, combustor inlet air temperatures from 550 to 700 K, and reference velocities from 8 to 35 meters per second. Autoignition delay times ranged from 15 to 100 milliseconds and varied inversely with pressure. The Arrhenius activation energy was 41,840 joules per mole. Temperature rise data were obtained in a long premixing-prevaporizing tube at a pressure of 0.56 MPa. Preflame temperature rise data were a function of equivalence ratio, inlet air temperature, and tube residence time. Significant temperature rise occurred above temperatures of 760 K, with autoignition occurring at 775 K for equivalence ratios greater than 0.47. The reactions were similar to cool-flame phenomena. Flashback velocities were measured at temperatures of 610 and 700 K, pressure of 0.56 MPa, and equivalence ratios from 0.6 to 1. Flashback velocities varied from 30 to 65 meters per second.

Marek, C. J.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Effect of primary-zone equivalence ratio on pollutant formation

Test were conducted to determine the effect of primary-zone equivalence ratio on the formation of smoke and other gaseous pollutants in an experimental can combustor. Several fuel injection techniques were examined at primary-zone equivalence ratios from 0.8 to 2.0. The main emphasis was on reducing fuel-rich-combustion smoke levels. Two of the four fuel injection configurations studied produced smoke levels below a smoke number of 20 at a primary-zone equivalence ratio of about 1.7. As the fuel mixing and atomization were recorded at primary-zone equivalence ratios as high as 2.0. The gaseous emissions of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen were quite sensitive to the fuel injection configuration as well as to the primary-zone equilvalence ratio.

Claus, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1979

On the equivalence between semiempirical fracture analyses and R-curves

The relationships between several semiempirical fracture analyses (Brockrath and Glassco, 1974; Newman, 1973; Kuhn, 1968; Orange, 1971; Feddersen, 1971) and the R-curve concept of fracture mechanics are examined. Some characteristics of the R-curve concept when applied to finite-width specimens are reviewed, and conditions for equivalence between a semiempirical analysis (SEFA) and an R-curve are derived. The relationship between R-curves and SEFAs is studied for a hypothetical material. It is shown that for each SEFA there is an equivalent R-curve, the magnitude and shape of which are determined by the SEFA formulation and parameters, and which predicts precisely the same relationship between fracture stress and original crack length. A given SEFA correlates residual strength data closely if its equivalent R-curve closely matches the actual R-curve of the material studied. The SEFA given by Newman is found to yield best results for the hypothetical case considered. Equivalent R-curves for real materials are developed using data from the literature.

Orange, T. W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

The variability of atmospheric equivalent temperature for radar altimeter range correction

Two sets of data were used to test the validity of the presently used approximation for radar altimeter range correction due to atmospheric water vapor. The approximation includes an assumption of constant atmospheric equivalent temperature. The first data set includes monthly, three-dimensional, gridded temperature and humidity fields over global oceans for a 10-year period, and the second is comprised of daily or semidaily rawinsonde data at 17 island stations for a 7-year period. It is found that the standard method underestimates the variability of the equivalent temperature, and the approximation could introduce errors of 2 cm for monthly means. The equivalent temperature is found to have a strong meridional gradient, and the highest temporal variabilities are found over western boundary currents. The study affirms that the atmospheric water vapor is a good predictor for both the equivalent temperature and the range correction. A relation is proposed to reduce the error.

Liu, W. Timothy↗
NASA NTRS1991

Utilization of surface cover composition to improve the microwave determination of snow water equivalent in a mountain basin

Satellite microwave data have been used to derive areal snow water equivalent in flat homogeneous areas. Over heterogeneous mountainous areas different algorithms are needed to retrieve the water equivalent of the snow cover. A mixed pixel model based on the percentage of vegetation cover within a pixel has been developed to simulate the microwave brightness temperatures for the Rio Grande basin in southwestern Colorado. A relationship between the difference in microwave-brightness temperature at two different frequencies (37- and 18-GHz horizontal polarization), and the basin-wide average snow water equivalent was obtained. The areal snow-water equivalent values derived from the model were consistent with values generated by a reliable snowmelt run-off model using snow-cover extent data.

Chang, A. T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Equivalent GPS measurements for efficient estimation process

Dual-frequency pseudorange and carrier phase data streams can be analytically combined into a single equivalent data stream, reducing the data volume and computing time in the filtering process for parameter estimation by a factor of 2 to 4. The resulting single data stream is that of carrier phase measurements with both data noise and bias uncertainty strictly defined. Based on these analytical formulas the equivalent GPS measurements can be formed by simple and efficient numerical calculations without any degradation in data strength. Formulation for the equivalent GPS measurements and their covariances are given in closed form; and a numerical simulation is performed to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the equivalent measurements.

Wu, S. C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Determination of noise equivalent sigma(0) using highly correlated repeat-pass SAR images

Noise equivalent sigma(sup 0) is a fundamental parameter in any synthetic aperture radar (SAR) measurement. Knowledge of the noise equivalent sigma(sup 0) allows the radar application scientist to band the error contributions due to noise present in his/her data. In this paper, a novel technique for determining noise equivalent sigma(sup 0) is presented. It has been observed that a pair of images obtained by a SAR over the same area in a nearly repeating orbit can demonstrate a high degree of correlation, depending on the baseline. If noise independence and signal power invariance are assumed, an estimate for the noise equivalent sigma(sup 0) for each image can be determined without any known ground targets. We examine the application of this technique to several images of different backscatter obtained by ERS-1.

Sun, James↗
NASA NTRS2000

Equivalent Skin Analysis of Wing Structures Using Neural Networks

An efficient method of modeling trapezoidal built-up wing structures is developed by coupling. in an indirect way, an Equivalent Plate Analysis (EPA) with Neural Networks (NN). Being assumed to behave like a Mindlin-plate, the wing is solved using the Ritz method with Legendre polynomials employed as the trial functions. This analysis method can be made more efficient by avoiding most of the computational effort spent on calculating contributions to the stiffness and mass matrices from each spar and rib. This is accomplished by replacing the wing inner-structure with an "equivalent" material that combines to the skin and whose properties are simulated by neural networks. The constitutive matrix, which relates the stress vector to the strain vector, and the density of the equivalent material are obtained by enforcing mass and stiffness matrix equities with rec,ard to the EPA in a least-square sense. Neural networks for the material properties are trained in terms of the design variables of the wing structure. Examples show that the present method, which can be called an Equivalent Skin Analysis (ESA) of the wing structure, is more efficient than the EPA and still fairly good results can be obtained. The present ESA is very promising to be used at the early stages of wing structure design.

Liu, Youhua↗
NASA NTRS2001

Improved Equivalent Linearization Implementations Using Nonlinear Stiffness Evaluation

This report documents two new implementations of equivalent linearization for solving geometrically nonlinear random vibration problems of complicated structures. The implementations are given the acronym ELSTEP, for "Equivalent Linearization using a STiffness Evaluation Procedure." Both implementations of ELSTEP are fundamentally the same in that they use a novel nonlinear stiffness evaluation procedure to numerically compute otherwise inaccessible nonlinear stiffness terms from commercial finite element programs. The commercial finite element program MSC/NASTRAN (NASTRAN) was chosen as the core of ELSTEP. The FORTRAN implementation calculates the nonlinear stiffness terms and performs the equivalent linearization analysis outside of NASTRAN. The Direct Matrix Abstraction Program (DMAP) implementation performs these operations within NASTRAN. Both provide nearly identical results. Within each implementation, two error minimization approaches for the equivalent linearization procedure are available - force and strain energy error minimization. Sample results for a simply supported rectangular plate are included to illustrate the analysis procedure.

Rizzi, Stephen A.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Generalization of Equivalent Crystal Theory to Include Angular Dependence

In the original Equivalent Crystal Theory, each atomic site in the real crystal is assigned an equivalent lattice constant, in general different from the ground state one. This parameter corresponds to a local compression or expansion of the lattice. The basic method considers these volumetric transformations and, in addition, introduces the possibility that the reference lattice is anisotropically distorted. These distortions however, were introduced ad-hoc. In this work, we generalize the original Equivalent Crystal Theory by systematically introducing site-dependent directional distortions of the lattice, whose corresponding distortions account for the dependence of the energy on anisotropic local density variations. This is done in the spirit of the original framework, but including a gradient term in the density. This approach is introduced to correct a deficiency in the original Equivalent Crystal Theory and other semiempirical methods in quantitatively obtaining the correct ratios of the surface energies of low index planes of cubic metals (100), (110), and (111). We develop here the basic framework, and apply it to the calculation of Fe (110) and Fe (111) surface energy formation. The results, compared with first principles calculations, show an improvement over previous semiempirical approaches.

Ferrante, John↗
NASA NTRS1997

Measurements of LET distribution and dose equivalent onboard the Space Shuttle IML-2 (STS-65) and S/MM#4 (STS-79)

Space radiation dosimetry measurements have been made onboard the Space Shuttle STS-65 in the Second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2: 28.5 degrees x 300 km: 14.68 days) and the STS-79 in the 4th Shuttle MIR mission (S/MM#4: 51.6 degrees x 300-400km: 10.2 days). In these measurements, three kinds of detectors were used; one is a newly developed active detector telescope called "Real-time Radiation Monitoring Device (RRMD-I for IML-2 and RRMD-II with improved triggering system for S/MM#4)" utilizing silicon semi-conductor detectors and the other detectors are conventional passive detectors of thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) and CR-39 plastic track detectors. The main contribution to dose equivalent for particles with LET > 5.0 keV/micrometer (IML-2) and LET > 3.5 keV/micrometer (S/MM#4) is seen to be due to galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and the contribution of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is less than 5% (IML-2: 28.5 degrees x 300 km) and 15% (S/MM#4: 51.6 degrees x 400 km) in the above RRMD LET detection conditions. For the whole LET range (> 0.2 kev/micrometer) obtained by TLDs and CR-39 in these two typical orbits (a small inclination x low altitude and a large inclination x high altitude), absorbed dose rates range from 94 to 114 microGy/day, dose equivalent rates from 186 to 207 microSv/day and average quality factors from 1.82 to 2.00 depending on the locations and directions of detectors inside the Spacelab at the highly protected IML-2 orbit (28.5 degrees x 300 km), and also, absorbed dose rates range from 290 to 367 microGy/day, dose equivalent rates from 582 to 651 microSv/day and average quality factors from 1.78 to 2.01 depending on the dosimeter packages around the RRMD-II "Detector Unit" at the S/MM#4 orbit (5l.6 degrees x 400km). In general, it is seen that absorbed doses depend on the orbit altitude (SAA trapped particles contribution dominant) and dose equivalents on the orbit inclination (GCR contribution dominant). The LET distributions obtained by two different types of active and passive detectors, RRMDs and CR-39, are in good agreement for LET of 15 - 200 kev/micrometer and difference of these distributions in the regions of LET < 15 kev/micrometer and LET > 200 kev/micrometer can be explained by considering characteristics of CR-39 etched track formation especially for the low LET tracks and chemical etching conditions.

manned↗
NASA NTRS1995

Emergence of relations and the essence of learning: a review of Sidman's Equivalence relations and behavior: a research story. Book review

The author reviews and comments on the book Equivalence relations and behavior: a research story by Murray Sidman. Sidman's book reports his research about equivalence relations and competencies in children with mental retardation and how it relates to behavior. Sidman used the idea of stimulus-stimulus relations among features of the environment to develop his theories about equivalence relations. Experimental work with children and animals demonstrated their ability to use equivalence relations to learn new tasks. The subject received feedback and reinforcement for specific choices made during training, then was presented with new choices during testing. Results of the tests indicate that subjects were able to establish relations and retrieve them in different situations.

NASA Discipline Space Human Factors↗