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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3

Characterizing Reactor Operations from Realistic Simulated Environmental Samples: Combining High-Performance Computing and Data Analytics

Environmental sampling is a common technique employed by inspectors and facility operators in nuclear safeguards, proliferation detection, and process monitoring contexts. Interpreting measurements performed on samples or collections of samples and ensuring the information extracted is accurate and precise is difficult. To date, these analyses have relied on simulated data to enable systematic studies; however, these models are inherently limited by the fidelity of the models and the implicit spatial averaging of isotopic composition or other signatures of interest. To advance this capability, we have refined the spatial discretization and expanded the range of physics in the simulation codes we use to perform reactor simulations and depletion calculations. This allows us to generate data that are more representative of real environmental samples, especially for the length scale of the isotopic composition and associated variation. Accordingly, these new data allow a more realistic assessment of traditional and new data analytic analysis methods. Here we present motivation for developing reactor simulations using high-performance computing methods and resources, impacts of these new simulations on our assessment of data analysis and interpretation methods, and initial results of developing and systematically testing data analytic methods designed to overcome the challenges expected of real-world samples. We also quantify the performance of these analyses using defensible statistical methods.

Dayman, Ken J.↗

Calibration and Rapid-Adoption Forecasting Techniques

CRAFT (Calibration and Rapid-Adoption Forecasting Techniques) CRAFT is a Python-based project for processing, analyzing, and modeling atmospheric or environmental data. It uses machine learning techniques, specifically Random Forest Regression, to create emulators for various environmental variables such as gross primary production and soil water content. It then uses these emulators to robustly test the parameter space of mechanistic models to provide posterior estimations of the free parameters.

Robins, Zachary↗

Standardized Data to Improve Understanding and Modeling of Soil Nitrogen at Continental Scale

Abstract Nitrogen (N) is a key limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems, but there remain critical gaps in our ability to predict and model controls on soil N cycling. This may be in part due to lack of standardized sampling across broad spatial–temporal scales. Here, we introduce a continentally distributed, publicly available data set collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) that can help fill these gaps. First, we detail the sampling design and methods used to collect and analyze soil inorganic N pool and net flux rate data from 47 terrestrial sites. We address methodological challenges in generating a standardized data set, even for a network using uniform protocols. Then, we evaluate sources of variation within the sampling design and compare measured net N mineralization to simulated fluxes from the Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2). We observed wide spatiotemporal variation in inorganic N pool sizes and net transformation rates. Site explained the most variation in NEON’s stratified sampling design, followed by plots within sites. Organic horizons had larger pools and net N transformation rates than mineral horizons on a sample weight basis. The majority of sites showed some degree of seasonality in N dynamics, but overall these temporal patterns were not matched by CESM2, leading to poor correspondence between observed and modeled data. Looking forward, these data can reveal new insights into controls on soil N cycling, especially in the context of other environmental data sets provided by NEON, and should be leveraged to improve predictive modeling of the soil N cycle.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Integrated Off-Gas System Tests on the DM1200 Melter with RPP-WTP LAW Sub-Envelope Bl Simulants, VSL-03R3851-1, Rev. 0 (Oct 2003)

The report documents melter and off-gas performance results obtained on the DM1200 melter during processing of LAW Sub-Envelope B1 feed. The principal objectives of the DM1200 melter testing were to demonstrate suitable processing and production rates for LAW B1 feed; characterize the glass product for elemental composition; measure elemental emission rates and decontamination factors (DFs) across the melter and off-gas treatment components; and provide additional data on the performance of the thermal catalytic oxidation and selective catalytic reduction (TCO/SCR) unit efficiency in treating organic emissions. The feed was spiked with organic compounds for part of the testing duration. All data were collected for use in engineering and system design purposes. No sampling and analysis to collect environmental data was performed during these tests.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Computational Modeling of Atmospheric Processes at Texas Southern University

Texas Southern University (TSU) is strengthening its research program in atmospheric chemistry and physics with a climate science emphasis by leveraging partnerships with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Facility, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and the Tracking Aerosol Convection Interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER). This RDPP-supported program focuses on secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) and reactive atmospheric species that influence cloud formation, precipitation processes, and radiative forcing. SOAs play a critical role in cloud microphysics and Earth’s energy balance, yet the chemical and physical mechanisms governing SOA–cloud interactions remain a significant source of uncertainty in predictive climate models. Through computational modeling, observational data analysis, and national laboratory collaboration, this program develops a skilled cohort of students trained in atmospheric science, environmental data analysis, and climate-relevant modeling. These research experiences build technical competencies that are transferable to careers in government laboratories, academia, and industry. By engaging students from historically underrepresented communities in high-impact climate research, TSU expands participation in the atmospheric sciences workforce while contributing meaningful scientific insights to DOE-supported ARM research activities. This partnership strengthens national capacity in climate science and supports the development of the next generation of atmospheric researchers.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

An Investigation on the Pollen-Induced Soiling Losses in Utility-Scale PV Plants

Soiling, the accumulation of dust and other contaminants on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules, is a common factor that can negatively impact the performance of PV systems. In this study, the authors aim to analyze the impact of pollen on soiling losses in PV systems located in North Carolina, USA, particularly during the spring season. The performance data of two utility-scale PV plants was collected and analyzed using the two soiling extraction methods. Environmental data, including croplands and vegetation was also collected and analyzed to identify correlations with soiling losses. The results of the study may help improve understanding of necessary operation and maintenance activities for PV plants and provide new insights into the phenomenon of pollen deposition on PV systems.

correlation↗

ORT: a workflow linking genome-scale metabolic models with reactive transport codes

Abstract Motivation Nutrient and contaminant behavior in the subsurface are governed by multiple coupled hydrobiogeochemical processes which occur across different temporal and spatial scales. Accurate description of macroscopic system behavior requires accounting for the effects of microscopic and especially microbial processes. Microbial processes mediate precipitation and dissolution and change aqueous geochemistry, all of which impacts macroscopic system behavior. As ‘omics data describing microbial processes is increasingly affordable and available, novel methods for using this data quickly and effectively for improved ecosystem models are needed. Results We propose a workflow (‘Omics to Reactive Transport—ORT) for utilizing metagenomic and environmental data to describe the effect of microbiological processes in macroscopic reactive transport models. This workflow utilizes and couples two open-source software packages: KBase (a software platform for systems biology) and PFLOTRAN (a reactive transport modeling code). We describe the architecture of ORT and demonstrate an implementation using metagenomic and geochemical data from a river system. Our demonstration uses microbiological drivers of nitrification and denitrification to predict nitrogen cycling patterns which agree with those provided with generalized stoichiometries. While our example uses data from a single measurement, our workflow can be applied to spatiotemporal metagenomic datasets to allow for iterative coupling between KBase and PFLOTRAN. Availability and implementation Interactive models available at https://pflotranmodeling.paf.subsurfaceinsights.com/pflotran-simple-model/. Microbiological data available at NCBI via BioProject ID PRJNA576070. ORT Python code available at https://github.com/subsurfaceinsights/ort-kbase-to-pflotran. KBase narrative available at https://narrative.kbase.us/narrative/71260 or static narrative (no login required) at https://kbase.us/n/71260/258. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

An Investigation on the Pollen-Induced Soiling Losses in Utility-Scale PV Plants

Here in this study, the impact of pollen as a PV soiling agent is investigated. The performance data of five utility-scale PV plants in North Carolina, USA, was collected and analyzed using two soiling extraction methods. Satellite and environmental data, including pollen counts, cropland, and vegetation, was also collected and analyzed to identify impacts to soiling losses. During the spring peak pollen season, performance losses of >15% were observed at all five sites. Partial performance recoveries following the pollen season were slow, with lack of correlation with rainfall. This means that the statistical soiling estimation methods that assume abrupt performance recovery from rain are not appropriate for pollen-impacted solar sites. When manual cleanings were performed on site the performance recovery ranged from 5% to 11% indicating persistent soiling impacts are present in this region. The results of this work provide new insights into the phenomenon of pollen deposition on PV systems, demonstrating that 1) soiling can also affect systems located in rainy locations and 2) that its effects cannot be determined using the current estimation methodologies.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

A machine learning pipeline for identifying infiltration managed aquifer recharge locations from satellite imagery in the San Joaquin Valley, California

This study focuses on an agricultural region in California’s Central Valley, USA, where Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is widely implemented to mitigate groundwater depletion under increasing water demand and climate variability. A deep learning and machine learning framework was developed to identify infiltration-MAR locations using satellite imagery and environmental data. The framework integrates surface water detection from Sentinel-2 imagery, geospatial delineation of water bodies, spatiotemporal tracking of water body dynamics, and supervised classification using meteorological, environmental, and topographic variables. The framework was applied to a 2379 km² study area southwest of Fresno, where 765 water bodies were detected, including 139 identified MAR sites based on publicly available datasets and expert knowledge. The classification model achieved an accuracy of 0.94 and an F1 score of 0.85. Feature importance analysis indicates that cropland, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and evaporation are among the most influential predictors for infiltration-MAR. Notably, the framework suggests that engineered water management in infiltration-MAR systems can disrupt or even reverse the expected positive correlation between surface water extent and precipitation. These findings provide physically interpretable insights into the characteristics of existing infiltration-MAR facilities and demonstrate the potential of the proposed framework as a reproducible, interpretable, and potentially transferable tool for data-driven infiltration-MAR identification and inventory development under growing climatic and hydrological uncertainty.

Classification↗

A systematic review of machine learning in groundwater monitoring

With increasing concerns about water scarcity, groundwater has become crucial since this resource provides most of the freshwater needs. However, various human and natural activities often contaminate the groundwater, making it unsuitable for use. Over the years, scientists and engineers have used many methods to predict and track groundwater contamination as part of environmental monitoring. Consequently, there is an urgent need for improved methods, particularly in the face of increasing contamination. Machine learning has sometimes been used to monitor groundwater, air quality, and climate. Traditional methods must be improved due to the complexity and large amount of environmental data. This includes using hybrid models that combine traditional and new techniques. Despite the use of machine learning in many scientific areas, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews focusing on its use in environmental monitoring, especially groundwater monitoring. We aim to fill this gap by exploring machine-learning applications in groundwater monitoring. We discuss relevant methods, their limitations, and future potential. We summarize research on automating data processing and model training using groundwater sensor data. Our research underscores the transformative potential of machine learning to revolutionize long-term groundwater monitoring and contamination detection, providing valuable insights for future research and practical applications.

AI/ML↗

1 × 1 km maps of abundances of eight enzyme functional classes for soil C, N, and P cycling across the CONUS

This dataset includes eight 1 × 1 km maps of the abundances of eight enzyme functional classes (EFC) for soil C, N, and P cycling across the CONUS. These mappings are predicted by the machine learning model trained using metagenomics and the corresponding environmental data. This item corresponds to our article: Fan, C., Song, Y., Mishra, U., Gautam, S., & Mayes, M. A. (2025). Harnessing the Power of Machine Learning and Omics to Identify Environmental Regulation on Microbial Functional Composition for Soil C, N, and P Cycling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 130(10).

1 × 1 km↗

Machine learning models inaccurately predict current and future high-latitude C balances

The high-latitude carbon (C) cycle is a key feedback to the global climate system, yet because of system complexity and data limitations, there is currently disagreement over whether the region is a source or sink of C. Recent advances in big data analytics and computing power have popularized the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms to upscale site measurements of ecosystem processes, and in some cases forecast the response of these processes to climate change. Due to data limitations, however, ML model predictions of these processes are almost never validated with independent datasets. To better understand and characterize the limitations of these methods, we develop an approach to independently evaluate ML upscaling and forecasting. We mimic data-driven upscaling and forecasting efforts by applying ML algorithms to different subsets of regional process-model simulation gridcells, and then test ML performance using the remaining gridcells. In this study, we simulate C fluxes and environmental data across Alaska using ecosys, a process-rich terrestrial ecosystem model, and then apply boosted regression tree ML algorithms to training data configurations that mirror and expand upon existing AmeriFLUX eddy-covariance data availability. We first show that a ML model trained using ecosys outputs from currently-available Alaska AmeriFLUX sites incorrectly predicts that Alaska is presently a modeled net C source. Increased spatial coverage of the training dataset improves ML predictions, halving the bias when 240 modeled sites are used instead of 15. However, even this more accurate ML model incorrectly predicts Alaska C fluxes under 21st century climate change because of changes in atmospheric CO 2 , litter inputs, and vegetation composition that have impacts on C fluxes which cannot be inferred from the training data. Our results provide key insights to future C flux upscaling efforts and expose the potential for inaccurate ML upscaling and forecasting of high-latitude C cycle dynamics.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Edge at the Pier: EPCAPE Software-Defined Sensing Field Campaign Report

The Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (EPCAPE) was aimed to enhance the understanding of cloud and aerosol properties in the region surrounding La Jolla, California. To address challenges in data collection and processing from various instruments, an edge computing device known as Waggle Sage Node (WSN) was deployed at the Ellen Browning Scripps Memorial Pier. WSN is a distributed-sensing platform designed to collect and analyze environmental data at the edge. Sage is a multi-agency-supported project that designs and builds a new kind of national-scale reusable cyberinfrastructure to enable artificial intelligence (AI) at the edge based on the Waggle platform. Sponsors include the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR), DOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), DOE Biological and Environmental Research (BER) through DOE Artificial Intelligence for Earth System Predictability (AI4ESP), Argonne Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD). Sage (https://sagecontinuum.org/) is funded as a National Science Foundation Mid-Scale Research Infrastructure (MSRI) project (https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1935984). This robust, multi-architecture edge computing platform facilitated environmental monitoring during the campaign. This report details the scientific objectives, deployment process, and key results of integrating Waggle into the EPCAPE field campaign.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

iFair: Achieving Fairness in the Allocation of Scarce Resources for Senior Health Care

Efficient resource allocation is crucial in many domains, particularly in senior care, where assigning resources to older adults must consider uncertainties associated with vulnerable populations. In collaboration with Senior Health Facilities (SHFs) and domain experts, this paper presents iFair, a novel framework designed to assist decision-makers in equitably allocating scarce resources to older adults. iFair was prototyped in the context of ongoing work on a data exchange platform, CAREDEX, used for enhancing older adults' resilience during disasters. A key novelty of iFair focuses on aligning resident preferences with resources in urgent situations, expediting care, and enhancing task efficiency. We integrate static and dynamic environmental data, including facility layouts and sensor data, with detailed resident profiles to cater to the individual needs and preferences of residents. While our framework primarily focuses on allocation within facilities, it also extends to a regional scale to support the planning and transfer of seniors to mutual aid facilities. Our experiments adapt data from a real SHF to emulate resource allocation in an emergency fire evacuation setting and highlight the delicate balance that decision-makers can achieve between efficiency and fairness.

Kenne, Modeste Mefenya↗

Warming amplifies the variability of methane emissions from a coastal wetland, 2025, Maryland.

These data accompany the published paper Lewis et al., 202X and are from a brackish coastal wetland in situ soil warming experiment (GENX) equipped with automated flux chambers. Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were measured in 12 automated chambers using custom-built automated chambers connected to an LI-7810 CH4/CO2 analyzer. The chambers are 1.5 m tall and contain the dominant vegetation species of the site (Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina patens, and Distichlis spicata). The chambers are also distributed across a soil warming gradient, ranging from ambient to 6°C above ambient, that was started in February 2022. This dataset contains the following files: (1) CH4 and CO2 fluxes from each chamber for March to November 2025, statistics for each flux, and environmental data (water depth, salinity, air temperature) at the time of the flux measurement; (2) 15-minute soil temperature data for each chamber; (3) Aboveground vegetation biomass (total and by species) and stem counts and dimensions for S. americanus; (4) Elevation for each chamber. All data processing code is available on Github.

Coastal wetland↗

Plot and Tree Characteristics from the 2022-2023 field experiment at Game Ridge, Missoula County, Montana, USA

This dataset contains plot and study tree characteristics including identifiers, latitude and longitude data, tree heights, tree diameters, and distance between trees within a study plot. Data files and data dictionary(ies) are uploaded as .csv files and .xlsx files. The Users Guide is a .pdf file. Location data can be found in the Google Earth file GameRidge_SitePlotCoordinates.kmz.kml included here. These datasets were collected for Plant Carbohydrate Depletion, Mycorrhizal Networks, and Vulnerability to Drought: An Experimental Test in the Field. This experiment examined the interdependency between plant hydraulics and carbohydrate availability and sought to develop ways to incorporate interactions with below ground symbiotic organisms to better model and quantify forest response to drought. This environmental data was collected to provide context for the fungal community data and Pinus ponderosa physiological data.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Quinoa Phenotyping Methodologies: An International Consensus

Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher-throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Vehicle Lateral Offset Estimation Using Infrastructure Information for Reduced Compute Load

Accurate perception of the driving environment and a highly accurate position of the vehicle are paramount to safe Autonomous Vehicle (AV) operation. AVs gather data about the environment using various sensors. For a robust perception and localization system, incoming data from multiple sensors is usually fused together using advanced computational algorithms, which historically requires a high-compute load. To reduce AV compute load and its negative effects on vehicle energy efficiency, we propose a new infrastructure information source (IIS) to provide environmental data to the AV. The new energy–efficient IIS, chip–enabled raised pavement markers are mounted along road lane lines and are able to communicate a unique identifier and their global navigation satellite system position to the AV. This new IIS is incorporated into an energy efficient sensor fusion strategy that combines its information with that from traditional sensor. IIS reduce the need for camera imaging, image processing, and LIDAR use and point cloud processing. We show that IIS, when combined with traditional sensors, results in more accurate perception and localization outcomes and a reduced AV compute load.

Sharma, Sachin↗