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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2000

A Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator for Use with Mechanical Coolers

We have begun developing an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) which can produce continuous cooling at temperatures of 50 mK or lower, with high cooling power (goal of 10 PW). The design uses multiple stages to cascade heat from a continuously-cooled stage up to a heat sink. The serial arrangement makes it possible to add stages to extend the operating range to lower temperature, or to raise the heat rejection temperature. Compared to conventional single-shot ADRS, this system achieves higher cooling power per unit mass and is able to reject its heat at a more uniform rate. For operation with a mechanical cryocooler, this latter feature stabilizes the heat sink temperature and allows both the ADR and cryocooler to operate more efficiently. The ADR is being designed to operate with a heat sink as warm as 10-12 K to make it compatible with a wide variety of mechanical coolers as part of a versatile, cryogen-free low temperature cooling system. A two-stage system has been constructed and a proof-of-principle demonstration was conducted at 100 mK. Details of the design and test results, as well as the direction of future work, are discussed.

Shirron, P.↗
NASA NTRS2001

The HAWC and SAFIRE Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators

The High-Resolution Airborne Wide-band Camera (HAWC) and Submillimeter and Far Infrared Experiment (SAFIRE) are far-infrared experiments which will fly on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) aircraft. HAWC's detectors will operate at 0.2 Kelvin, while those of SAFIRE will be at 0.1 Kelvin. Each instrument will include an adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) to cool its detector stage from the liquid helium bath temperature (HAWC's at 4.2 Kelvin and SAFIRE's pumped to about 1.3 Kelvin) to its operating temperature. Except for the magnets used to achieve the cooling and a slight difference in the heat switch design, the two ADRs are nearly identical. We describe the ADR design and present the results of performance testing.

Tuttle, Jim↗
NASA NTRS2002

Progress in the Development of a Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

We report on recent progress in the development of a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (CADR). Continuous operation avoids the constraints of long hold times and short recycle times that lead to the generally large mass of single-shot ADRs, allowing us to achieve an order of magnitude larger cooling power per unit mass. Our current design goal is 10 micro W of cooling at 50 mK using a 6-10 K heat sink. The estimated mass is less than 10 kg, including magnetic shielding of each stage. The relatively high heat rejection capability allows it to operate with a mechanical cryocooler as part of a cryogen-free, low temperature cooling system. This has the advantages of long mission life and reduced complexity and cost. We have assembled a three-stage CADR and have demonstrated continuous cooling using a superfluid helium bath as the heat sink. The temperature stability is 8 micro K rms or better over the entire cycle, and the cooling power is 2.5 micro W at 60 mK rising to 10 micro W at 100 mK.

Shirron, Peter↗
NASA NTRS2002

A Cryogenic, Insulating Suspension System for the High Resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC)and Submillemeter And Far Infrared Experiment (SAFIRE) Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADRs)

The High Resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) and the Submillimeter And Far Infrared Experiment (SAFIRE) will use identical Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators (ADR) to cool their detectors to 200mK and 100mK, respectively. In order to minimize thermal loads on the salt pill, a Kevlar suspension system is used to hold it in place. An innovative, kinematic suspension system is presented. The suspension system is unique in that it consists of two parts that can be assembled and tensioned offline, and later bolted onto the salt pill.

Voellmer, George M.↗
NASA NTRS2003

A Compact, Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator with High Heat Sink Temperature

In the continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR), the existence of a constant temperature stage attached to the load breaks the link between the requirements of the load (usually a detector array) and the operation of the ADR. This allows the ADR to be cycled much faster, which yields more than an order of magnitude improvement in cooling power density over single-shot ADRs. Recent effort has focused on developing compact, efficient higher temperature stages. An important part of this work has been the development of passive gas-gap heat switches that transition (from conductive to insulating) at temperatures around 1 K and 4 K without the use of an actively heated getter. We have found that by carefully adjusting available surface area and the number of He-3 monolayers, gas-gap switches can be made to operate passively. Passive operation greatly reduces switching time and eliminates an important parasitic heat load. The current four stage ADR provides 6 micro W of cooling at 50 mK (21 micro W at 100 mK) and weighs less than 8 kg. It operates from a 4.2 K heat sink, which can be provided by an unpumped He bath or many commercially available mechanical cryocoolers. Reduction in critical current with temperature in our fourth stage NbTi magnet presently limits the maximum temperature of our system to approx. 5 K. We are developing compact, low-current Nb3Sn magnets that will raise the maximum heat sink temperature to over 10 K.

Shirron, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS2004

A Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator for Far-IR/Sub-mm Astronomy

We report on recent progress in the development of a continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (CADR). Continuous operation avoids the constraints of long hold times and short recycle times that lead to the generally large mass of single-shot ADRs, allowing us to achieve an order of magnitude larger cooling power per unit mass. Our current design goal is 10 microW of cooling at 50 mK using a 6-10 K heat sink. The estimated mass is less than 10 kg, including magnetic shielding of each stage. The relatively high heat rejection capability allows it to operate with a mechanical cryocooler as part of a cryogen-free, low temperature cooling system. This has the advantages of long mission life and reduced complexity and cost. We have assembled a three-stage CADR and have demonstrated continuous cooling using a superfluid helium bath as the heat sink. The temperature stability is 8 microK rms or better over the entire cycle, and the cooling power is 2.5 microW at 60 mK rising to 10 microW at 100 mK.

Shirron, Peter↗
NASA NTRS2004

Advanced Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators for Continuous Cooling

The research at Houston was focused on optimizing the design of superconducting magnets for advanced adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators (ADRs), assessing the feasibility of using high temperature superconducting (HTS) magnets in ADRs in the future, and developing techniques to deposit HTS thin and thick films on high strength, low thermal conductivity substrates for HTS magnet leads. Several approaches have been tested for the suggested superconducting magnets.

Chu, Paul C. W.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Passive gas-gap heat switch for adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator

A passive gas-gap heat switch for use with a multi-stage continuous adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR). The passive gas-gap heat switch turns on automatically when the temperature of either side of the switch rises above a threshold value and turns off when the temperature on either side of the switch falls below this threshold value. One of the heat switches in this multistage process must be conductive in the 0.25? K to 0.3? K range. All of the heat switches must be capable of switching off in a short period of time (1-2 minutes), and when off to have a very low thermal conductance. This arrangement allows cyclic cooling cycles to be used without the need for separate heat switch controls.

Shirron, Peter J.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Ultra-Flexible Thermal Bus for Use in the Astro-H Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

The adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) developed for the Astro-H Soft-X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) is a multi-stage solid-state cooler. It is capable of holding the SXS detector array at 0.050 K for greater than 24 hours with a recycle time of less than one hour. This quick recycle time relies upon high-conductivity thermal straps to couple the individual stages to a pair of heat switches without imposing a lateral load on the paramagnetic salt pills. To accomplish this we construct thermal straps using a technique of diffusion bonding together the ends of high-purity copper straps leaving the length between as individual foils. A thermal bus created this way has a thermal conductivity comparable to a solid strap of the equivalent thickness but with much-increased flexibility. The technique for selecting the base material, machining, cleaning, forming into final shape, and finally bonding together individual foils will be discussed along with examples of complete straps in various geometries.

Thermal Conductivity↗
NASA NTRS2017

PIPER Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

We report upon the development and testing of a 4-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) capable of continuous cooling at 0.100 Kelvin. This cooler is being built to cool the detector array aboard NASA's Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer (PIPER) observatory. The goal of this balloon mission is to measure the primordial gravitational waves that should exist if the theory of cosmological inflation is correct. At altitude, the ADR will hold the array of transition-edge sensors at 100 mK continuously while periodically rejecting heat to a 1.2 K pumped helium bath. During testing on ground, the array is held at the same temperature but heat is rejected to a 4.2 K helium bath indicating the flexibility in this coolers design.

Magnetic Cooling Sub-Kelvin ADR↗
NASA NTRS2011

Heat Switches Providing Low-Activation Power and Quick-Switching Time for Use in Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerators

An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) is a solid-state cooler capable of achieving sub-Kelvin temperatures. It neither requires moving parts nor a density gradient in a working fluid making it ideal for use in space-based instruments. The flow of energy through the cooler is controlled by heat switches that allow heat transfer when on and isolate portions of the cooler when off. One type of switch uses helium gas as the switching medium. In the off state the gas is adsorbed in a getter thus breaking the thermal path through the switch. To activate the switch, the getter is heated to release helium into the switch body allowing it to complete the thermal path. A getter that has a small heat capacity and low thermal conductance to the body of the switch requires low-activation power. The cooler benefits from this in two ways: shorter recycle times and higher efficiency. We describe such a design here.

Kimball, Mark O.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Low-Thermal Conductivity Suspensions Used in the Isolation of the Salt Pills Aboard the Astro-H Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

An adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) utilizes the magnetocholoric effect in a paramagnetic salt to produce sub-Kelvin temperatures. It is a solid-state device that has no moving parts and does not rely upon a density gradient in a working fluid. This makes it ideal for cooling space-based instruments. ·Typically the salt is enclosed in a cylindrical pill that is suspended within the bore of a magnet. The suspension between the salt pill and magnet must be robust enough to survive a launch yet have a thermal conductance that minimizes heat from the magnet that is mechanically, and thermally, anchored to a stage at a higher temperature. Here we detail such a design that uses Kevlar(Trade Mark) as the supporting media in a system that limits motion of the salt pill axial as well as laterally with respect to the magnet bore.

Kimball, Mark O.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Development of a 50 mK - 10 K Flight-Worthy Vibration-Free Continuous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

The cryogenics and fluids branch at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is currently developing a flight-worthy vibration-free 50 mK to 10 K Continous Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (CADR) that will potentially serve as the cooling scheme for future space flight missions such as OST, LUVOIR, and other flagship missions. This 7 stage CADR will lift 6 microW of heat at its lowest stage and reject heat to a temperature platform at 10 K. A single stage 4 - 10 K flight-worthy ADR unit was recently demonstrated with an optimized cycle time of 132 seconds and a heat lift of ~13 mW at 4 K. We discuss the development progress and details of its desing in this presentation.

ADR↗
NASA NTRS2018

Continuous Sub-Kelvin Cooling from an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

We present the current state of development for a continuous magnetic refrigeration system capable of cooling a detector array or other payload to temperatures below 50 mK. This adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator contains four-stages that are cycling continuously yet present a constant ultra-low temperature heat sink at one physical location within the refrigerator. Two different configurations of essentially the same cooler will be presented where the difference is in the physical layout of the stages and the type of heat sink used for the refrigerator's heat rejection.

Magnetic Cooling↗
NASA NTRS2019

Improvement on the Magnetic Shielding for the XRISM/Resolve Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator

We report modeling, fabrication, cryogenic tensile testing, and magnetic field measurements of a shield around an adiabatic demagnetization stage (ADR) built for the XRISM/Resolve instrument. During testing of a near-identical stage built for Astro-H, a previous spaceflight mission, it was determined that the magnet at full current generated a field external to the shield that violated the maximum dipole-moment requirement of the spacecraft. In addition, there was an interference with the detector assembly nearby when the magnet was greater than 85% of it's typical maximum current. Starting with the Astro-H shield design, we performed a parametric study that increased the thickness of the shield in critical regions. This calculation proceeded until the magnetic field satisfied the estimated maximum field allowed at the detector array based upon the Astro-H measurements. We also performed a detailed measurement of the field generated by the ADR stage at full current as a function of relative angle between the magnet axis and a series of flux-gate magnetometers. Details and results from the calculation and subsequent measurement will be presented.

ADR↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

On-Orbit Performance of the Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator on XRISM

The X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) observatory was launched on Sep 7, 2023 from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan. Resolve, one its two instruments, performs high-resolution spectroscopy in the soft x-ray band (0.2-13 keV) using a 6x6 microcalorimeter array. The array cooled to 50 mK by a 3-stage ADR, which is linked to both a liquid helium dewar (at <1.2 K) and a Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler operating at <4.5 K. While liquid helium is present, two of the ADR stages provide detector cooling at 50 mK and auxiliary cooling to 0.5 K to intercept some parasitic heat loads, while rejecting waste heat to the helium. Once the helium is exhausted, Resolve enters a cryogen-free mode in which all three ADR stages are operated to provide detector cooling at 50 mK and to continuously cool the helium tank to 1.4 K. In this mode, waste heat is rejected to the JT cryocooler. Cryogen-free operation can be sustained as long as the JT and other cryocoolers remain fully operational. At launch, the helium tank contained approximately 35.6 liters of liquid. Within a few days, the helium cooled below 1.15 K, with an estimated 35.0 liters remaining. With an expected time average heat load of 0.68 mW, the helium lifetime was projected to exceed 4 years, but measurements of He volume on orbit suggest a significantly longer lifetime. Details of the ADR’s design and performance are presented.

x-ray astromony↗
NASA NTRS1989

A progress report on using bolometers cooled by adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration

For sensitive detection of astronomical continuum radiation in the 200 micron to 3 mm wavelength range, bolometers are presently the detectors of choice. In order to approach the limits imposed by photon noise in a cryogenically cooled telescope in space, bolometers must be operated at temperatures near 0.1 K. Researchers report progress in building and using bolometers that operate at these temperatures. The most sensitive bolometer had an estimated noise equivalent power (NEP) of 7 x 10(exp 017) W Hz(exp -1/2). Researchers also briefly discuss the durability of paramagnetic salts used to cool the bolometers.

Lesyna, L.↗