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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Cyber Security Summer School 2021 [Slides]

LANL is committed to training the next generation of cyber security professionals and researchers for the US Department of Energy. Alumni are prepared to mitigate rapidly-evolving threats to national security by applying best-practice analysis and developing novel tools. The 2021 summer school ended with another recruiting success, recruiting 5 students into A-4,T, and NIE-- as staff or students. The research track students further strengthened LANL’s cyber mission by applying their skills to develop innovative solutions to help address national cyber threats. The investigation track students learned the necessary concepts and skills for responding effectively to cyber security incidents

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Incentivizing Cyber Security Investment in the Power Sector Using An Extended Cyber Insurance Framework

Collaboration between the DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and public- sector partners has revealed that a dearth of cyber- incident data combined with the unpredictability of cyber attacks have contributed to a shortfall in first-party cyber insurance protection in the critical infrastructure community. This research explores the foundations of insurance theory and adopts behavioral manipulation methods to incentivize cyber-security investment. We validate the model by applying power industry performance data from 2013-2015 to assess risk facing the industry. Results show that the model can successfully discriminate between individual power companies as well as geographic regions on the basis of risk and can recommend cyber risk- management strategies tailored to individual risk profiles. Here, the adoption of this framework could invite more market participation, which will create a more robust cyber- incident reporting environment, contributing directly to the DHS goal of creating a national cyber- incident data repository.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Grid Cyber-Security Strategy in an Attacker-Defender Model

The progression of cyber-attacks on the cyber-physical system is analyzed by the Probabilistic, Learning Attacker, and Dynamic Defender (PLADD) model. Although our research does apply to all cyber-physical systems, we focus on power grid infrastructure. The PLADD model evaluates the effectiveness of moving target defense (MTD) techniques. We consider the power grid attack scenarios in the AND configurations and OR configurations. In addition, we consider, for the first time ever, power grid attack scenarios involving both AND configurations and OR configurations simultaneously. Cyber-security managers can use the strategy introduced in this manuscript to optimize their defense strategies. Specifically, our research provides insight into when to reset access controls (such as passwords, internet protocol addresses, and session keys), to minimize the probability of a successful attack. Our mathematical proof for the OR configuration of multiple PLADD games shows that it is best if all access controls are reset simultaneously. For the AND configuration, our mathematical proof shows that it is best (in terms of minimizing the attacker's average probability of success) that the resets are equally spaced apart. We introduce a novel concept called hierarchical parallel PLADD system to cover additional attack scenarios that require combinations of AND and OR configurations.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental Setup for Grid Control Device Software Updates in Supply Chain Cyber-Security

Supply chain cyberattacks that exploit insecure third-party software are a growing concern for the security of the electric power grid. These attacks seek to deploy malicious software in grid control devices during the fabrication, shipment, installation, and maintenance stages, or as part of routine software updates. Malicious software on grid control devices may inject bad data or execute bad commands, which can cause blackouts and damage power equipment. This paper describes an experimental setup to simulate the software update process of a commercial power relay as part of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation for grid supply chain cyber-security assessment. The laboratory setup was successfully utilized to study three supply chain cyber-security use cases.

Keller, Joseph↗
DOE OSTI2022

Implementation Aspects of Smart Grids Cyber-Security Cross-Layered Framework for Critical Infrastructure Operation

Communication networks in power systems are a major part of the smart grid paradigm. It enables and facilitates the automation of power grid operation as well as self-healing in contingencies. Such dependencies on communication networks, though, create a roam for cyber-threats. An adversary can launch an attack on the communication network, which in turn reflects on power grid operation. Attacks could be in the form of false data injection into system measurements, flooding the communication channels with unnecessary data, or intercepting messages. Using machine learning-based processing on data gathered from communication networks and the power grid is a promising solution for detecting cyber threats. In this paper, a co-simulation of cyber-security for cross-layer strategy is presented. The advantage of such a framework is the augmentation of valuable data that enhances the detection as well as identification of anomalies in the operation of the power grid. The framework is implemented on the IEEE 118-bus system. The system is constructed in Mininet to simulate a communication network and obtain data for analysis. A distributed three controller software-defined networking (SDN) framework is proposed that utilizes the Open Network Operating System (ONOS) cluster. According to the findings of our suggested architecture, it outperforms a single SDN controller framework by a factor of more than ten times the throughput. This provides for a higher flow of data throughout the network while decreasing congestion caused by a single controller’s processing restrictions. Furthermore, our CECD-AS approach outperforms state-of-the-art physics and machine learning-based techniques in terms of attack classification. The performance of the framework is investigated under various types of communication attacks.

cross-layered↗
DOE OSTI2018

Industrial Control Systems: Cyber Security Risk Candidate Methods Analysis

In recognition of their mission and in response to continuously evolving cyber threats against nuclear facilities, Department of Energy - Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) is building the Nuclear Energy Cyber security Research, Development, and Demonstration (RD&D) Program, which includes a cyber risk management thrust. This report supports the cyber risk management thrust objective which is to deliver "Standardized methodologies for credible risk-based identification, evaluation and prioritization of digital components." In a previous task, the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) team presented evaluation criteria and a survey to review methods to determine the most suitable techniques. In this task we will identify and evaluate a series of candidate methodologies. In this report, 10 distinct methodologies are evaluated. The overall goal of this effort was to identify the current range of risk analysis techniques that were currently available, and how they could be applied, with an focus on industrial control systems (ICS). Overall, most of the techniques identified did fall into accepted risk analysis practices, though they generally addressed only one step of the multi-step risk management process. A few addressed multiple steps, but generally their treatment was superficial. This study revealed that the current state of security risk analysis in digital control systems was not comprehensive and did not support a science-based evaluation. The papers surveyed did use mathematical formulation to describe the addressed problems, and tied the models to some kind of experimental or experiential evidence as support. Most of the papers, however, did not use a rigorous approach to experimentally support the proposed models, nor did they have enough evidence supporting the efficacy of the models to statistically analyze model impact. Both of these issues stem from the difficulty and expense associated with collecting experimental data in this domain.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2019

Cyber Security of DC Fast Charging: Potential Impacts to the Electric Grid

Relevance of Cyber Security for High Power EV Charging Public Safety ? High voltage & high current charging infrastructure? Potential wide spread grid impact ? Intermittent high load:? Wide range of power (up to 350+ kW)? Short duration charge events? Increasing deployment of fast chargers to meet needs of increasing EV market adoption? ? Consumer confidence in charging infrastructure? Reliability and robustness required to reduce range anxiety

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Developing an Ontology for Cyber Security Knowledge Graphs

In this paper we describe an ontology developed for a cyber security knowledge graph database. This is intended to provide an organized schema that incorporates information from a large variety of structured and unstructured data sources, and includes all relevant concepts within the domain. We compare the resulting ontology with previous efforts, discuss its strengths and limitations, and describe areas for future work.

Iannacone, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2016

Establishing a Cyber Security Culture for the Nuclear Industry

This paper explores the development of a Cyber Security Culture that deploys the appropriate technological and Human Performance tools using the key tenets of INPO's Nuclear Safety Culture program as a basis. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Model-Free Data Authentication for Cyber Security in Power Systems

With the development and wide deployment of measurement equipment, data can be automatically measured and visualized for situation awareness in power systems. However, the cyber security of power systems is also threated by data spoofing attacks. This letter proposed a measurement data source authentication (MDSA) algorithm based on feature extraction techniques including ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and fast Fourier transform (FFT), and machine learning for real-time measurement data classification. Compared with previous work, the proposed algorithm can achieve higher accuracy of MDSA using a shorter window of data from closely located synchrophasor measurement sensors.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2016

Mission-centric cyber security assessment of critical systems

We present a novel model-based, mission-centric approach to perform cyber security assessments for evaluating the impact of low-level cyber events on high-level mission objectives.We demonstrate the benefits of our approach using a system model and attack trees specific to the command-and-control system of a spacecraft. Specifically, we demonstrate how our approach enables a decision-maker to assess the security posture of the system, identify necessary mitigations and prioritize their deployment.

Tan, Kymie↗
NASA NTRS2016

Cyber Security for the Spaceport Command and Control System: Vulnerability Management and Compliance Analysis

With the rapid development of the Internet, the number of malicious threats to organizations is continually increasing. In June of 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) had a data breach resulting in the compromise of millions of government employee records. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not exempt from these attacks. Cyber security is becoming a critical facet to the discussion of moving forward with projects. The Spaceport Command and Control System (SCCS) project at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) aims to develop the launch control system for the next generation launch vehicle in the coming decades. There are many ways to increase the security of the network it uses, from vulnerability management to ensuring operating system images are compliant with securely configured baselines recommended by the United States Government.

Cyber Security↗
DOE OSTI2018

Cyber Security for Lighting Systems

Fact sheet discusses cyber threats unique to lighting control systems in buildings and helps facility managers identify the types of lighting control systems that could introduce cybersecurity risks. Download the fact sheet.

Cyber security↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Real-Time Testbed for Smart Inverter Cyber Security Studies

Distributed energy resources (DER) have become a popular solution to modern-day issues surrounding the efficiency and reliability of power generation, as well as climate change concerns. Energy centers are shifting towards incorporating smart inverters with embedded functionalities such as high voltage ride through (HVRT), low voltage ride through (LVRT), active and reactive power compensation. However, the integration of smart inverters leave DER systems highly vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. The distributed network protocol 3 (DNP3) is a common method of communication between grid-tied hardware. Despite its popularity, the level of security leaves all hardware connected to the grid at risk of severe cyber-attacks. Thus, it is important to study any potential cybersecurity threats towards grid-tied smart inverters to mitigate cybersecurity vulnerabilities and refine existing cyber-security protections. This report describes the proposed testbed design to study cybersecurity threats to smart inverters. The testbed utilizes a real-time simulation case in RSCAD that includes a grid-tied wind turbine (WT) topology featuring two back-to-back two-level voltage source converters (BTB,2L-VSCs) and a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The simulated case runs within the NovaCor real time digital simulator (RTDS). This report focuses on the design and implementation of a single module of the GTNETx2 card as a distributed network protocol and the configuration of an IEEE 1518 DNP database file that includes input and output variables mapped to different connection points in the grid that transmit and receive discrete, analog, and binary signals on command. This allows realistic emulation of the communication between the smart inverter and the grid for cybersecurity studies.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Critical Skill Job – Cyber Security Analyst

This video series provides a first-hand look at critical skills positions at the Savannah River Site and required qualifications. Meet the people behind the jobs and learn what they do to support important SRS missions.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

U.S. and Allied Cyber Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (Workshop Summary)

On March 30, 31, and April 1, 2021, the Center for Global Security Research (CGSR) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) hosted a workshop titled "U.S. and allied Cyber Security Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific". This session brought together participants drawn across the policy, military, and private sector in the United States and among allied countries in Europe and the Indo-Pacific. The workshop evaluated threat perceptions, assessed cyber power in a regional context, and explored opportunities for building capacity and trust with allies, partners, and the private sector. The region's cyber threat landscape is marked by increasing malicious activity, with threats persistent and ever-growing. Grounded by this strategic reality, the workshop advocated for 1) a concerted push into the arena of norm setting from the bottom up, 2) an agreed metric by which to assess progress, and 3) the creation of future lines of collaborative effort for the United States and its allies to ensure an open, interoperable, and secure internet.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗