Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Country”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1976

A methodology for producing small scale rural land use maps in semi-arid developing countries using orbital imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. Results have shown that it is feasible to design a methodology that can provide suitable guidelines for operational production of small scale rural land use maps of semiarid developing regions from LANDSAT MSS imagery, using inexpensive and unsophisticated visual techniques. The suggested methodology provides immediate practical benefits to map makers attempting to produce land use maps in countries with limited budgets and equipment. Many preprocessing and interpretation techniques were considered, but rejected on the grounds that they were inappropriate mainly due to the high cost of imagery and/or equipment, or due to their inadequacy for use in operational projects in the developing countries. Suggested imagery and interpretation techniques, consisting of color composites and monocular magnification proved to be the simplest, fastest, and most versatile methods.

Vangenderen, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

International space policy and the interests of the United States and developing countries

The paper discusses principles which must be upheld in order to protect U.S. interests in space, the potential impact of the Moon Treaty on these principles, how to satisfy the legitimate needs of developing countries while protecting U.S. interests, and how to enhance the probability of success in future negotiations concerning space. It is suggested that, in order to preserve the rights of its citizens and industry to exploit space, the United States must make a strong effort to help solve the problems of the developing countries, maintain a strong space program, and develop and follow a space policy that reflects the interests of the American people.

Bon, B.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Spatial query for decision support of cross-country movement

The use of a query language processor for decision support of cross-country movement in an image-based geographic information system is evaluated. It is found that query processing yields results which are comparable to those obtained using conventional cross-country movement techniques and analysis. Query processing also provides a flexibility of information extraction, rapid display, and flexible decision support in time-critical, limited data situations.

Hepner, George F.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Remote sensing applications in water resources - An opportunity for research in developing countries

A review is presented of first-hand experience with remote sensing research in developing countries to illustrate the inherent semiempirical basis of remote sensing applications. This task is accomplished by means of examples drawn from actual research work. Results of case studies in different farming systems and countries are summarized to exemplify the relative, application-dependent, weight of satellite versus ground information.

Menenti, M.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Joint M3 and Diviner Analysis of the Mineralogy, Glass Composition, and Country Rock Content of Pyroclastic Deposits in Oppenheimer Crater

Here we present our analysis of the near- and mid-infrared spectral properties of pyroclastic deposits within the floor fractured Oppenheimer Crater that are hypothesized to be Vulcanian in origin. These are the first results of our global study of lunar pyroclastic deposits aimed at constraining the range of eruption processes on the Moon. In the near-infrared, we have employed a new method of spectral analysis developed in Horgan et al. (2013) of the 1 m iron absorption band in Chandrayaan-1 Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) spectra. By analyzing both the position and shape of the 1 m band we can detect and map the distribution of minerals, glasses, and mixtures of these phases in pyroclastic deposits. We are also using mid-infrared spectra from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment to develop ~200 m/pixel Christiansen Feature (CF) maps, which correlate with silica abundance. One of the benefits of using CF maps for analysis of pyroclastic deposits is that they can be used to detect silicic country rock that may have been emplaced by Vulcanian-style eruptions, and are sensitive to iron abundance in glasses, neither of which is possible in the near-infrared. M3 analysis reveals that the primary spectral endmembers are low-calcium pyroxene and iron-bearing glass, with only minor high-calcium pyroxene, and no detectable olivine. The large deposit in the south shows higher and more extensive glass concentrations than the surrounding deposits. We interpret the M3 spectra of the pyroclastic deposits as indicating a mixture of low-calcium pyroxene country rock and juvenile glass, and no significant olivine. Analysis of Diviner CF maps of the Oppenheimer crater floor indicates an average CF value of 8.16, consistent with a mixture of primarily plagioclase and some pyroxene. The average CF values of the pyroclastic deposits range from 8.31 in the SW to 8.24 in the SE. Since CF values within the deposits are as high as 8.49, the lower average CF values of the deposits suggest that each deposit is a mixture of crater floor material and highly mafic juvenile material consistent with either olivine or Fe-bearing pyroclastic glass. Synthesizing our M3 and Diviner results indicates that the crater floor consists of plagioclase with some pyroxene, and the pyroclastic deposits are a mix of this substrate and a glass-rich juvenile material. While we cannot determine the iron content of the glass from M3 spectra alone, the high Diviner CF values suggest that the glass is relatively iron-rich. Indeed, FeO abundances inferred from CF values using the method of Allen et al. (2012) imply that the large southern deposit exhibits a significant enhancement in iron content. This supports our hypothesis that the glass in this deposit is relatively iron-rich.

Bennett, Kristen A.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Exposure of the EU-28 Food Imports to Extreme Weather Disasters in Exporting Countries

EU-28 relies on a diversified foreign market, even for crops for which it has a high self-sufficiency.This study contributes to the discussion on the vulnerability of agri-food supply to the impacts of extreme weather disasters (EWD). We focus on the largest import commodities of the EU-28 and we aim to (1) map external dependencies of EU-28 agri-food sector, (2) estimate the impact of EWD on crop production in countries from which the EU-28 receives their imports, and (3) assess the exposure of EU-28 agri-food imports to such impacts. Crop and trade data areacquired through EUROSTAT and FAOSTAT, EWD records from EM-DAT, all between 1961 and 2016. A superposed epoch analysis is used to estimate the impact of EWD on the average national production, yield and harvested area of selected crops in exporting countries. The EU-28 imports between 35-100% of its consumption of soybeans, banana, tropical fruits, coffee and cocoa. Our study reveals a substantial impact of EWD, especially due to droughts andheat waves, on the production of soybeans, tropical fruits, and cocoa, with import weighted impacts of 3, 8, and 7%, respectively. Floods cause weighted impacts of 7% (soybeans) and 8% (tropical fruits). Coffee production shows gains during cold waves, but the inter-annual variability offsets these effects.

Teresa Armada Bras↗
DOE OSTI2023

Geo-temporal patterns to design cost-effective interventions for zoonotic diseases -the case of brucellosis in the country of Georgia

Control of zoonosis can benefit from geo-referenced procedures. Focusing on brucellosis, here the ability of two methods to distinguish disease dissemination patterns and promote cost-effective interventions was compared. Geographical data on bovine, ovine and human brucellosis reported in the country of Georgia between 2014 and 2019 were investigated with (i) the Hot Spot (HS) analysis and (ii) a bio-geographical (BG) alternative. More than one fourth of all sites reported cases affecting two or more species. While ruminant cases displayed different patterns over time, most human cases described similar geo-temporal features, which were associated with the route used by migrant shepherds. Other human cases showed heterogeneous patterns. The BG approach identified small areas with a case density twice as high as the HS method. The BG method also identified, in 2018, a 2.6–2.99 higher case density in zoonotic (human and non-human) sites than in non-zoonotic sites (which only reported cases affecting a single species) –a finding that, if corroborated, could support cost-effective policy-making. Three dissemination hypotheses were supported by the data: (i) human cases induced by sheep-related contacts; (ii) human cases probably mediated by contaminated milk or meat; and (iii) cattle and sheep that infected one another. This proof-of-concept provided a preliminary validation for a method that may support cost-effective interventions oriented to control zoonoses. To expand these findings, additional studies on zoonosis-related decision-making are recommended.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Feasibility Analysis for the Use of Retrofitted Air-Conditioners Using Thermal Energy Storage (TES) for High Ambient Temperature (HAT) Countries

In high ambient temperature (HAT) countries, summer temperatures exceed 35℃, degrading the performance of air-conditioning systems and straining power grids. In this paper, a feasibility analysis was conducted to investigate potential savings during the peak using latent Thermal Energy Storage (TES) at near room phase-change temperatures, replacing condensers, thus, minimizing temperature lifts. Weather data, building loads, and baseline air-conditioning systems data were gathered for Dubai. A transient vapor-compression model in Modelica was used to compare the COP, total power input and cooling capacity of the air-conditioner at peak hours when ambient temperatures range between 35 – 45 ⁰C versus the TES-Phase-Change Material (PCM) melting temperatures from 22 – 28⁰C. The results indicate that the TES-PCM can enhance the system COP at the peak by a factor 1.4 and 2 for during for outdoor temperatures of 35 – 40⁰C, and 40 – 45⁰C, respectively. Lower melting temperature PCMs were able to reduce the required power input by 30-50%, with more savings occurring at higher temperature days. On the other hand, higher temperature PCMs enhancements were minimal especially at outdoor ambient temperatures ranging between 35 – 40⁰C. Improvements to the cooling capacity range from 8 – 18 % for the outdoor temperature range of 35 – 45 ⁰C. An economic analysis was conducted to find the potential saving in utility costs for 30%, 60%, and 90% of the space cooling demands of Dubai, and find the trade-off points between utility savings and cost of PCM-TES implementation. If the peak loads are to be shifted by 6 hours daily, the percentage utility savings for the city is 18%. Using estimated costs of the PCM-TES, ranging from $200-500/kWh, the daily load shifting hours were estimated to range from 4 hours at the lowest cost systems to 2.5 hours at the highest costs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Climate impacts associated with reduced diet diversity in children across nineteen countries

It is widely anticipated that climate change will negatively affect both food security and diet diversity. Diet diversity is especially critical for children as it correlates with macro and micronutrient intake important for child development. Despite these anticipated links, little empirical evidence has demonstrated a relationship between diet diversity and climate change, especially across large datasets spanning multiple global regions and with more recent climate data. Here we use survey data from 19 countries and more than 107 000 children, coupled with 30 years of precipitation and temperature data, to explore the relationship of climate to child diet diversity while controlling for other agroecological, geographic, and socioeconomic factors. We find that higher long-term temperatures are associated with decreases in overall child diet diversity, while higher rainfall in the previous year, compared to the long-term average rainfall, is associated with greater diet diversity. Examining six regions (Asia, Central America, North Africa, South America, Southeast Africa, and West Africa) individually, we find that five have significant reductions in diet diversity associated with higher temperatures while three have significant increases in diet diversity associated with higher precipitation. In West Africa, increasing rainfall appears to counterbalance the effect of rising temperature impacts on diet diversity. In some regions, the statistical effect of climate on diet diversity is comparable to, or greater than, other common development efforts including those focused on education, improved water and toilets, and poverty reduction. These results suggest that warming temperatures and increasing rainfall variability could have profound short- and long-term impacts on child diet diversity, potentially undermining widespread development interventions aimed at improving food security.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Structural reforms and income distribution: new evidence for OECD countries

Abstract This article examines the impact of labour market and product market reforms on income inequality for 25 OECD countries between 1970 and 2020, using the local projections approach and an updated narrative-based dataset of the reform indicators. Our results suggest that both types of (endogenized) market-oriented reforms increase income inequality, but the effects are small. Consistent with this finding is that counter-reforms lead to less income inequality. Our results also indicate that the inequality-increasing effect of market-oriented reforms is mostly a result of more income going to the top of the income distribution.

Wiese, Rasmus↗
DOE OSTI2022

Economic evaluation of the Hepatitis C virus elimination program in the country of Georgia, 2015 to 2017

Abstract Background and Aims In 2015, the country of Georgia launched an elimination program aiming to reduce the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 90% from 5.4% prevalence (~150 000 people). During the first 2.5 years of the program, 770 832 people were screened, 48 575 were diagnosed with active HCV infection, and 41 483 patients were treated with direct‐acting antiviral (DAA)‐based regimens, with a >95% cure rate. Methods We modelled the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of HCV screening, diagnosis and treatment between April 2015 and November 2017 compared to no treatment, in terms of cost per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) gained in 2017 US dollars, with a 3% discount rate over 25 years. We compared the ICER to willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) thresholds of US$4357 (GDP) and US$871 (opportunity cost) per QALY gained. Results The average cost of screening, HCV viremia testing, and treatment per patient treated was $386 to the provider, $225 to the patient and $1042 for generic DAAs. At 3% discount, 0.57 QALYs were gained per patient treated. The ICER from the perspective of the provider including generic DAAs was $2285 per QALY gained, which is cost‐effective at the $4357 WTP threshold, while if patient costs are included, it is just above the threshold at $4398/QALY. All other scenarios examined in sensitivity analyses remain cost‐effective except for assuming a shorter time horizon to the end of 2025 or including the list price DAA cost. Reducing or excluding DAA costs reduced the ICER below the opportunity‐cost WTP threshold. Conclusions The Georgian HCV elimination program provides valuable evidence that national programs for scaling up HCV screening and treatment for achieving HCV elimination can be cost‐effective.

Tskhomelidze, Irina↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Partnership between countries that endures today. The British Mission was a part of the Lab from 1943-1945

After 27 months of grueling hours and scientific secrecy amidst the pressure of a mounting death toll and Nazi Germany's own weapons development, it had come to an end. It was time to celebrate. On September 22, 1945, scientists, engineers and their families gathered at Fuller Lodge downtown to celebrate the success of the Los Alamos atomic bomb and the end of World War II. The party was hosted by members of the British Mission and their wives and included food, dancing and a satirical play based on the lighter moments of wartime life in Los Alamos. However, this party was more than just entertainment and a night of festivities, it also represented a partnership between countries that endures today.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Net Zero World Initiative’s Preliminary Analysis of Decarbonization Pathways for Five Countries. Executive Summary

Under the Net Zero World Initiative, the United States is marshalling the forces of nine U.S. government agencies, led by the U.S. Department of Energy, to partner with philanthropies and multiple countries to cocreate and implement tailored technical and investment pathways to accelerate the decarbonization of global energy systems. In addition, 10 of the DOE national laboratories have built a consortium housed in the Net Zero World Action Center to implement this vision by providing the deep analysis and modeling required to carry out the vision.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Analysis of Hydrogen Supply Chain Readiness in Selected Indo-Pacific Countries

This report explores the low-carbon hydrogen production and procurement targets of Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) countries, highlighting key cost and infrastructure considerations. By 2030, production costs are targeted between US$\$$1.4-4.8/kg-H2, with procurement prices at US$\$$2.3/kg-H2, narrowing further by 2050. Midstream costs, including storage and transportation, are critical to meeting these targets and enabling hydrogen trade. The report discusses challenges such as infrastructure readiness, regulatory frameworks, and the need for improved data reporting. It emphasizes the importance of tax incentives, research investments, and port readiness to support the growth of low-carbon hydrogen markets in the region.

08 HYDROGEN↗