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At least 55 records · Page 3

Photoemission from CsI - Calculation.

Calculations of optical and photoemission spectra for CsI based on first-order allowed transitions between Bloch-wave states are discussed. The calculations, utilizing energy-band data for CsI published by Onodera (1968), were performed by computer sampling of regions in the Brillouin zone. The photoelectric spectra of CsI, calculated on the basis of an interpolated band scheme, display features which are in general agreement with the experimentally determined photoelectric energy distribution curves.

Distefano, T. H.↗

Quantum efficiency of opaque CsI photocathodes with channel electron multiplier arrays in the extreme and far ultraviolet

The arrays are overcoated with a CsI photocathode in the VUV. The measurements are part of the development program for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. Monochromatic light from a hollow cathode discharge source passing through a McPherson grazing incidence monochromator is used to illuminate the CsI photocathode. The beam diameter is kept small (approximately 2 mm) to confine it within the individual thickness strips. A bias grid is used to produce a 50-V/mm electric field to guarantee collection of all photoelectrons emitted by the CEMA (channel electron multiplier array) webbing. The CEMAs are operated with a gain of 2-3 x 10 to the 6th and are moderately saturated. A channeltron secondary transfer standard is used to determine the absolute QE in the EUV, whereas an NBS calibrated windowed photodiode is used to measure the FUV absolute QE. It is noted that the CsI gives a factor of 3 increase in the QE in the EUV and a factor of 50-5000 in the FUV.

Martin, C.↗

Stability and implementation of partitioned CSI solution procedures

A partitioned procedure developed for the efficient solution of control-structure interaction (CSI) problems is presented with emphasis on its computational stability, implementation aspects, and accuracy characteristics. The partitioned CSI procedure proposed here can facilitate the use of large-scale structural analysis for control-structure interaction problems. It is anticipated that real-time CSI simulations will become routine if adequate advances are made in the construction of reduced-order observers and, for some time variant problems, if substantially faster parallel solution procedures for the Riccati equations become available.

Park, K. C.↗

The photoelectric effect from CsI by polarized soft X-rays

Studies of the polarization dependence of the photoelectric effect produced by soft X-rays from CsI indicate that the geometrical effects in these experiments can often mimic the polarization signature. This paper presents a detailed calculation of these geometrical effects that are produced when the X-ray beam is not precisely aligned on a rotatable plane photocathode. The experimentally observed geometrical effects were used to precisely determine the realignment of the incident beam of polarized X-rays on a rotatable photocathode. The results allow determinations of the true polarization dependence of the photoemission from CsI. It is shown that the photoelectric effect in CsI depends on the polarization state of the X-rays.

Shaw, Ping S.↗

Beam, plate, and shell finite elements for CSI design code

Efficient triangular plate bending finite elements (with 6 degree-of-freedom per node) are surveyed. The most promising element will be selected, coded, and implemented into the current Control Structures Interactions (CSI) Design Code. Numerical example, v.i.a. CSI Design Code will be conducted to confirm the efficiency and accuracy of the selected plate bending element. Procedures to further enhance the computations of the CSI design code will be recommended.

Nguyen, Duc T.↗

Integrated design of the CSI evolutionary structure: A verification of the design methodology

One of the main objectives of the Controls-Structures Interaction (CSI) program is to develop and evaluate integrated controls-structures design methodology for flexible space structures. Thus far, integrated design methodologies for a class of flexible spacecraft, which require fine attitude pointing and vibration suppression with no payload articulation, have been extensively investigated. Various integrated design optimization approaches, such as single-objective optimization, and multi-objective optimization, have been implemented with an array of different objectives and constraints involving performance and cost measures such as total mass, actuator mass, steady-state pointing performance, transient performance, control power, and many more. These studies have been performed using an integrated design software tool (CSI-DESIGN CODE) which is under development by the CSI-ADM team at the NASA Langley Research Center. To date, all of these studies, irrespective of the type of integrated optimization posed or objectives and constraints used, have indicated that integrated controls-structures design results in an overall spacecraft design which is considerably superior to designs obtained through a conventional sequential approach. Consequently, it is believed that validation of some of these results through fabrication and testing of a structure which is designed through an integrated design approach is warranted. The objective of this paper is to present and discuss the efforts that have been taken thus far for the validation of the integrated design methodology.

Maghami, Peiman G.↗

Evaluation of CSI enhancements for jitter reduction on the EOS AM-1 observatory

A collaborative study between the Goddard Space Flight Center and the Langley Research Center is now underway to investigate the application of Control-Structure Integration (CSI) technologies to the EOS AM-1 spacecraft. Preliminary GN&C pointing studies of EOS AM-1, performed in 1991 and 1992, have indicated the potential for low pointing jitter and stability margins. Hence, a detailed baseline and CSI enhanced jitter assessment has been undertaken. This paper describes the spacecraft jitter pointing requirements, finite element models, and on-board disturbances. The jitter assessment approach being used by the NASA LaRC and various tools developed for efficient simulation and analysis of jitter are presented. In addition, preliminary results are given to show the potential need of CSI technologies for improving pointing performance of the spacecraft.

Belvin, W. K.↗

Controls-Structures Interaction (CSI) technology program summary. Earth orbiting platforms program area of the space platforms technology program

Control-Structures Interaction (CSI) technology embraces the understanding of the interaction between the spacecraft structure and the control system, and the creation and validation of concepts, techniques, and tools, for enabling the interdisciplinary design of an integrated structure and control system, rather than the integration of a structural design and a control system design. The goal of this program is to develop validated CSI technology for integrated design/analysis and qualification of large flexible space systems and precision space structures. A description of the CSI technology program is presented.

Newsom, Jerry R.↗

Dynamic tests on the NASA Langley CSI evolutionary model

A modal analysis study, representing one of the anticipated 'Cooperative Spacecraft Structural Dynamics Experiments on the NASA Langley CSI Evolutionary Model', was carried out as a sub-task under the NASA/DLR collaboration in dynamics and control of large space systems. The CSI evolutionary testbed (CEM) is designed for the development of Controls-Structures Interaction (CSI) technology to improve space science platform pointing. For orbiting space structures like large flexible trusses, new identification challenges arise due to their specific dynamic characteristics (low frequencies and high modal density) on the one hand, and the limited possibilities of exciting such structures and measuring their responses on orbit on the other. The main objective was to investigate the modal identification potential of several different types of forcing functions that could possibly be realized with on-board excitation equipment using a minimum number of exciter locations as well as response locations. These locations were defined in an analytical test prediction process used to study the implications of measuring and analyzing the responses thus produced. It turned out that broadband excitation is needed for a general modal survey, but if only certain modes are of particular interest, combinations of exponentially decaying sine functions provide favorable excitation conditions as they allow to concentrate the available energy on the modes being of special interest. From a practical point-of-view structural nonlinearities as well as noisy measurements make the analysis more difficult, especially in the low frequency range and when the modes are closely spaced.

Troidl, H.↗

Confined Space Imager (CSI) Software

The software provides real-time image capture, enhancement, and display, and sensor control for the Confined Space Imager (CSI) sensor system The software captures images over a Cameralink connection and provides the following image enhancements: camera pixel to pixel non-uniformity correction, optical distortion correction, image registration and averaging, and illumination non-uniformity correction. The software communicates with the custom CSI hardware over USB to control sensor parameters and is capable of saving enhanced sensor images to an external USB drive. The software provides sensor control, image capture, enhancement, and display for the CSI sensor system. It is designed to work with the custom hardware.

Karelilz, David↗

Materials Data on CsI by Materials Project

CsI is alpha Niobium phosphide-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of four CsI sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Cs1+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent I1- atoms. There are two shorter (3.81 Å) and two longer (3.82 Å) Cs–I bond lengths. I1- is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four equivalent Cs1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Non-linearity effects on the light-output calibration of light charged particles in CsI(Tl) scintillator crystals

The light output produced by light ions ( Z ≤ 4) in Csl(Tl) crystals is studied over a wide range of detected energies (E ≤ 300 MeV). Energy-light calibration data sets are obtained with the 10 cm crystals in the recently upgraded High-Resolution Array (HiRA10). We use proton recoil data from 40,48 Ca + CH 2 at 28 MeV/u, 56.6 MeV/u, 39 MeV/u and 139.8 MeV/u and data from a dedicated experiment with direct low-energy beams. We also use the punch through points of p, d, and t particles from 40,48 Ca + 56,64 Ni, 112,124 Sn collisions reactions at 139.8 MeV/u. Non-linearities, arising in particular from Tl doping and light collection effects in the CsI crystals, are found to significantly affect the light output and therefore the calibration of the detector response for light charged particles, especially the hydrogen isotopes. A new empirical parametrization of the hydrogen light output, $L(E,Z=1,A)$, is proposed to account for the observed effects. Results are found to be consistent for all 48 CsI(Tl) crystals in a cluster of 12 HiRA10 telescopes.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Reaction losses of charged particles in CsI(Tl) crystals

To efficiently detect energetic light charged particles, it is common to use arrays of energy-loss telescopes involving two or more layers of detection media. As the energy of the particles increases, thicker layers are usually needed. However, carrying out measurements with thick-telescopes may require corrections for the losses due to nuclear reactions induced by the incident particles on nuclei within the detector and for the scattering of incident particles out of the detector, without depositing their full energy in the active material. In this paper, we develop a method for measuring such corrections and determine the reaction and out-scattering losses for data measured with the silicon-CsI(Tl) telescopes of the newly developed HiRA10 array. Here, the extracted efficiencies are in good agreement with model predictions using the GEANT4 reaction loss algorithm for Z = 1 and Z = 2 isotopes. After correcting for the HiRA10 geometry, we obtain a general function that describes the loss of efficiency due to reaction losses in CsI(Tl) crystals as a function of range.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Monte Carlo simulation of the passage of $\gamma$-rays and $\alpha$-particles in CsI

In this work, theoretical and computational methods for simulating the creation of ionization tracks by fast ions in solids were applied to the passage of a-particles in CsI, an inorganic scintillator commonly used for radiation detection. The methods were implemented in a Monte Carlo program to simulate the interaction of $\alpha$-particles, with incident energies of up to 1 MeV, with CsI. The simulations followed the fate of individual electron-hole pairs and thus allowed for a detailed description of the microscopic structure of ionization tracks created by incident radiation. Simulations were also performed with $\gamma$-rays of the same energy to compare and contrast the ionization tracks obtained with both types of particle. Intrinsic properties such as the mean energy per electron-hole pair, Fano factor, maximum theoretical light yield, and spatial distributions of electron-hole pairs were computed for both $\alpha$-particles and $\gamma$-rays. $\alpha$-particles created cylindrical tracks that were initially aligned with the incident direction and with initial radii of a few nanometers, whereas $\gamma$-rays showed significant scattering, resulting in probability distributions with lower intensities and much greater radial extents.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Properties of CsI, CsBr and GaAs thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition

CsI, CsBr and GaAs thin films have been grown by pulsed laser deposition on glass substrates. The morphology and structure of the films have been studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The CsI and CsBr films were identical in stoichiometry to the respective targets and had a polycrystalline structure. Increasing the substrate temperature led to an increase in the density of the films. All the GaAs films differed in stoichiometry from the target. An explanation was proposed for this fact. The present results demonstrate that, when the congruent transport condition is not fulfilled, films identical in stoichiometry to targets can be grown by pulsed laser deposition in the case of materials with a low melting point and thermal conductivity. (interaction of laser radiation with matter)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Off-center Tl and Na dopant centers in CsI

We use density functional theory calculations to characterize the electronic and structural properties of the Tl and Na dopant centers in CsI. We nd that the Tl and Na centers can accept one or two electrons and couple to long-range relaxations in the surrounding crystal lattice to distort strongly off-center to multiple distinct minima, even without a triplet excitation. The long-range distortions are a mechanism to couple to phonon modes in the crystal, and are expected to play an important role in the phonon-assisted transport of polarons in activated CsI and subsequent light emission in this scintillator.

Van Ginhoven, Renee M.↗

Development of a 2 ns duration high current electron beam source using CsI coated carbon fibre cathode

A 50 ampere beam current having a rise time lesser than 500 pico-seconds with its energy 50 keV is generated using field emission mechanism. Beam duration was 2 ns. CsI coating on carbon fibre cathode was done using plasma spray coating. The results obtained from this cathode were compared to the carbon fibre cathode and the reason behind higher current density in the case of CsI coating has been explained. (author)

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Flash Radiography Studies with Microcolumnar CsI

There is growing interest in using low-energy flash x-ray sources in radiographic applications to provide high-contrast images of low-density objects. Due to the low-energy nature of the detected photons, thin bright scintillators are desired. In order to pursue an optimum radiographic system, experimental studies have been performed of the static imaging properties of thin microcolumnar CsI using a Platts x-ray source. The Platts source is a nominally 300 keV endpoint rod pinch diode x-ray source with a ~35 ns pulse time. The source was used to measure the imaging properties of microcolumnar CsI with various thicknesses and backings. The experimental setup was modeled in GEANT4, and the images were simulated to estimate system performance. Taking into account the source photon production, radiation transport, and system optical performance, an accurate assessment of the detection system can be deduced.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗