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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Structural analysis of platelet fragments and extracellular vesicles produced by apheresis platelets during storage

Platelets (PLTs) for transfusion can be stored for up to 7 days at room temperature (RT). The quality of apheresis PLTs decreases over storage time, which affects PLT hemostatic functions. Here, we characterized the membranous particles produced by PLT storage lesion (PSLPs), including degranulated PLTs, PLT ghosts, membrane fragments, and extracellular membrane vesicles (PEVs). The PSLPs generated in apheresis platelet units were analyzed on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of RT storage. A differential centrifugation and a sucrose density gradient were used to separate PSLP populations. PSLPs were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (EM), flow cytometry (FC), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). PSLPs have different morphologies and a broad size distribution; FC and NTA showed that the concentration of small and large PSLPs increases with storage time. The density gradient separated 3 PSLP populations: (1) degranulated PLTs, PLT ghosts, and large PLT fragments; (2) PEVs originated from PLT activation and organelles released by necrotic PLTs; and (3) PEV ghosts. Most PSLPs expressed phosphatidyl serine and induced thrombin generation in the plasma. PSLPs contained extracellular mitochondria and some had the autophagosome marker LC3. PSLPs encompass degranulated PLTs, PLT ghosts, large PLT fragments, large and dense PEVs, and low-density PEV ghosts. The activation-related PSLPs are released, particularly during early stage of storage (days 1-3), and the release of apoptosis- and necrosis-related PSLPs prevails after that. No elevation of LC3- and TOM20-positive PSLPs indicates that the increase of extracellular mitochondria during later-stage storage is not associated with PLT mitophagy.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantifying Socioeconomic Impacts of Electricity Generating Technologies

The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and other cost metrics used in energy planning do not account for out-of-market impacts of the technology choice. While a decision-maker at the utility or asset owner level may compare multiple forms of electricity generating technology using LCOE, a decision-maker over energy policy or community stakeholders may be interested in considering impacts beyond those that LCOE measures. This report quantifies economic impacts such as jobs and wage growth across electricity generation technologies then develops an approach to systematically compare socioeconomic metrics across technology choices. To address additional workforce related impacts, this report also compares the typical workforce education requirements and annual income levels for multiple types of electricity generating facilities. The grid scale electricity generating technologies analyzed in this report produce power using conventional hydroelectric dams, coal, natural gas, nuclear reactors, solar PV, land-based wind turbines, geothermal heat, and woody biomass combustion. Although it doesn’t generate electricity itself, the economic impacts associated with battery storage equipment manufacturing and installation were also analyzed.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Primer: Physical Factors of Agricultural Production & Climate Change

This white paper is a primer on physical factors that influence agricultural production and associated touchpoints to climate change. Agricultural production (which includes both crop and livestock production) is critical for food security and supports other economic products, such as textiles and generation of fuels for energy. Various physical factors influence agricultural production, including the crop types being cultivated and livestock being raised; land area and quality; water access and control; fertilizers, pesticides, and antibiotics; labor; and infrastructure associated with processing, storage, and transportation. These factors are impacted by climate change in both chronic and acute ways, from changing temperatures and precipitation patterns to increased prevalence of extreme events and diseases. We draw on examples from around the world to show the complex ways that agricultural production factors and climate interact with local capacities to influence regions around the world.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Risk Management for CO 2 Storage Projects

Conference poster presented at American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Conference, Houston, Texas, April 25–27, 2023. There is no one-size-fits-all risk management approach for storage projects. Instead, risk management is about having a detailed process in place, adhering to that process throughout the project life cycle, and adapting the process depending on site-specific conditions, applicable regulatory requirements, and any additional requirements imposed by pursuing one or more financial incentive programs. The Plains CO 2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership Initiative experience has demonstrated the value of managing risk analysis in concert with storage project regulatory permit requirements, which drive the geologic exhibits and site characterization needs for the permit and the risk analysis.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2024

Carbon Storage Technical Viability Approach and National Data Assessment

Carbon Storage Technical Viability Approach is a comprehensive evaluation of potential geologic carbon storage sites that includes classic subsurface resource assessment components such as reservoir suitability in addition to hazard, environmental, social, regulatory, and jurisdiction components that may enhance or hinder successful carbon storage. Data for assessments of technically viable carbon storage span many categories, types; are disparate and numerous. Variables and types of data required to support CS assessments were previously not clearly defined and documented. Contextualizing available data indicates their utility, potential uncertainty, and gaps. This presentation details the Carbon Storage Technical Viability Approach, the associated matrix and database, and initial results from a portion of the national data availability assessment that contextualizes the data available to support carbon storage projects. Presented at the American Association of Petroleum Geologists' Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (SPE-AAPG-SEG CCUS 2024) conference in Houston, TX, March 11-13, 2024.

Mark-Moser, Mackenzie K.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Reactive transport modeling of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) system at Stockton University, New Jersey during seasonal operations

Hydrogeochemical processes associated with Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) operations can often impact the system performance owing to mineral precipitation either at the wellbore or in the aquifer owing to changes in temperature and fluid disequilibria. Although failure of ATES systems due to mineral precipitation ("fouling") is common, predictive reactive-transport models have rarely been applied to plan their design and operation. Here, the objective of this study is to develop a reactive-transport model by coupling thermal, hydrological, and chemical (THC) processes to evaluate effects of introduced atmospheric oxygen on water chemistry, mineral precipitation/dissolution, porosity, and permeability changes associated with an ATES system at Stockton University (New Jersey, USA). The THC model builds on a Thermal-Hydrological-Mechanical (THM) model of the site that evaluated system failure owing to possible fracturing in the caprock or around the wellbore. The causes of the system failure are not known – potential causes include hydraulic fracturing owing to elevated pump pressures that took place, a flow pathway created by one of the boreholes, or a pre-existing natural hydrologic connection between the upper unconfined aquifer and the ATES aquifer, any of which could have led to oxygenated water entering the reservoir and causing the observed Fe-oxide fouling on well screens. The THC model is used to evaluate some of the hypotheses and observations regarding system failure owing to geochemical processes. The reactive-transport code TOUGHREACT V4 was used to model the THC processes during seasonal heating and cooling operations at the Stockton ATES site over 6 years of operation. In the THC simulations, the primary effects on geochemistry were observed when the injection water is saturated with atmospheric oxygen. Simulations show greater precipitation of goethite near the cold wells as compared to the warm wells. Although volume fractions of Fe-hydroxides were relatively small, the model was aimed at processes in the aquifer at the scale of meters and larger rather than at the scale of mm or cm (i.e., a well screen). Kaolinite is the dominant precipitating phase, also around the cold wells. Illite dissolves near the cold wells and precipitates near the warm wells. There is a net decrease in the porosity near the cold wells and increase near the warm wells, although a slight amount of thermal contraction near the cold wells and expansion near the warm wells is responsible for a significant proportion of the porosity change. Owing to the coarse discretization of the numerical grid near the wells (compared to the screen thickness) the magnitude of permeability changes at the wellbore are likely underestimated. The reactive transport model in this study can be used for characterization of aquifers, optimizing the operational parameters (temperature, pressure, pH etc.), and planning of mitigation strategies for ATES systems.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Review of CCUS in the Context of Foams, Regulatory Frameworks and Monitoring

Greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere is considered the main reason for the rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature. According to the Paris Agreement, to prevent the rise of the global average surface temperature beyond two degrees Celsius, global CO2 emissions must be cut substantially. While a transition to a net-zero emission scenario is envisioned by mid-century, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) will play a crucial role in mitigating ongoing greenhouse gas emissions. Injection of CO2 into geological formations is a major pathway to enable large-scale storage. Despite significant recent technological advancements, mass deployment of these technologies still faces several technical and non-technical difficulties. This paper provides an overview of technical milestones reached thus far in CO2 capture, utilization, geological storage, monitoring technologies, and non-technical aspects such as regulatory frameworks and related policies in the US and the rest of the world. This paper describes different injection methods to store CO2 in various subsurface formations, the use of foams and the resulting potential gains in CO2 storage capacity, the role of nanoparticles for foam stabilization, and ensuring long-term storage safety. This work also addresses several safety-related aspects of geological storage and subsurface monitoring technologies that may mitigate risks associated with long-term storage.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Enabling the Write-Once Read-Many (WORM) Dashboard and Web Interface for HPC Data Storage

Idaho National Laboratory (INL), supported by the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) through the Nuclear Science User Facilities, provides access to supercomputer systems and data storage along with support staff for system management, software installation, cybersecurity, and user support to the broader DOE-NE user community. A key component of this is providing long-term or perpetual data storage as part of efforts to improve reproducibility in modeling and simulation in addition to supporting simulations with regulatory compliance requirements. This milestone details the deployment of a new type of storage option for users requiring tamper resistant perpetual storage of data and the associated support for data control and release via the data storage web interface. The perpetual data storage system is integrated within the Open OnDemand framework deployed at INL and is called the ?WORM? in recognition of its write-once read-many characteristics.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Code associated with "Assessing the Effect of a Deep-Rooted Grass on Belowground Carbon Storage in Cultivated Land: Insights from a Multi-Site US Study"

R code associated with "Assessing the Effect of a Deep-Rooted Grass on Belowground Carbon Storage in Cultivated Land: Insights from a Multi-Site US Study" These scripts can be used to analyze the accompanying dataset: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16620529. (1) resampling_functions.R : Creates functions for resampling data for nonparametric bootstrapping (2) bootstrap_depth_profiles.R : Applies resampling functions to the dataset (3) gapfill_masscalcs.R : Prepares data for equivalent mass calculations (4) get_14C_EM.R : Applies soilR to obtain the 14C end member for mixing model calculations (5) mass_aggregate.R : Performs equivalent mass and mass weighted averaging calculations.

Carbon↗
DOE OSTI2023

Geomechanical Study for Stacked Carbon Dioxide Storage in North Dakota

Conference presentation at American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Conference, Houston, Texas, April 25–27, 2023. When multiple carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage targets are present in the subsurface at the same geographic location, a CO 2 storage project may pursue a stacked storage approach. This study focused on assessing geomechanical effects on dedicated storage in stacked saline aquifers during a 20-year CO 2 injection project life.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2025

[LCA UP] Processing and Liquefaction of NG and Storage of LNG DY2020

This unit process includes pipeline gas input, energy requirements, emissions, and losses, associated with processing, liquefaction and storage of natural gas at six different U.S. liquefaction facilities before it is exported.

LCA Unit Process; Liquified Natural Gas; Natural G↗
DOE OSTI2024

Solid State Solar Thermochemical Fuel (SoFuel) for Long Duration Storage

Efficient thermal storage systems, when coupled with renewable energy, enable the decarbonization of numerous industrial processes requiring high temperature steam or air, and provide a path for seasonal building heating, especially for colder climates. Existing thermal storage systems face a significant challenge due to losses inherent to all high temperature systems. A viable route to long-term storage is to use thermochemical reactions to convert concentrated solar energy to a fuel that is shelf-stable and can be stored at room temperature, thus eliminating losses associated with high temperature storage. The Solid-State Solar Thermochemical Fuel (SoFuel) technology developed by Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and Mississippi State University provides reactors and processes with minimal sensible heat losses and allows storing solar energy as a solid-state fuel at room temperature for long duration. The production of SoFuel occurs within a cylindrical cavity reduction chemical reactor that captures concentrated solar radiation from a solar field. Reactive magnesium manganese oxide (Mg-Mn-O) resides within the cylindrical cavity chemical reactor and undergoes thermal reduction as the temperature exceeds 1350°C. The thermally reduced Mg-Mn-O pellets (the SoFuel) are cooled down through a recuperative process and stored within a bin until used. The SoFuel can directly supply up to 1100°C heat to an adjacent power plant for electricity generation or industrial heating. Oxidation of SoFuel pellets occurs in a counter flow reactor and supplies heat to the user for electricity generation or industrial processing, after which the fuel is returned to the concentrating solar field where it is regenerated for re-use. Both reactors can be controlled well using a variety of strategies. With the low cost of the material, its cyclability, and the possibility of using the pelletized with on-sun reactors, or with electricity that would be curtailed, this project offers a viable option of medium- and long-term thermal energy storage.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solid State Solar Thermochemical Fuel (SoFuel) for Long Duration Storage

Efficient thermal storage systems, when coupled with renewable energy, enable the decarbonization of numerous industrial processes requiring high temperature steam or air, and provide a path for seasonal building heating, especially for colder climates. Existing thermal storage systems face a significant challenge due to losses inherent to all high temperature systems. A viable route to long-term storage is to use thermochemical reactions to convert concentrated solar energy to a fuel that is shelf-stable and can be stored at room temperature, thus eliminating losses associated with high temperature storage. The Solid-State Solar Thermochemical Fuel (SoFuel) technology developed by Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and Mississippi State University provides reactors and processes with minimal sensible heat losses and allows storing solar energy as a solid-state fuel at room temperature for long duration. The production of SoFuel occurs within a cylindrical cavity reduction chemical reactor that captures concentrated solar radiation from a solar field. Reactive magnesium manganese oxide (Mg-Mn-O) resides within the cylindrical cavity chemical reactor and undergoes thermal reduction as the temperature exceeds 1350°C. The thermally reduced Mg-Mn-O pellets (the SoFuel) are cooled down through a recuperative process and stored within a bin until used. The SoFuel can directly supply up to 1100C heat to an adjacent power plant for electricity generation or industrial heating. Oxidation of SoFuel pellets occurs in a counter flow reactor and supplies heat to the user for electricity generation or industrial processing, after which the fuel is returned to the concentrating solar field where it is regenerated for re-use. Both reactors can be controlled well using a variety of strategies. With the low cost of the material, its cyclability, and the possibility of using the pelletized with on-sun reactors, or with electricity that would be curtailed, this project offers a viable option of medium- and long-term thermal energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deep Learning–Assisted Multiobjective Optimization of Geological CO 2 Storage Performance under Geomechanical Risks

In geological CO 2 storage, designing the optimal well control strategy for CO 2 injection to maximize CO 2 storage while minimizing the associated geomechanical risks is not trivial. This challenge arises due to pressure buildup, CO 2 plume migration, the highly nonlinear nature of geomechanical responses to rock-fluid interaction, and the high computational cost associated with coupled flow and geomechanics simulations. In this paper, we introduce a novel optimization framework to address these challenges. The optimization problem is formulated as follows: maximize total CO 2 storage while minimizing geomechanical risks by adjusting the injection schedules within bounded constraints. The geomechanical risks are primarily driven by injection-induced pressure build-up, which is characterized by ground displacement and the induced microseismicity. We used the Fourier neural operator (FNO)-based deep learning model to construct surrogate models, replacing the time-consuming coupled flow and geomechanics simulations for evaluating the aforementioned objective functions. The developed surrogate models have been incorporated into a multiobjective optimization framework through a genetic algorithm to reduce the computational burden. The proposed optimization framework reduces the computational cost from approximately 2,400 hours, when using objective function evaluations based on physics-based simulations, to around 20 minutes. A set of Pareto-optimal solutions of the proposed workflow yields nontrivial optimal decisions, reducing the microseismicity potential and the vertical displacement. This Pareto front highlights the optimal trade-offs between CO 2 storage amount, safety, and ground displacement, emphasizing the need for careful optimization and management of injection strategies to achieve a balanced outcome. The novelty of this work is twofold. First, we demonstrate the importance of incorporating the minimization of the geomechanical risks as objective functions into the CO 2 storage optimization workflow to mitigate the potential risk of induced microseismicity and ground displacement. Second, we leverage the FNO-based surrogate models to optimize a real-field CO 2 storage operation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Drying and Analysis of Aluminum (Oxy)hydroxide Films for Dry Storage of Aluminum-Clad Spent Nuclear Fuels

In aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuels, an (oxy)hydroxide layer on the surface of the cladding hosts chemisorbed water formed during reactor and post-discharge exposure to water. Any residual water is susceptible to generating hydrogen via radiolysis, which can be a risk associated with dry fuel storage. Engineering-scale forced helium dehydration (FHD) and vacuum drying tests were conducted on mock-up fuel assemblies that included corroded aluminum surrogate plates to assess the removal of bulk and chemisorbed water. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on samples of the surrogate plates, both undried control samples used to determine onset temperatures associated with a phase change occurring in the oxide layer and samples from drying tests used to determine the effectiveness of each drying method. Both vacuum drying and FHD processes were capable of removing bulk water. However, FHD was determined to provide additional drying capabilities, including partial removal of chemisorbed water from bayerite due to the higher temperatures during drying. In conclusion, the temperature threshold for partial dehydroxylation of the oxide layer was determined to be around 220°C, meaning any drying methods attempting to remove chemisorbed water must exceed 220°C.

chemisorbed water↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pumped Storage Hydropower Augmented with Pressurized Air: The Ground-Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage (GLIDES) System — GLIDES System Configurations and Use Cases

Energy storage is essential for cost-effective integration of variable renewable energy sources to support a low-carbon grid. It is also a key enabler of a modern grid infrastructure for demand management. However, several main challenges remain for different kind of energy storage technologies in grid scale deployment. Currently, the largest source of utility-scale storage and long-duration storage in the US is pumped storage hydropower (PSH). Prospect of growth in conventional PSH faces challenges that have limited its deployment over the last three decades, including high capital costs and long deployment timelines. Batteries have high energy densities and are the primary technology of choice for small-scale energy storage. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is another large-scale energy storage technology, but there are few plants deployed worldwide. They suffer from their low round trip efficiency (RTE) due to the use of high-pressure air compressors. To address some of the challenges associated with these various storage technologies, the Ground-Level Integrated Diverse Energy Storage (GLIDES) is a modular PSH technology that was invented in 2015 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It utilizes gas compression to store electric energy. GLIDES stores energy by compressing gas using a liquid piston in high-pressure vessels. In doing so the vessels act as the upper reservoir in conventional PSH. Initially, the vessels are filled with gas to a prescribed pressure. To store energy, GLIDES uses a hydraulic piston pump to pump water into the pressurized vessels. As the water volume increases inside the vessels, water acts as a hydraulic piston compressing the gas on top of it. This process can be thought of as pumping water from the lower reservoir to the higher reservoir in PSH, increasing the water head. To dispatch the stored energy, the high-head water in the vessel is discharge through a high head Pelton hydraulic turbine that is connected to an electric generator. Employing high-pressure vessels enables GLIDES to reach water heads ~10-80 times higher than conventional PSH, achieving ~40 times higher energy densities, and overcomes the geographic limitation of conventional PSH. Although its energy density is much lower than that of batteries, GLIDES holds the potential advantages of having long service life, ease of system integration and being less hazardous over batteries. GLIDES prospective scalability could make it suitable for wide range of applications from behind the meter storage in buildings to grid-scale storage. It also makes it suitable for installations in densely populated urban areas where energy storage is most needed and real estate is limited. Over the last 5 years, work has focused on increasing GLIDES’ energy density, decreasing its initial capital cost of the system, and increasing its revenue potential. Several designs were developed and prototyped to verify and demonstrate the improvement in energy density. The latest prototype achieved energy density of 1.21 kWh/m 3 . Our analysis showed that it could achieve up to 1.7 kWh/m 3 with a mixture of air and carbon dioxide as the gas being compressed.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗