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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Porosity evolution during heating of copper made from powder by friction extrusion

Here, friction extrusion was used to compact and extrude solid copper rod from feedstock powders. Following extrusion, considerable porosity was observed throughout the extrudate cross section due to the entrained porosity in the feedstock material and the extrusion process. The thermal stability of the extrudate was investigated via a series of heat treatments. Porosity evolution exhibited three distinct stages—an unchanged plateau (0°C–300°C) followed by an abrupt increase (400°C–500°C) and ultimately a reduction, as the temperature increases (>500°C). The peak porosity measured was ~25%. The underlying driving force for pore evolution is described as the competition between the internal pore pressure, material strength, and sintering kinetics, as a function of temperature. The observed porosity evolution and driving force are not expected to be limited to copper. Thus, this manuscript reveals an important consideration regarding elevated-temperature thermal stability as advanced manufacturing methods involving direct powder extrusion are explored.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of Stability Diagram at IOTA at Fermilab

Nonlinear focusing elements can enhance the stability of particle beams in high-energy colliders by means of Landau Damping, through the tune spread which is introduced. We propose an experiment at Fermilab’s Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) to investigate the influence of nonlinear focusing elements on the transverse stability of the beam. In this experiment, we employ an anti-damper, an active transverse feedback system, as a controlled mechanism to induce coherent beam instability. By utilizing the anti-damper, we can examine the impact of the nonlinear focusing element on the beam’s transverse stability. The stability diagram, a tool used to determine the system’s stability, will be measured using a recently demonstrated method at the LHC. This measurement is carried out experimentally by selecting specific threshold gains and measuring them for a range of phases. The stability diagram is represented by gei¿ on the complex plane. The experiment at IOTA adds insight towards the stability diagram measurement method by supplying a reduced machine impedance, to investigate the impedance’s effect on the stability diagram, as well as a larger range of phase measurements.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Efficient IMEX Runge-Kutta Methods for Nonhydrostatic Dynamics

We develop new implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta (IMEX RK) methods for integrating horizontally explicit, vertically implicit (HEVI) partitionings of nonhydrostatic atmosphere models (HEVI models). These new methods, termed IMKG methods, are IMEX RK methods whose explicit part has optimal or near-optimal stability on the imaginary axis and whose implicit part is I-stable. A specialized stability region is presented for characterizing the stability of IMKG and other IMEX methods integrating HEVI models. Subsequently, we formulate two families of IMEX RK methods to enable deriving IMKG methods with a high explicit stage count for integrating HEVI models with large, stable time-steps. Here, we then derive a HEVI partitioning of the HOMME-NH nonhydrostatic model and use this model to compare the accuracy and efficiency of several IMKG methods with other IMEX RK methods from the literature.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

L{sup ∞} error bound of conservative compact difference scheme for the generalized symmetric regularized long-wave (GSRLW) equations

In this paper, we design a compact finite difference scheme which preserves the original conservative properties to solve the generalized symmetric regularized long-wave equations. The existence of the difference solution is proved by the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Applying the discrete energy method, the convergence and stability of the difference scheme is obtained, and its numerical convergence order is O(τ{sup 2}+h{sup 4}) in the L{sup ∞}-norm for u and ρ. For computing the nonlinear algebraic system generated by the compact scheme, a decoupled iterative algorithm is constructed and proved to be convergent. Numerical experiment results show that the theory is accurate and the method is efficient and reliable.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effects of Dopant Metal Variation and Material Synthesis Method on the Material Properties of Mixed Metal Ferrites in Yttria Stabilized Zirconia for Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production

Mixed metal ferrites have shown much promise in two-step solar-thermochemical fuel production. Previous work has typically focused on evaluating a particular metal ferrite produced by a particular synthesis process, which makes comparisons between studies performed by independent researchers difficult. A comparative study was undertaken to explore the effects different synthesis methods have on the performance of a particular material during redox cycling using thermogravimetry. This study revealed that materials made via wet chemistry methods and extended periods of high temperature calcination yield better redox performance. Differences in redox performance between materials made via wet chemistry methods were minimal and these demonstrated much better performance than those synthesized via the solid state method. Subsequently, various metal ferrite samples (NiFe 2 O 4 , MgFe 2 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , and MnFe 2 O 4 ) in yttria stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) were synthesized via coprecipitation and tested to determine the most promising metal ferrite combination. It was determined that 10 wt.% CoFe 2 O 4 in 8YSZ produced the highest and most consistent yields of O 2 and CO. By testing the effects of synthesis methods and dopants in a consistent fashion, those aspects of ferrite preparation which are most significant can be revealed. More importantly, these insights can guide future efforts in developing the next generation of thermochemical fuel production materials.

Leonard, Jeffrey↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Cyber Threat Mitigation Approach For Wide Area Control of SVCs using Stability Monitoring

We propose a stability monitoring approach for the mitigation of cyber threats directed at the wide area control (WAC) system used for coordinated control of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) used for power oscillation damping (POD) of active power flow on inter-area tie lines. The approach involves monitoring the modes of the active power oscillation on an inter-area tie line using the Matrix Pencil (MP) method. We use the stability characteristics of the observed modes as a proxy for the presence of destabilizing cyber threats. We monitor the system modes to determine whether any destabilizing modes appear after the WAC system engages to control the POD. If the WAC signal exacerbates the POD performance, the FACTS falls back to POD using local measurements. The proposed approach does not require an expansive system-wide view of the network. We simulate replay, control integrity, and timing attacks for a test system and present results that demonstrate the performance of the SM approach for mitigation.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Large-signal Stability Analysis of Grid-forming Inverters with Equivalent-circuit Models

Here, this paper proposes an energy function-based direct method for large-signal stability assessment of grid-forming (GFM) inverters leveraging an equivalent-circuit representation of all involved control- and physical-layer dynamics. Three different primary controls, a standard inner-current outer-voltage cascaded-control architecture, output LCL filter, and reference-current saturation limiting are featured in the modeling and analysis framework. A composite energy function for the GFM inverter is obtained by summing up individual energy contributions gleaned from the circuit representation. The approach can readily be generalized to different primary controls, output-filter arrangements, and current limiters since it is based on a circuit-theoretic foundation. Numerical simulations validate the efficacy of the approach in estimating the critical clearing time following a large-signal disturbance.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Carbon-rich icosahedral boron carbide designed from first principles

The carbon-rich boron-carbide (B{sub 11}C)C-C has been designed from first principles within the density functional theory. With respect to the most common boron carbide at 20% carbon concentration B{sub 4}C, the structural modification consists in removing boron atoms from the chains linking (B{sub 11}C) icosahedra. With C-C instead of C-B-C chains, the formation of vacancies is shown to be hindered, leading to enhanced mechanical strength with respect to B{sub 4}C. The phonon frequencies and elastic constants turn out to prove the stability of the carbon-rich phase, and important fingerprints for its characterization have been identified.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Atomistic modeling and HAADF investigations of misfit and threading dislocations in GaSb/GaAs hetero-structures for applications in high electron mobility transistors

A detailed investigation on the misfit and threading dislocations at GaSb/GaAs interface has been carried out using molecular dynamics simulation and quantitative electron microscopy techniques. The sources and propagation of misfit dislocations have been elucidated. The nature and formation mechanisms of the misfit dislocations as well as the role of Sb on the stability of the Lomer configuration have been explained.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

A molecular dynamics study of phase transition in strongly coupled pair-ion plasmas

Existence of phase transition in strongly coupled pair-ion plasmas with soft core is investigated. Extensive Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are performed in the canonical ensemble, for such plasmas, at different temperatures, to analyze phase stability. Our studies show interesting phase co-existence between liquid-like and vapor-like phases. The different phases are identified by calculating the ensemble averaged density. This and the corresponding critical properties are calculated directly from MD simulation. The critical temperature of vapor-liquid coexistence is obtained, and the corresponding critical value of density is also estimated for different sizes of the soft core. We have used a novel method that allows the location of phase coexistence through a constant density simulation in which the temperature is changed in a single time-step (quenching) in order to place the system in a thermodynamically and mechanically unstable state, resulting in spontaneous separation of two coexisting phases. The results obtained from this temperature quench MD method also show the coexistence of vapor-liquid phase in pair-ion plasmas. The critical exponents obtained directly from MD simulation are found to be in close agreement with the values predicted by a mean-field theory.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stability and dissociation dynamics of N{sub 2}{sup ++} ions following core ionization studied by an Auger-electron–photoion coincidence method

An Auger-electron–photoion coincidence (AEPICO) method has been applied to study the stability and dissociation dynamics of dicationic states after the N K-shell photoionization of nitrogen molecules. From time-of-flight and kinetic energy analyses of the product ions, we have obtained coincident Auger spectra associated with metastable states of N{sub 2}{sup ++} ions and dissociative states leading to N{sub 2}{sup ++} → N{sup +} + N{sup +} and N{sup ++} + N. To investigate the production of dissociative states, we present two-dimensional AEPICO maps which reveal the correlations between the binding energies of the Auger final states and the ion kinetic energy release. These correlations have been used to determine the dissociation limits of individual Auger final states.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Thermal transport in boron nitride nanotorus—towards a nanoscopic thermal shield

Nanotori, or nanorings, are topological variants of nanotubes and are conceived to have different properties from their tubular form. In this study, the toroidal arrangement of boron nitride is introduced. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, the thermal behaviour (thermal conductivity and thermal stability) of the boron nitride nanotorus and its relationship with the structural characteristics are investigated. Its circumferential thermal rectification strength displays a linear dependence on the bending coefficient of the nanostructure. Surface kinks are relatively inconsequential on its circumferential mode of conduction, as compared to its axial sense. The circumferential conductivity in the diffusive regime is calculated to be approximately 10 W/m K, while the axial conductivity is more than tenfold of this value. All nanotori with different toroidal characters show excellent thermal stability at extremely high temperatures approaching 3400 K. With consideration to its favourable properties, a thermal shield made up of a parallel row of nanotori is proposed as a nanoscale thermal insulation device.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Fourth Order Finite Difference Methods for the Wave Equation with Mesh Refinement Interfaces

In this work, we analyze two types of summation-by-parts finite difference operators for approximating the second derivative with variable coefficient. The first type uses ghost points, while the second type does not use any ghost points. A previously unexplored relation between the two types of summation-by-parts operators is investigated. By combining them we develop a new fourth order accurate finite difference discretization with hanging nodes on the mesh refinement interface. We take the model problem as the two-dimensional acoustic wave equation in second order form in terms of acoustic pressure, and we prove energy stability for the proposed method. Compared to previous approaches using ghost points, the proposed method leads to a smaller system of linear equations that needs to be solved for the ghost point values. Another attractive feature of the proposed method is that the explicit time step does not need to be reduced relative to the corresponding periodic problem. Numerical experiments, both for smoothly varying and discontinuous material properties, demonstrate that the proposed method converges to fourth order accuracy. A detailed comparison of the accuracy and the time-step restriction with the simultaneous-approximation-term penalty method is also presented. (An erratum is attached.)

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Virtual Element Method for the Full MHD system

In this manuscript we present a novel discretization for the incompressible MHD system. Our approach follows the framework of the Virtual Element Method and offers two main advantages. The method can be implemented in unstructured meshes making it highly versatile and capable of handling a wide array of problems involving interfaces, free-boundaries or adaptive refinements on the mesh. The second advantage involves the divergence of the magnetic field, our approach guarantees that it remains solenoidal. We include a theoretical proof of the condition on the magnetic field as well as energy estimates and a well-posedness study. The latter sheds light as to the stability properties of the method.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Stabilized scintillator

A stabilized scintillator includes a compound corresponding to formula (2) or (3), or activated derivatives thereof: A.sub.2BB'.sub.xB''.sub.yX.sub.6 (2) A.sub.2BB'X.sub.xX'.sub.y (3) wherein A and B are monovalent cations, B' is a trivalent cation, X is a halogen, x and y are molar percentages, x+y=1; B'' is an aliovalent exchange cation that has a different valence than B', X' is an aliovalent exchange anion that has a different valence than X. A method of preparing the stabilized scintillator is also disclosed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2015

Atomistic mechanisms governing structural stability change of zinc antimony thermoelectrics

The structural stability of thermoelectric materials is a subject of growing importance for their energy harvesting applications. Here, we study the microscopic mechanisms governing the structural stability change of zinc antimony at its working temperature, using molecular dynamics combined with experimental measurements of the electrical and thermal conductivity. Our results show that the temperature-dependence of the thermal and electrical transport coefficients is strongly correlated with a structural transition. This is found to be associated with a relaxation process, in which a group of Zn atoms migrates between interstitial sites. This atom migration gradually leads to a stabilizing structural transition of the entire crystal framework, and then results in a more stable crystal structure of β–Zn{sub 4}Sb{sub 3} at high temperature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗