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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

A general hybrid radiation transport scheme for star formation simulations on an adaptive grid

Radiation feedback plays a crucial role in the process of star formation. In order to simulate the thermodynamic evolution of disks, filaments, and the molecular gas surrounding clusters of young stars, we require an efficient and accurate method for solving the radiation transfer problem. We describe the implementation of a hybrid radiation transport scheme in the adaptive grid-based FLASH general magnetohydrodyanmics code. The hybrid scheme splits the radiative transport problem into a raytracing step and a diffusion step. The raytracer captures the first absorption event, as stars irradiate their environments, while the evolution of the diffuse component of the radiation field is handled by a flux-limited diffusion solver. We demonstrate the accuracy of our method through a variety of benchmark tests including the irradiation of a static disk, subcritical and supercritical radiative shocks, and thermal energy equilibration. We also demonstrate the capability of our method for casting shadows and calculating gas and dust temperatures in the presence of multiple stellar sources. Our method enables radiation-hydrodynamic studies of young stellar objects, protostellar disks, and clustered star formation in magnetized, filamentary environments.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hypercomplex Automatic Differentiation in the Eulerian Hydrocode PAGOSA

Enabling the computation of partial derivatives or sensitivities in production hydrocodes is beneficial for design, optimization, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty quantification. Traditional finite difference approximations of these sensitivities are inefficient since convergence studies of the step size is required for each parameter of interest. For these reasons, HYPercomplex Automatic Differentiation (HYPAD) was implemented in the Eulerian hydrocode PAGOSA. HYPAD is analogous to forward-mode automatic differentiation except hypercomplex numbers (numbers with multiple imaginary parts) are used instead of dual numbers. Accurate partial derivatives can be computed of all state variables with respect to multiple input variables in a single run. The method was implemented using operator overloading to handle hypercomplex algebra. HYPAD was demonstrated and verified on Sod’s shock tube problem to compute derivatives of the state variables with respect to a material parameter, initial conditions, and geometry.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRS1982

Screech suppression in supersonic jets

Jet screech from underexpanded sonic nozzles has been investigated experimentally. Multiple screech modes, or stages, are found to be present at some jet operating conditions. The fundamental screech tone of each mode attains a maximum amplitude at about 20 deg from the inlet axis, with higher harmonics exhibiting multiple lobes. The directivity of each harmonic is predicted quite well from a stationary array of acoustic monopoles, with phasing between consecutive monopoles determined by the shock cell spacing and eddy convection velocity. Large reduction of screech amplitude can be obtained from modifications to the nozzle exit, although the extent of this suppression is mode dependent.

Norum, T. D.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Interactions between Coronal Mass Ejections Viewed in Coordinated Imaging and In Situ Observations

The successive coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from 2010 July 30 - August 1 present us the first opportunity to study CME-CME interactions with unprecedented heliospheric imaging and in situ observations from multiple vantage points. We describe two cases of CME interactions: merging of two CMEs launched close in time and overtaking of a preceding CME by a shock wave. The first two CMEs on August 1 interact close to the Sun and form a merged front, which then overtakes the July 30 CME near 1 AU, as revealed by wide-angle imaging observations. Connections between imaging observations and in situ signatures at 1 AU suggest that the merged front is a shock wave, followed by two ejecta observed at Wind which seem to have already merged. In situ measurements show that the CME from July 30 is being overtaken by the shock at 1 AU and is significantly compressed, accelerated and heated. The interaction between the preceding ejecta and shock also results in variations in the shock strength and structure on a global scale, as shown by widely separated in situ measurements from Wind and STEREO B. These results indicate important implications of CME-CME interactions for shock propagation, particle acceleration and space weather forecasting.

Liu, Ying D.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Spectroscopy and Kinetics of Combustion Gases at High Temperatures

This report describes our research program that involves two complementary activities: (1) development and application of cw laser absorption methods for the measurement of concentration time-histories and fundamental spectroscopic parameters for species of interest in combustion; and (2) shock tube studies of reaction kinetics relevant to combustion. This first part of this report covers research during the final three-year support period, i.e. March 2012 – November 2015. The later part of this report summarizes research conducted over multiple-year periods between March 1988 to March 2012. Publications supported by DOE for each period are summarized at the end of that report section.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
NASA NTRS2016

Experimental Investigation of the Distribution of Shock Effects in Regolith Impact Ejecta Using an Ejecta Recovery Chamber

Because the mass-flux of solar system meteoroids is concentrated in the approx. 200 microns size range, small-scale impacts play a key role in driving the space weathering of regoliths on airless bodies. Quantifying this role requires improved data linking the mass, density and velocity of the incoming impactors to the nature of the shock effects produced, with particular emphasis on effects, such as production of impact melt and vapor, that drive the optical changes seen in space weathered regoliths. Of particular importance with regard to space weathering is understanding not only the composition of the shock melt created in small-scale impacts, but also how it is partitioned volumetrically between the local impact site and more widely distributed ejecta. To improve the ability of hypervelocity impact experiments to obtain this type of information, we have developed an enclosed sample target chamber with multiple-geometry interior capture cells for in-situ retention of ejecta from granular targets. A key design objective was to select and test capture cell materials that could meet three requirements: 1) Capture ejecta fragments traveling at various trajectories and velocities away from the impact point, while inducing minimal additional damage relative to the primary shock effects; 2) facilitate follow-up characterization of the ejecta either on or in the cell material by analytical SEM, or ex-situ by microprobe, TEM and other methods; and 3) enable the trajectories of the captured and characterized ejecta to be reconstructed relative to the target.

Christoffersen, R.↗
DOE OSTI2015

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MHD MAGNETIC RECONNECTION SIMULATIONS WITH A FINITE GUIDE FIELD: PROPOSAL OF THE SHOCK-EVOKING POSITIVE-FEEDBACK MODEL

Using a three-dimensional (3D) magnetohydrodynamic model, we simulate the magnetic reconnection in a single current sheet. We assume a finite guide field, a random perturbation on the velocity field, and uniform resistivity. Our model enhances the reconnection rate relative to the classical Sweet–Parker model in the same configuration. The efficiency of magnetic energy conversion is increased by interactions between the multiple tearing layers coexisting in the global current sheet. This interaction, which forms a positive-feedback system, arises from coupling of the inflow and outflow regions in different layers across the current sheet. The coupling accelerates the elementary reconnection events, thereby enhancing the global reconnection rate. The reconnection establishes flux tubes along each tearing layer. Slow-mode shocks gradually form along the outer boundaries of these tubes, further accelerating the magnetic energy conversion. Such a positive-feedback system is absent in two-dimensional simulations, 3D reconnection without a guide field, and reconnection under a single perturbation mode. We refer to our model as the “shock-evoking positive-feedback” model.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1989

Transonic airfoil design for helicopter rotor applications

Despite the fact that the flow over a rotor blade is strongly influenced by locally three-dimensional and unsteady effects, practical experience has always demonstrated that substantial improvements in the aerodynamic performance can be gained by improving the steady two-dimensional charateristics of the airfoil(s) employed. The two phenomena known to have great impact on the overall rotor performance are: (1) retreating blade stall with the associated large pressure drag, and (2) compressibility effects on the advancing blade leading to shock formation and the associated wave drag and boundary-layer separation losses. It was concluded that: optimization routines are a powerful tool for finding solutions to multiple design point problems; the optimization process must be guided by the judicious choice of geometric and aerodynamic constraints; optimization routines should be appropriately coupled to viscous, not inviscid, transonic flow solvers; hybrid design procedures in conjunction with optimization routines represent the most efficient approach for rotor airfroil design; unsteady effects resulting in the delay of lift and moment stall should be modeled using simple empirical relations; and inflight optimization of aerodynamic loads (e.g., use of variable rate blowing, flaps, etc.) can satisfy any number of requirements at design and off-design conditions.

Hassan, Ahmed A.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Establishing temperature from radiance of dynamically compressed metals

Precise temperature determination is a significant challenge in extreme environments of dynamic compression studies. How can radiance measurements taken in high-pressure shock experiments constrain temperature in a meaningful and physically consistent way? Experiments maintaining sample compression against a transparent window can be tailored to present a uniform measurement area with uncertain spectral emissivity. We compare several methods to analyze radiance collected at multiple wavelengths, applying statistical methods and physical principles to improve temperature inference. With proper radiance collection and analysis, dynamic temperature uncertainties become comparable to thermomechanical ambiguities of the emitting surface.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Three-dimensional shock structure of the Orion KL outflow with IGRINS

We report a study of the three-dimensional (3D) outflow structure of a 15″ × 13″ area around the H{sub 2} peak 1 in Orion KL with slit-scan observations (13 slits) using the Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrograph. The datacubes have a high-velocity resolution (∼7.5 km s{sup −1}), provide high-contrast imaging within ultra-narrow bands, and enable the detection of the main stream of the previously reported H{sub 2} outflow fingers. We identified 31 distinct fingers in the H{sub 2} 1−0 S(1) λ2.122 μm emission. The line profile at each finger shows multiple-velocity peaks with a strong low-velocity component around the systemic velocity at V{sub LSR} = +8 km s{sup −1} and high-velocity emission (|V{sub LSR}| = 45–135 km s{sup −1}), indicating a typical bow-shock. The observed radial velocity gradients of ∼4 km s{sup −1} arcsec{sup −1} agree well with the velocities inferred from large-scale proper motions, where the projected motion is proportional to the distance from a common origin. We construct a conceptual 3D map of the fingers with estimated inclination angles of 57°–74°. The extinction difference (ΔA {sub v} > 10 mag) between blueshifted and redshifted fingers indicates high internal extinction. The extinction, the overall angular spread, and the scale of the flow argue for an ambient medium with a very high density (10{sup 5}–10{sup 6} cm{sup −3}), consistent with molecular line observations of the Orion Molecular Cloud core. The radial velocity gradients and the 3D distributions of the fingers together support the hypothesis of a simultaneous radial explosion of the Orion KL outflow.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Stastically determined experimental uncertainties in photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) measurements

Shock-ramp experiments place high demands on the precision, accuracy, and temporal resolution of transformed velocimetry signals. To minimize uncertainty after total propagation of a shockramp experiment, ideally multiple PDV traces are used. However, each trace has some uncertainty that is a function of the PDV system and analysis of the velocimetry data. In order to determine a reasonable experimental estimate of minimum uncertainty, we calculate observed uncertainties in as-fielded PDV systems using multiple channels to sample the velocity on each shot. We also calculate the uncertainty’s sensitivity to choice of analysis methods.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1976

Flight effects on exhaust noise for turbojet and turbofan engines: Comparison of experimental data with prediction

It was demonstrated that static and in flight jet engine exhaust noise can be predicted with reasonable accuracy when the multiple source nature of the problem is taken into account. Jet mixing noise was predicted from the interim prediction method. Provisional methods of estimating internally generated noise and shock noise flight effects were used, based partly on existing prediction methods and partly on recent reported engine data.

Stone, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Breakdown of the conservative potential equation

The conservative full-potential equation is used to study transonic flow over five airfoil sections. The results of the study indicate that once shock are present in the flow, the qualitative approximation is different from that observed with the Euler equations. The difference in behavior of the potential eventually leads to multiple solutions.

Salas, M. D.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Improved scaling laws for the shock-induced dispersal of a dense particle curtain

Here, experiments were performed within Sandia National Labs’ Multiphase Shock Tube to measure and quantify the shock-induced dispersal of a shock/dense particle curtain interaction. Following interaction with a planar travelling shock wave, schlieren imaging at 75 kHz was used to track the upstream and downstream edges of the curtain. Data were obtained for two particle diameter ranges ( $d_{p}=106{-}125$ , $300{-}355~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ ) across Mach numbers ranging from 1.24 to 2.02. Using these data, along with data compiled from the literature, the dispersion of a dense curtain was studied for multiple Mach numbers (1.2–2.6), particle sizes ( $100{-}1000~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ ) and volume fractions (9–32 %). Data were non-dimensionalized according to two different scaling methods found within the literature, with time scales defined based on either particle propagation time or pressure ratio across a reflected shock. The data refelct that spreading of the particle curtain is a function of the volume fraction, with the effectiveness of each time scale based on the proximity of a given curtain’s volume fraction to the dilute mixture regime. It is observed that volume fraction corrections applied to a traditional particle propagation time scale result in the best collapse of the data between the two time scales tested here. In addition, a constant-thickness regime has been identified, which has not been noted within previous literature.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Spatiotemporal evolution of emission and absorption signatures in a laser-produced plasma

Here we report spatiotemporal evolution of emission and absorption signatures of Al species in a nanosecond (ns) laser-produced plasma (LPP). The plasmas were generated from an Inconel target, which contained ~0:4 wt. % Al, using 1064 nm, ≈6 ns full width half maximum pulses from an Nd:YAG laser at an Ar cover gas pressure of ≈34 Torr. The temporal distributions of the Al I (394.4 nm) transition were collected from various spatial points within the plasma employing time-of-flight (TOF) emission and laser absorption spectroscopy, and they provide kinetics of the excited state and ground state population of the selected transition. The emission and absorption signatures showed multiple peaks in their temporal profiles, although they appeared at different spatial locations and times after the plasma onset. The absorption temporal profiles showed an early time signature representing shock wave propagation into the ambient gas. We also used emission and absorption spectral features for measuring various physical properties of the plasma. The absorption spectral profiles are utilized for measuring linewidths, column density, and kinetic temperature, while emission spectra were used to measure excitation temperature. A comparison between excitation and kinetic temperature was made at various spatial points in the plasma. Our results highlight that the TOF measurements provide a resourceful tool for showing the spatiotemporal LPP dynamics with higher spatial and temporal resolution than is possible with spectral measurements but are difficult to interpret without additional information on excitation temperatures and linewidths. The combination of absorption and emission TOF and spectral measurements thus provides a more complete picture of LPP spatiotemporal dynamics than is possible using any one technique alone.

(140.3440) Laser-induced breakdown, (280.4788) Opt↗
DOE OSTI2017

Transition of dislocation glide to shear transformation in shocked tantalum

A TEM study of pure tantalum and tantalum-tungsten alloys explosively shocked at a peak pressure of 30 GPa (strain rate: ~1 x 10 4 sec -1 ) is presented. While no ω (hexagonal) phase was found in shock-recovered pure Ta and Ta-5W that contain mainly a low-energy cellular dislocation structure, shock-induced ω phase was found to form in Ta-10W that contains evenly distributed dislocations with a stored dislocation density higher than 1 x 10 12 cm -2 . The TEM results clearly reveal that shock-induced α (bcc) → ω (hexagonal) shear transformation occurs when dynamic recovery reactions which lead the formation low-energy cellular dislocation structure become largely suppressed in Ta-10W shocked under dynamic (i.e., high strain-rate and high-pressure) conditions. A novel dislocation-based mechanism is proposed to rationalize the transition of dislocation glide to twinning and/or shear transformation in shock-deformed tantalum. Lastly, twinning and/or shear transformation take place as an alternative deformation mechanism to accommodate high-strain-rate straining when the shear stress required for dislocation multiplication exceeds the threshold shear stresses for twinning and/or shear transformation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

Breakdown of the conservative potential equation

The conservative full-potential equation is used to study transonic flow over five airfoil sections. The results of the study indicate that once shock waves are present in the flow, the qualitative approximation is different from that observed with the Euler equations. The difference in behavior of the potential eventually leads to multiple solutions.

Salas, M. D.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Initialization of a modeled convective storm using Doppler radar-derived fields

A method is developed to initialize convective storm simulations with Doppler radar-derived fields. Input fields for initialization include velocity, rainwater derived from radar reflectivity, and pressure and temperature fields obtained through thermodynamic retrieval. A procedure has been developed to fill in missing wind data, followed by a variational adjustment to the filled wind field to minimize 'shocks' that would otherwise cause the simulated fields to deteriorate rapidly. A series of experiments using data from a simulated storm establishes the feasibility of the initialization method. Multiple-Doppler radar observations from the 20 May 1977 Del City tornadic storm are used for the initialization experiments. Simulation results are shown and compared to observations taken at a later time. The simulated storm shows good agreement with the subsequent observations, though the simulated storm appears to be evolving faster than observed. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.

Lin, Ying↗