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At least 523 records · Page 29

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DOE OSTI2021

Energy consumption and charging load profiles from long-haul truck electrification in the United States

Abstract The urgent need to decarbonize the transportation sector combined with falling battery prices has spurred industry and policy interest in long-haul truck electrification. The charging behavior and resulting loads from electrified long-haul freight trucks are crucial for the smooth operation of the electric grid and have far-reaching environmental impacts (e.g., greenhouse gas and other air pollutant emissions). However, the aggregate energy impact of a fleetwide shift to electrified long-haul freight trucking has not been explored. This study combines electric truck design scenarios, bottom-up truck weight modeling, vehicle energy modeling, large-scale truck traffic data, and simulation of likely operation and charging behaviors to estimate end-use energy consumption and location-specific hourly charging loads for a national fleet of long-haul electric trucks. Relative to a fleet of future diesel trucks, electrification would reduce direct end-use energy consumption by 0.9 × 10 18 J (0.9 quadrillion BTU), but electrification might increase life cycle energy consumption depending on the electricity source. The electricity required to charge long-haul electric trucks is equivalent to five percent of annual electricity consumption in the United States (US). The simulated truck charging loads peak during the day across the US grid regions, but the charging peaks’ exact timing is sensitive to when trucks are dispatched for operation. The load shapes suggest that electric trucks’ charging loads can coincide with peaks in solar power generation, and planning could enable on- or off-site integration between truck charging stations and renewable electricity generation.

Tong, Fan (ORCID:0000000346613956)↗

DOE OSTI2025

Policy and Cost Allocation Considerations for Large Electric Load Interconnections: Emerging Policy Trends in Rate Structures, Interconnection, and Cost Impacts on Other System Users

Load growth in the United States is rapidly increasing: load from data centers alone has tripled over the past decade, and this growth is forecasted to continue accelerating. These and other large electric loads (LELs) promise economic benefits at the state and local level, but their deployment has also led to increasing concerns about grid impacts and potential cost shifts onto other ratepayers. Legislators, regulators, and other stakeholders are increasingly proposing and enacting policies in effort to balance these and other considerations. This white paper reviews state-level legislation, selected utility rate cases, and relevant federal orders in an effort to describe and categorize relevant trends in policies related to LEL cost allocation, interconnection, and deployment. Policy categories identified through this review include tax incentives, rate actions, and requirements related to interconnection, permitting, and reporting. By offering a taxonomy of policies, this white paper aims to offer a resource to policymakers and other stakeholders navigating this transformative moment for the grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2026

Thermodynamic Control of Interface Directs MnO 2 Nucleation Chemistry for Dense and Conformal Electrodeposition

Manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) is widely recognized as a promising material for high-energy-density energy storage systems due to its broad applicability and facile electrodeposition. However, achieving uniform, thin, and high-mass-loading MnO 2 coatings on high-surface-area electrodes remains a significant challenge. Conventional electrodeposition methods typically yield nonuniform, thick layers with poor conductivity and limited material utilization, restricting their practical use. Here, we uncover a thermodynamically engineered vanadyl/pervanadyl (VO 2+ /VO 2 + ) interface that fundamentally reshapes MnO 2 electrodeposition chemistry, enabling highly uniform and dense coatings. Here, combining in situ AFM measurement, Classical Nucleation Theory, and Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov modeling, we show that this interface reduces early-stage detectable MnO 2 island size by 35-fold and shifts the MnO 2 growth from diffusion-limited to reaction-limited progressive nucleation. This thermodynamically controlled interface yields highly dense and conformal MnO 2 films with record-high mass loading of 241 mg cm –2 (1607 mg cm –3 ) on 3D-printed graphene aerogels, without compromising porosity or inducing thickness gradient. As a prototype demonstration, the resulting MnO 2 electrodes deliver record-setting volumetric performance in both capacitors (106 F cm –3 ) and Zn//MnO 2 pouch cells (162 mAh cm –3 ). Beyond energy storage, our findings demonstrate the significance of thermodynamic interface control in MnO 2 nucleation chemistry for achieving dense and uniform coatings on various substrates, with implications for electrocatalysis, semiconductor processing, and advanced materials manufacturing.

Batteries↗

DOE OSTI2023

Projecting Future Energy Production from Operating Wind Farms in North America. Part III: Variability

Abstract Daily expected wind power production from operating wind farms across North America are used to evaluate capacity factors (CF) computed using simulation output from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and to condition statistical models linking atmospheric conditions to electricity production. In Parts I and II of this work, we focus on making projections of annual energy production and the occurrence of electrical production drought. Here, we extend evaluation of the CF projections for sites in the Northeast, Midwest, southern Great Plains (SGP), and southwest U.S. coast (SWC) using statewide wind-generated electricity supply to the grid. We then quantify changes in the time scales of CF variability and the seasonality. Currently, wind-generated electricity is lowest in summer in each region except SWC, which causes a substantial mismatch with electricity demand. While electricity of residential heating may shift demand, research presented here suggests that summertime CF are likely to decline, potentially exacerbating the offset between seasonal peak power production and current load. The reduction in summertime CF is manifest for all regions except the SGP and appears to be linked to a reduction in synoptic-scale variability. Using fulfillment of 50% and 90% of annual energy production to quantify interannual variability, it is shown that wind power production exhibits higher (earlier fulfillment) or lower (later fulfillment) production for periods of over 10–30 years as a result of the action of internal climate modes. Significance Statement Electrical power system reassessment and redesign may be needed to aid efficient increased use of variable renewables in the generation of electricity. Currently wind-generated electricity in many regions of North America exhibits a minimum in summertime and hence is not well synchronized with electricity demand, which tends to be maximized in summer. Future projections indicate evidence of reductions in wind power during summer that would amplify this offset. However, electrification of heating may lead to increased wintertime demand, which would lead to greater synchronization.

Coburn, Jacob↗

NASA NTRS1982

Design of helicopter rotor blades for optimum dynamic characteristics

The possibilities and the limitations of tailoring blade mass and stiffness distributions to give an optimum blade design in terms of weight, inertia, and dynamic characteristics are investigated. Changes in mass or stiffness distribution used to place rotor frequencies at desired locations are determined. Theoretical limits to the amount of frequency shift are established. Realistic constraints on blade properties based on weight, mass moment of inertia size, strength, and stability are formulated. The extent hub loads can be minimized by proper choice of EL distribution is determined. Configurations that are simple enough to yield clear, fundamental insights into the structural mechanisms but which are sufficiently complex to result in a realistic result for an optimum rotor blade are emphasized.

Peters, D. A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Power electronics for low power arcjets

In anticipation of the needs of future light-weight, low-power spacecraft, arcjet power electronics in the 100 to 400 W operating range were developed. Limited spacecraft power and thermal control capacity of these small spacecraft emphasized the need for high efficiency. Power topologies similar to those in the higher 2 kW and 5 to 30 kW power range were implemented, including a four transistor bridge switching circuit, current mode pulse-width modulated control, and an output current averaging inductor with an integral pulse generation winding. Reduction of switching transients was accomplished using a low inductance power distribution network, and no passive snubber circuits were necessary for power switch protection. Phase shift control of the power bridge was accomplished using an improved pulse width modulation to phase shift converter circuit. These features, along with conservative magnetics designs allowed power conversion efficiencies of greater than 92.5 percent to be achieved into resistive loads over the entire operating range of the converter. Electromagnetic compatibility requirements were not considered in this work, and control power for the converter was derived from AC mains. Addition of input filters and control power converters would result in an efficiency of on the order of 90 percent for a flight unit. Due to the developmental nature of arcjet systems at this power level, the exact nature of the thruster/power processor interface was not quantified. Output regulation and current ripple requirements of 1 and 20 percent respectively, as well as starting techniques, were derived from the characteristics of the 2 kW system but an open circuit voltage in excess of 175 V was specified. Arcjet integration tests were performed, resulting in successful starts and stable arcjet operation at power levels as low as 240 W with simulated hydrazine propellants.

Hamley, John A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Power electronics for low power arcjets

In anticipation of the needs of future light-weight low-power spacecraft, arcjet power electronics in the 100- to 400-W operating range were developed. Power topologies similar to those in the higher 2-kW and 5- to 30-kW power range were implemented, including a four-transistor bridge-switching circuit, current-mode pulse-width modulated control, and an output current averaging inductor with an integral pulse generation winding. Reduction of switching transients was accomplished using a low inductance power distribution network, and no passive snubber circuits were necessary for power switch protection. Phase shift control of the power bridge was accomplished using an improved pulse width modulation to phase shift converter circuit. These features, along with conservative magnetics designs, allowed power conversion efficiencies of greater than 92.5 percent to be achieved into resistive loads over the entire operating range of the converter.

Hamley, John A.↗

NASA NTRS1993

The viscoelastic behavior of notched glassy polymers

In the bulk, glassy polymers exhibit a nonlinear viscoelastic response during deformation. Stress or strain induced damage (i.e. crazing, microshear banding) results in the production of nonrecoverable work and observed nonlinearity. Stress or strain dependent shift factors have been used to mathematically model the mechanical behavior of these polymers. Glassy polymers that have been notched, may exhibit very different load displacement response compared to the same material under bulk deformation. If a sharp notch is introduced into the body then loaded, the load displacement trace may appear to be single-valued in the absence of viscoelasticity and crack growth. This suggests the volume of damaged material is small compared to the overall dimensions of the specimen. The ability to produce a single-valued load-load-line displacement trace through the use of the Correspondence Principle may prove to be useful for fracture of viscoelastic materials.

Crook, R. A.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Condition Assessment of Kevlar Composite Materials Using Raman Spectroscopy

This viewgraph presentation includes the following main concepts. Goal: To evaluate Raman spectroscopy as a potential NDE tool for the detection of stress rupture in Kevlar. Objective: Test a series of strand samples that have been aged under various conditions and evaluate differences and trends in the Raman response. Hypothesis: Reduction in strength associated with stress rupture may manifest from changes in the polymer at a molecular level. If so, than these changes may effect the vibrational characteristics of the material, and consequently the Raman spectra produced from the material. Problem Statement: Kevlar composite over-wrapped pressure vessels (COPVs) on the space shuttles are greater than 25 years old. Stress rupture phenomena is not well understood for COPVs. Other COPVs are planned for hydrogen-fueled vehicles using Carbon composite material. Raman spectroscopy is being explored as an non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique to predict the onset of stress rupture in Kevlar composite materials. Test aged Kevlar strands to discover trends in the Raman response. Strength reduction in Kevlar polymer will manifest itself on the Raman spectra. Conclusions: Raman spectroscopy has shown relative changes in the intensity and FWHM of the ~1613 cm(exp -1) peak. Reduction in relative intensity for creep, fleet leader, and SIM specimens compared to the virgin strands. Increase in FWHM has been observed for the creep and fleet leader specimens compared to the virgin strands. Changes in the Raman spectra may result from redistributing loads within the material due to the disruption of hydrogen bonding between crystallites or defects in the crystallites from aging the Kevlar strands. Peak shifting has not been observed to date. Analysis is ongoing. Stress measurements may provide a tool in the short term.

Washer, Glenn↗

DOE OSTI2022

Economic Dispatch Optimization of Multi-Unit SMR Site

With the increase of integration of variable renewable into the grid, grid resilience can be compromised without flexible electricity suppliers. Flexible operation of NPP can expand the scope of integration of new nuclear power plants in regions with high share of renewables. It also provides opportunity to increase profits through participation in ancillary services. In this research, NuScale modules are used as the case study. NuScale is an integrated pressurized water reactor with thermal power of 250 MWth. Having multiple units can provide higher flexibility in changing power levels and supplying the grid with electricity all year long. Additionally, load-following might perturbate the ordered sequence of refueling (every 24 months for NuScale). To maintain the 2 year refueling cycles, the loading patterns will need to be adjusted in a year-to-year basis, resulting in additional unnecessary costs. Another solution is to find the optimal outage schedule. This will also shift the focus of the planned outage to a more optimized predictive outages and maintenance. Results from short-term optimization (i.e., daily participation in energy and ancillary services markets) shows that average commitment to regulation down ancillary service markets during late night and early morning hours can increase revenues. Participating in upward reserves during pre-work commuting hours and early evening hours can also generate additional revenues due to high ramp up of electricity demand. Having multiple units at a single site can also help operate flexibly. Results from long-term optimization show that daily fluctuation in electric power is usually handled by few units while other units operate on base-load profile. It is possible to combine base-load operation with flexible operation to extend component remaining useful life in some units and find optimal outage schedule for the units.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Higher loadings of Pt single atoms and clusters over reducible metal oxides: application to C–O bond activation

We develop higher loadings of isolated noble metal atoms and clusters on a mildly reducible metal oxide. Here we demonstrate the approach for Pt supported on TiO 2 and confirmed it by XRD, AC-HAADF-STEM, CO-FTIR, XAS, and XPS. Density functional theory calculations rationalize the experimental stability and the IR shifts using mixtures of CH 3 I and CO. The redispersed catalysts are thermally stable in inert gas or H 2 and afford enhanced selectivity and activity in hydrodeoxygenation reactions compared to metal nanoparticles by creating surface oxygen vacancies that promote C–O cleavage without side reactions. Higher metal loadings, e.g., 1%Pt/TiO 2 , on the oxide surface profoundly increase the activity of the bare oxide catalyst tenfold compared to ultra-low loadings typically used for single atom catalysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Understanding the effect of organic coatings on 4-nitrostyrene hydrogenation selectivity over Pt/TiO 2 catalysts

The hydrogenation of 4-nitrostyrene was investigated over Pt/TiO 2 catalysts to understand the effects of different catalyst coatings on product selectivity and reaction rates. This reaction is a much-investigated selectivity probe due to difficulty in controlling reactivity between the nitro and vinyl groups of 4-nitrostyrene, with C=C reduction generally being more favorable. 4-Nitrostyrene hydrogenation reactions were carried out in a batch reactor using uncoated, organothiol coated, phosphonic acid (PA) coated, and ion-conducting polymer (ionomer) coated catalysts. Thiols form dense coatings on Pt surfaces, whereas PAs preferentially accumulate on TiO 2 ; ionomer binding preference is unknown for this type of catalyst. The coating densities of the thiols and PAs were varied to observe the effects of loading on catalytic activity and reaction selectivity relative to the uncoated catalyst. Changes in selectivity were observed for catalysts with all coatings, with thiol coatings shifting selectivity towards the nitro reduction product, 4-vinylaniline (4-VA), and both ionomer and PA coatings shifting towards 4-ethylnitrobenzene, the olefin hydrogenation product. It was observed that selectivity toward 4-VA increased with thiol coating density, where 1,2-benzenedithiol (BDT) coated catalysts exhibited a selectivity of >99%. These changes were attributed to the identity of the adsorption sites blocked by the different coatings: blocking of metal sites via thiols decreased the rate of C=C hydrogenation, whereas blocking of TiO 2 sites by PAs decreased the rate of nitro group hydrogenation. The changes observed for ionomer and PA coatings suggested that ionomers, like PAs, bind preferentially to the metal oxide support rather than the active metal. This work provides new support to the proposal that nitro group hydrogenation preferentially occurs on TiO 2 sites after hydrogen spillover and underscores how selection of ligand functionality can be used to tune catalyst selectivity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Preparing Distribution Utilities for Utility-Scale Storage and Electric Vehicles: A Novel Analytical Framework

Emerging distributed energy resources (DERs)—such as solar photovoltaics (PV), battery energy storage systems (BESS), and electric vehicles (EVs)—are expected to increase substantially in India in the coming years following policy-driven targets of the Government of India to modernize its electricity system, reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), and improve air quality. These emerging technologies can pose challenges to distribution utilities, forcing overhauls in planning and operational practices. They can also create challenges in power system infrastructure planning and cause more frequent system operational violations (e.g., network voltage bounds and loading thresholds) if not properly integrated. The impacts on the localized power distribution grid from these emerging technologies manifest in increased infrastructure investments and erratic shifts in demand patterns. These impacts are not yet well understood, and analytic solutions are not readily available. To address these challenges, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in collaboration with BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. (BRPL), developed an advanced power distribution system impact analysis framework of BRPL’s distribution system. This framework helps analyze the readiness of the power distribution network to accommodate emerging technologies and the potential opportunities they might introduce. The framework has been predominantly set up to evaluate distributed PV, BESS, and EVs. In this collaboration between NREL and BRPL, we developed and evaluated the framework on two distribution feeders in the BRPL territory for various scenarios of BESS and EVs. BESS are evaluated for their effectiveness on the grid to mitigate present and future feeder overloading scenarios, and they are subsequently analyzed for their costs compared to the costs of traditional upgradation measures. Scenarios include assessing the effects of EV density on grid infrastructure upgrades and interlinking EV management with BESS integration.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2025

Optimizing Hydronic Heating for Comfort and Performance in Multifamily Housing

Inefficient control settings in multifamily boilers often lead to substantial energy and cost penalties. To address this, a Fault Detection and Diagnostic (FDD) tool was developed to automate data analysis and identify operational faults such as suboptimal outdoor temperature sensor placement, misconfigured outdoor air reset (OAR) curves, excess boiler cycling, and domestic hot water (DHW) setpoint errors. By comparing pre- and post-implementation periods and applying engineering models, the tool quantifies energy savings and reduces manual analysis time by over 90%. Testing on over 100 monitored sites and a targeted subset of 12 buildings showed an average 11% energy savings from remote optimization; further validation across 19 OAR curve changes confirmed the tool’s accuracy, predicting actual savings within ±5% for most cases. Simple payback can be under three years for many multifamily buildings, though rising hardware, labor, and fuel costs create uncertainties, and decarbonization goals increasingly shift focus to electrification. The FDD tool remains invaluable for optimizing existing boilers, enhancing future electrification measures, and adapting to new technologies by refining building load estimates. In doing so, it supports both near-term efficiency and long-term transitions to low-carbon alternatives, ensuring buildings achieve substantial cost and energy benefits throughout their system lifecycles.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Failure Strain and Related Triaxiality of Aluminum 6061-T6, A36 Carbon Steel, 304 Stainless Steel, and Nitronic 60 Metals, Part I: Experimental Investigation

The objective of this study is to develop failure-limit material models for Aluminum 6061-T6, A36 Carbon Steel, 304 Stainless Steel, and Nitronic 60 metals, based on parameters of plastic equivalent strain (failure strain) and stress triaxiality. The research is conducted in two parts. This paper presents Part One of the study. In Part One, custom-designed test specimens undergo controlled uniaxial tension and compression testing at ambient temperature. These tests are performed at quasi-static speeds using Universal Testing Machines (UTMs) in accordance with ASTM E8 and ASTM E9 standards. Experimental data, specifically engineering stress–strain and force–displacement curves, are recorded from the onset of loading until specimen fracture, or in the case of compression tests, until the capacity of the testing machine is reached. In Part Two, the emphasis shifts to the calibration of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models of the custom-designed test specimens. Plastic equivalent strain and the corresponding stress triaxiality values at failure are extracted from each test specimen for the given metal. These values are then systematically plotted onto a single graph to construct the failure-limit curve, which delineates the boundary conditions for material failure. This approach will facilitate the development of a comprehensive material property definition that correlates plastic equivalent strain with stress triaxiality at failure for Aluminum 6061-T6, A36 Carbon Steel, 304 Stainless Steel, and Nitronic 60 metals.

Harwell, Ron↗

NASA NTRS1981

Integrated Application of Active Controls (IAAC) technology to an advanced subsonic transport project: Wing planform study and final configuration selection

The Wing Planform Study and Final Configuration Selection Task of the Integrated Application of Active Controls (IAAC) Technology Project within the Energy Efficient Transport Program is documented. Application of Active Controls Technology (ACT) in combination with increased wing span resulted in significant improvements over the Conventional Baseline Configuration (Baseline) and the Initial ACT Configuration previously established. The configurations use the same levels of technology, takeoff gross weight, and payload as the Baseline. The Final ACT Configuration (Model 768-107) incorporates pitch-augmented stability (which enabled an approximately 10% aft shift in cruise center of gravity and a 44% reduction in horizontal tail size), lateral/directional-augmented stability, an angle-of-attack limiter, and wing-load alleviation. Flutter-mode control was not beneficial for this configuration. This resulted in an 890 kg (1960 lb) reduction in airplane takeoff gross weight and a 9.8% improvement in cruise lift/drag. At the Baseline mission range (3589 km 1938 nmi), this amounts to 10% block-fuel reduction. Results of this task strongly indicate that the IAAC Project should proceed with the Final ACT evaluation, and begin the required control system development and test.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1981

Integrated Application of Active Controls (IAAC) technology to an advanced subsonic transport project: Wing planform study and final configuration selection

This report summarizes the Wing Planform Study Task and Final Configuration Selection of the Integrated Application of Active Controls (IAAC) Technology Project within the Energy Efficient Transport Program. Application of Active Controls Technology (ACT) in combination with increased wing span resulted in significant improvements over the Conventional Baseline Configuration (Baseline) and the Initial ACT Configuration previously established. The configurations use the same levels of technology (except for ACT), takeoff gross weight, and payload as the Baseline. The Final ACT Configuration (Model 768-107) incorporates pitch-augmented stability (which enabled an approximately 10% aft shift in cruise center of gravity and a 45% reduction in horizontal tail sizes), lateral/directional-augmented stability, an angle-of-attack limiter, and wing-load alleviation. Flutter-mode control was not beneficial for this configuration. This resulted in an 890 kg (1960 lb) reduction in airplane takeoff gross weight and a 9.8% improvement in cruise lift/drag. At the Baseline mission range (3590 km) (1938 nmi), this amounts to 10% block fuel reduction. Good takeoff performance at high-altitude airports on a hot day was also achieved. Results of this task strongly indicate that the IAAC Project should proceed with the Final ACT evaluation and begin the required control system development and testing.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1995

The Role of Nutrition in the Changes in Bone and Calcium Metabolism During Space Flight

On Earth, the primary purpose of the skeleton is provide structural support for the body. In space, the support function of the skeleton is reduced since, without gravity, structures have only mass and no weight. The adaptation to space flight is manifested by shifts in mineral distribution, altered bone turnover, and regional mineral deficits in weight-bearing bones. The shifts in mineral distribution appear to be related to the cephalic fluid shift. The redistribution of mineral from one bone to another or to and from areas in the same bone in response to alterations in gravitational loads is more likely to affect skeletal function than quantitative whole body losses and gains. The changes in bone turnover appear dependent upon changes in body weight with weight loss tending to increase bone resorption as well as decrease bone formation. During bedrest, the bone response to unloading varies depending upon the routine activity level of the subjects with more active subjects showing a greater suppression of bone formation in the iliac crest with inactivity. Changes in body composition during space flight are predicted by bedrest studies on Earth which show loss of lean body mass and increase tn body fat in adult males after one month. In ambulatory studies on Earth, exercising adult males of the same age, height, g weight, body mass index, and shoe size show significantly higher whole body mineral and lean body mass. than non-exercising subjects. Nutritional preference appears to change with activity level. Diet histories in exercisers and nonexercisers who maintain identical body weights show no differences in nutrients except for slightly higher carbohydrate intake in the exercisers. The absence of differences in dietary calcium in men with higher total body calcium is noteworthy. In this situation, the increased bone mineral content was facilitated by the calcium endocrine system. This regulatory system can be by-passed by raising dietary calcium. Increased calcium intake can increase the calcium content in normally loaded bone. However, bone with a higher calcium content still decreases proportionally to normal bone during unloading. Nutritional requirements in space should be reevaluated with respect to these adaptive changes to loading and physical activity.

Morey-Holton, Emily R.↗