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At least 523 records · Page 29

Errors incurred in profile reconstruction and methods for increasing inversion accuracies for occultation type measurements

A method for augmenting the occultation experiment is described for slightly refractive media. This method which permits separation of the components of the gradient of refractivity, appears applicable to most of the planets for a major portion of their atmospheres and ionospheres. The analytic theory is given, and the results of numerical tests with a radially and angularly varying model of an ionosphere are discussed.

Gross, S. H.↗

Hybrid Semiloof elements for plates and shells based upon a modified Hu-Washizu principle

Hybrid SemiLoof elements for plates and shells are developed based upon modified Hu-Washizu principle. In the new version of the assumed stress hybrid formulation the equilibrium equations are satisfied through the introduction of internal displacement parameters as Lagrange multipliers. The inversion of the resulting H-matrices is simplified particularly when the stresses are expressed in terms of natural coordinates. A 24-DOF triangular element and a 32-DOF quadrilateral element based on shallow shell theory are derived and evaluated.

Pian, T. H. H.↗

Profiling Saturn's rings by radio occultation

The development of reconstruction algorithms that correct for diffraction effects in radio occultation measurements is described. The reciprocal Fresnel transform relationship between the complex amplitude of the observed coherent signal and the complex microwave transmittance of the rings is derived using the Huygens-Fresnel formulation of the diffraction problem. The effects of the finite data segment width, the uncertainties in the Fresnel scale, systematic phase errors in the kernel of the inverse transform, reference oscillator instabilities, and random noise measurements on the resolution of the reconstructed transmittance are analyzed. Examples of reconstructed opacity profiles for some regions of Saturn's rings derived by applying the reconstruction theory to Voyager 1 at Saturn data are presented.

Marouf, Essam A.↗

Long-term variations of interplanetary magnetic field spectra with implications for cosmic ray modulation

The paper calculates yearly averaged power spectra of interplanetary magnetic field turbulence at 1 AU over the period 1965-1988 for fluctuations in the frequency range 5.8 x 10 exp -6 to 4.6 x 10 exp -5 Hz, corresponding to periods of 6-48 hr. The amplitudes of the spectra vary with the sunspot cycle and are inversely correlated with the intensity of about 10-GeV cosmic rays. The observed spectra are used to calculate a lower limit to the cosmic ray scattering mean free path employing resonant magnetostatic quasi-linear theory for both 'slab' and isotropic geometries of the turbulence. The mean free paths thus obtained are typically about 0.1 AU in the slab model and about 0.3 AU in the isotropic model, but they are not significantly correlated with the modulated galactic cosmic ray intensity recorded by neutron monitors. It is inferred that the scattering processes described by resonant magnetostatic theory play, at best, a very minor role in the solar modulation of about 10-GeV cosmic rays.

Bieber, John W.↗

Non-equilibrium effective field theory and second sound

We investigate the phenomenon of second sound in various states of matter from the perspective of non-equilibrium effective field theory (EFT). In particular, for each state of matter considered, we find that at least two (though sometimes multiple) qualitatively different EFTs exist at finite temperature such that there is always at least one EFT with a propagating second-sound wave and at least one with no such second-sound wave. To aid in the construction of these EFTs, we use the method of cosets developed for non-equilibrium systems. It turns out that the difference between the EFTs with and without second-sound modes can be understood as arising from different choices of a new kind of inverse Higgs constraint. Finally, we demonstrate that it is possible to bypass the need for new inverse Higgs constraints by formulating EFTs on a new kind of manifold that is like the usual fluid worldvolume, but with reduced gauge symmetries.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Probing Exotic Cross-Shell Interactions at N = 28 with Single-Neutron Transfer on 47 K

Here, we present the first measurement of the 47 K ⁡(𝑑, 𝑝⁢𝛾)⁢ 48 K transfer reaction, performed in inverse kinematics using a reaccelerated beam of 47 K. The level scheme of 48 K has been greatly extended, with nine new bound excited states identified and spectroscopic factors deduced. Uniquely, the 47 K ⁡(𝑑, 𝑝) reaction gives access to nuclear states that are sensitive to the interaction of protons and neutrons in the widely spaced 1⁢𝑠 and 𝑓⁡𝑝 orbitals, respectively. Detailed comparisons with SDPF-U and SDPF-MU shell-model calculations reveal a number of discrepancies between theory and experiment. Intriguingly, a systematic overestimation of spectroscopic factors and a poor reproduction of the energies for 1 − states suggests that the mixing between the 𝜋⁢𝑠$^1_{1/2}$⁢𝑑$^4_{3/2}$ and 𝜋⁢𝑠$^2_{1/2}$⁢𝑑$^3_{3/2}$ proton configurations in 48 K is not correctly described using current interactions, challenging our description of light nuclei around the 𝑁 = 28 island of inversion.

Paxman, Charlie J. [Univ. of Surrey, Guildford (Un↗

Optical Activity of Chiral Excitons

Recent activity in the area of chiroptical phenomena has been focused on the connection between structural asymmetry, electron spin configuration and light/matter interactions in chiral semiconductors. In these systems, spin‐splitting phenomena emerge due to inversion symmetry breaking and the presence of extended electronic states, yet the connection to chiroptical phenomena is lacking. Here, in this study, we develop an analytical effective mass model of chiral excitons, parameterized by density functional theory. The model accounts for parity mixing of the band edge Bloch functions resulting from polar distortions, resulting in allowed magnetic dipole transitions. Through the study of a prototypical chiral 2D hybrid perovskite semiconductor, we show that circular dichroism of the chiral exciton and its interband continuum emerges from spin‐splitting via cross‐coupling of Rashba‐like and chiral/helical spin‐texture components. To demonstrate the generality of our approach, and as a counterpoint, we apply our model to describe chiroptical properties of three‐dimensionally confined excitons in perovskite nanocrystals that occur without chiral lattice distortions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Urban morphology from a landscape perspective: How building morphology distribution land models (BMDLM) emulate pattern and process

Urban form (e.g., building morphology such as height or footprint) can be used to predict environmental footprints, such as energy/water consumption and carbon emissions. Although progress has been made in predicting building characteristics to fill gaps in observation or derive 3-D representations, the relationships between morphology and other variables such as land use and population are poorly understood. Understanding these relationships may enable projections for how cities will evolve with landscapes in the future. A suite of random forest models, the Building Morphology Distribution Land Models (BMDLM), was developed to determine how well building morphology for two distinct statistical measures (central tendency and frequency) can be predicted using land use (e.g., zoning) and population at different resolutions. Clark County, Nevada and Los Angeles County, California are explored as case studies. Generally, 1-km models outperformed 30-m models. Frequency distribution models had the best performance, especially in LA County. Frequency models significantly outperformed spatial autocorrelative models using inverse distance weighting (IDW). BMDLM offers a new take on modeling urban form in which generalized landscape patterns are characterized to understand the influence of population and zoning on urban development, as described by urban scaling theory.

Sturtevant, Jillian [Baylor Univ., Waco, TX (Unite↗

Electrical switching of a p-wave magnet

Magnetic states with zero magnetization but non-relativistic spin splitting are outstanding candidates for the next generation of spintronic devices. Their electronvolt (eV)-scale spin splitting, ultrafast spin dynamics and nearly vanishing stray fields make them particularly promising for several applications. A variety of such magnetic states with non-trivial spin textures have been identified recently, including even-parity d-wave, g-wave or i-wave altermagnets and odd-parity p-wave magnets. Achieving voltage-based control of the non-uniform spin polarization of these magnetic states is of great interest for realizing energy-efficient and compact devices for information storage and processing. Spin-spiral type II multiferroics are optimal candidates for such voltage-based control, as they exhibit an inversion-symmetry-breaking magnetic order that directly induces ferroelectric polarization, allowing for symmetry-protected cross-control between spin chirality and polar order. Here we combine photocurrent measurements, first-principles calculations and group-theory analysis to provide direct evidence that the spin polarization of the spin-spiral type II multiferroic NiI 2 exhibits odd-parity character connected to the spiral chirality. The symmetry-protected coupling between chirality and polar order enables electrical control of a primarily non-relativistic spin polarization. Our findings represent an observation of p-wave magnetism in a spin-spiral type II multiferroic, which may lead to the development of voltage-based switching of non-relativistic spin polarization in compensated magnets.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Polarization consistent dielectric screening in polarizable continuum model calculations of solvation energies

A polarization consistent framework, where dielectric screening is affected consistently in polarizable continuum model (PCM) calculations, is employed for the study of solvation energies. The computational framework combines a screened range-separated-hybrid functional (SRSH) with PCM calculations, SRSH-PCM, where dielectric screening is imposed in both PCM self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) iterations and the electronic structure Hamiltonian. We begin by demonstrating the impact of modifying the Hamiltonian to include such dielectric screening in SCRF iterations by considering the solutions of electrostatically embedded Hartree–Fock (HF) exact exchange equations. Long-range screened HF-PCM calculations are shown to capture properly the linear dependence of gap energy of frontier orbitals on the inverse of the dielectric constant, whereas unscreened HF-PCM orbital energies are fallaciously semi-constant with respect to the dielectric constant and, therefore, inconsistent with the ionization energy gaps. Similar trends affect density functional theory (DFT) calculations that aim to achieve predictive quality. Importantly, the dielectric screened calculations are shown to significantly affect DFT- and HF PCM-based solvation energies, where screened solvation energies are smaller compared to the unscreened values. Importantly, SRSH-PCM, therefore, appears to reduce the tendency of DFT-PCM to overestimate solvation energies, where we find the effect to increase with the dielectric constant and the polarity of the molecular solute, trends that enhance the quality of DFT-PCM calculations of solvation energy. Understanding the relationship of dielectric screening in the Hamiltonian and DFT-PCM calculations can ultimately benefit on-going efforts for the design of predictive and parameter free descriptions of solvation energies.

Chemistry↗

Fragmentation of faceted crystalline wires

The reduction of surface energy is a well-known driving force for the fragmentation of nanowires. Fragmentation can limit the service life of those small low-dimensional building blocks or can be controlled to induce beneficial shape changes. For isotropic surface energy, fragmentation is analogous to the classic Rayleigh-Plateau instability of liquid jets. However, commonly synthesized crystalline nanowires have strongly anisotropic surface energies and exhibit facets coinciding with cusps in the Wulff plot. Depending on growth orientation, different fragmentation behaviors have been seen in nanowires. Using phase-field simulations, we show that fragmentation of faceted nanowires with cubic crystal symmetry may occur by a finite-amplitude nonlinear instability, as opposed to a Rayleigh-Plateau-like linear instability, depending on nanowire growth orientation. Here, we carry out a weakly nonlinear analysis based on sharp interface theory to characterize the faceted nanowire shape corresponding to a surface-energy saddle point. The analysis predicts that the minimum amplitude of a periodic shape perturbation to trigger fragmentation increases with cusp strength but decreases inversely proportionally to the perturbation wavelength for long wavelengths, in good quantitative agreement with phase-field predictions. The results provide the theoretical foundation to predict nanowire stability as a function of length and surface energy in diverse applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Similarity theory of the buoyantly interactive planetary boundary layer with entrainment

A similarity model is developed for the vertical profiles of turbulent flow variables in an entraining turbulent boundary layer of arbitrary buoyant stability. In the general formulation the vertical profiles, internal rotation of the velocity vector, discontinuities or jumps at a capping inversion and bulk aerodynamic coefficients of the boundary layer are given by solutions to a system of ordinary differential equations in the similarity variable. To close the system, a formulation for buoyantly interactive eddy diffusivity in the boundary layer is introduced which recovers Monin-Obukhov similarity near the surface and incorporates a hypothesis accounting for the observed variation of mixing length throughout the boundary layer. The model is tested in simplified versions which depend only on roughness, surface buoyancy, and Coriolis effects by comparison with planetary-boundary-layer wind- and temperature-profile observations, measurements of flat-plate boundary layers in a thermally stratified wind tunnel and observations of profiles of terms in the turbulent kinetic-energy budget of convective planetary boundary layers. On balance, the simplified model reproduced the trend of these various observations and experiments reasonably well, suggesting that the full similarity formulation be pursued further.

Hoffert, M. I.↗

Calculation of fully three-dimensional separated flow with an unsteady viscous-inviscid interaction method

Three previous papers have shown that the viscous inviscid numerical methods were capable of calculating separated turbulent flows. The 'Semi-inverse method' and the models of the first author allow the computation of massive separations, stalled flows, and shock wave-boundary layer interactions, in two-dimensional or quasi-three-dimensional conditions, from low speeds to supersonic speeds. The 'Semi-implicit' method for time-consistent coupling allows for the computation of time-accurate transonic separated flow and buffer computations in two-dimensions. The present paper shows that the viscous-inviscid interaction approach is also able to compute the fully three-dimensional flow separation phenomena. The method is based on a thin-layer approximation of the theory of 'Defect-Formulation' that provides the viscous-inviscid splitting of the Navier-Stokes equations. A parametric analytical modelling of the 3D-turbulent velocity profiles is involved. Numerically, the 3D-velocity profiles are discretized in the normal z-direction and driven by parametric integral 3D-equations in direct or inverse modes in the x-direction. The viscous-inviscid coupling is fully 3D and solved the time-consistency problem with an extension of the 'Semi-implicit' method previously suggested in two-dimensions. A 3D inviscid subroutine with TSP approximation is used. Results are obtained for transonic steady flows over wings with shock-induced transonic separation. The method provides results for highly three-dimensional flow separations, such as induced by a three-dimensional through at the wall of a flat plate. The 3D viscous-inviscid coupling and the 3D model of the velocity field provide three-dimensional instantaneous skin-friction lines whose patterns exhibit the same complex topology as Navier-Stokes solvers, with foci, nodes, and saddle-points.

Leballeur, J. C.↗

Variational design principles for nonequilibrium colloidal assembly

Using large deviation theory and principles of stochastic optimal control, we show that rare molecular dynamics trajectories conditioned on assembling a specific target structure encode a set of interactions and external forces that lead to enhanced stability of that structure. Such a relationship can be formulated into a variational principle, for which we have developed an associated optimization algorithm and have used it to determine optimal forces for targeted self-assembly within nonequilibrium steady-states. We illustrate this perspective on inverse design in a model of colloidal cluster assembly within linear shear flow. We find that colloidal clusters can be assembled with high yield using specific short-range interactions of tunable complexity. Shear decreases the yields of rigid clusters, while small values of shear increase the yields of nonrigid clusters. The enhancement or suppression of the yield due to shear is rationalized with a generalized linear response theory. Furthermore, by studying 21 unique clusters made of six, seven, or eight particles, we uncover basic design principles for targeted assembly out of equilibrium.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Remote sensing of environmental particulate pollutants - Optical methods for determinations of size distribution and complex refractive index

A unifying approach, based on a generalization of Pearson's differential equation of statistical theory, is proposed for both the representation of particulate size distribution and the interpretation of radiometric measurements in terms of this parameter. A single-parameter gamma-type distribution is introduced, and it is shown that inversion can only provide the dimensionless parameter, r/ab (where r = particle radius, a = effective radius, b = effective variance), at least when the distribution vanishes at both ends. The basic inversion problem in reconstructing the particle size distribution is analyzed, and the existing methods are reviewed (with emphasis on their capabilities) and classified. A two-step strategy is proposed for simultaneously determining the complex refractive index and reconstructing the size distribution of atmospheric particulates.

Fymat, A. L.↗

Proton and helium cyclotron anisotropy instability thresholds in the magnetosheath

Both the protons and the helium ions of the terrestrial magnetosheath typically display T (sub perpendicular) greater than T (sub parallel), where perpendicular to and parallel to denote directions perpendicular and parallel to the background magnetic field. Observations of the highly compressed magnetosheath show an inverse correlation between these ion temperature anisotropies and the parallel proton beta. Computer simulations have demonstrated that these correlations are due to wave-particle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron anisotropy instabilities. These correlations correspond to linear theory thresholds of the proton cyclotron and the helium cyclotron instabilities. This paper uses linear Vlasov theory and the assumption of a constant maximum growth rate to obtain closed-form expressions for these thresholds as a function of the relative helium density and the parallel proton beta in a parameter model of the magnetosheath.

Gary, S. Peter↗

Isotopologue Consistency of Semi-Empirically Computed InfraRed Line Lists and Further Improvement for Rare Isotopologues: CO2 and SO2 Case Studies.

The semi-empirical molecular rovibrational IR line lists, such as ExoMol, TheoReTs, and Ames, combine the experimental accuracy and theoretical power to reach better than 0.1 cm-1 accuracy for line positions and better than 80-90% agreement for line intensities. The quality of these existing semi-empirical IR lists allows further improvements of intensity and line positions for those unobserved minor isotopologues. This paper presents our new BTRHE (Best Theory + Reliable High-resolution Experiment) strategy implementation. For line intensity, the isotopologue consistency and the patterns of mass dependence in the Ames-296K SO2 and CO2 IR lists are quantitatively presented along the mass-inverse coordinates. The consistency and patterns are better than those in existing experimental data. The methodology proposed here can be used to identify inconsistencies, outliers, and mistakes in intensities, and help improve Effective Dipole Model (EDM) and molecular IR databases. We call for an experimental study on the 50006 and 60007 bands of CO2 628. For line position predictions, a simple approach combining the variational IR line lists with Effective Hamiltonian (EH) model may refine the effective rotational constants A0/B0/C0 and quartic centrifugal distortion constants of minor isotopologues. The prediction accuracy may be improved by two orders of magnitude, i.e. reaching 0-5 MHz prediction accuracy in the range of J<20-30, Ka<10-20, and 0.01-0.02 MHz accuracy for A0/B0/C0. Several important factors have been systematically investigated and discussed, e.g. convergence, uncertainties, higher order terms, fixing EH parameters, mass coordinates, etc. Amicrowave (MW) line set consisting of 644,636 strong transitions for all 30 isotopologues and corresponding refined EH(Ames) parameters are reported in the supplementary material. This approach may be easily extended to rovibrational bands, hot bands, and other molecular systems.

Xinchuan Huang↗

Applicaton of radiative transfer theory to microwave transmission medium calibrations

Precise determinations of the transmission medium loss and noise temperature contribution which are important to the performance characterization of low noise microwave receiving systems and thermal noise standards are discussed. Tropospheric loss is frequently inferred from microwave radiometer noise temperature measurements. Interpretation of these measurements requires an inversion of the radiative transfer integral equation. This is inconvenient even with computer techniques. Solutions of a rapidly convergent power series of the radiative transfer equations are presented. This solution is applicable to a low loss medium with either uniform or nonuniform loss distributions. A four layer atmosphere model is investigated to demonstrate the accuracy of the solution relative to the model. Applications include thermal noise standards and single- and dual-frequency water radiometers.

Stelzried, C. T.↗