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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Recovered transient load analysis for payload structural systems

A recovered transient analysis technique is proposed wherein the results of a previous launch vehicle/payload system can be used to obtain the information on a new payload structure to be launched by an identical launch vehicle. The advantage of the proposed method is that the complete analysis can be performed within the payload organization with the same accuracy as that of a full scale, multiorganizational loads analysis. Also, the flight measured interface accelerations can be used as the forcing functions for more realistic representations of the dynamic environments.

Chen, J. C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

On the Feasibility of Market Manipulation and Energy Storage Arbitrage via Load-Altering Attacks

Around the globe, electric power networks are transforming into complex cyber–physical energy systems (CPES) due to the accelerating integration of both information and communication technologies (ICT) and distributed energy resources. While this integration improves power grid operations, the growing number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) controllers and high-wattage appliances being connected to the electric grid is creating new attack vectors, largely inherited from the IoT ecosystem, that could lead to disruptions and potentially energy market manipulation via coordinated load-altering attacks (LAAs). In this article, we explore the feasibility and effects of a realistic LAA targeted at IoT high-wattage loads connected at the distribution system level, designed to manipulate local energy markets and perform energy storage (ES) arbitrage. Realistic integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) systems are used to demonstrate the effects that LAAs have on locational marginal prices at the transmission level and in distribution systems adjacent to the targeted network.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1982

Structural fatigue test results for large wind turbine blade sections

In order to provide quantitative information on the operating life capabilities of wind turbine rotor blade concepts for root-end load transfer, a series of cantilever beam fatigue tests was conducted. Fatigue tests were conducted on a laminated wood blade with bonded steel studs, a low cost steel spar (utility pole) with a welded flange, a utility pole with additional root-end thickness provided by a swaged collar, fiberglass spars with both bonded and nonbonded fittings, and, finally, an aluminum blade with a bolted steel fitting (Lockheed Mod-0 blade). Photographs, data, and conclusions for each of these tests are presented. In addition, the aluminum blade test results are compared to field failure information; these results provide evidence that the cantilever beam type of fatigue test is a satisfactory method for obtaining qualitative data on blade life expectancy and for identifying structurally underdesigned areas (hot spots).

Faddoul, J. R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Probing the Morphology and Mobility of Amines in Porous Silica CO 2 Sorbents by 1 H T 1 – T 2 Relaxation Correlation NMR

Molecular and oligomeric amines supported in porous oxide supports are a promising class of CO 2 sorbent materials studied for CO 2 removal from diverse streams such as flue gas and ambient air. Among the various amines investigated, low molecular weight, hyperbranched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) are among the most extensively studied. While macroscopic structure–performance relationships relating the support structure, amine loading, and other factors affecting CO 2 sorption capacities and kinetics have been developed, structural and dynamic information about the organic amine phase in the porous support is less plentiful. The structure and mobility of amines impregnated in the pores of porous supports directly impact gas sorption, as the accessibility of amine sites in the pores directly relates to amine distribution in the pores and overall pore filling as well as the dynamics of the amine chains. Here, we prepare a family of mesoporous silica SBA-15 materials containing varying loadings of oligomeric (PEI) and molecular (TEPA) amines. 1 H T 1 –T 2 relaxation correlation solid-state NMR experiments are used to characterize the structural and dynamic properties of the confined amines. Both TEPA and PEI are shown to form multiple different domains in the pores, each with distinguishable dynamic properties. TEPA and PEI form more rigid layers around the silica support walls at lower organic loading fractions, characterized by lower mobilities, followed by the formation of more mobile domains less engaged in pore wall interactions at higher loadings. TEPA shows faster mobilities than PEI because of its lower molecular weight. TEPA also appears to more easily transfer between domains within the pores, leading to generally faster CO 2 uptake rates with higher sorption capacities, while PEI located closer to the pore walls remained much less mobile and is thus less engaged in CO 2 capture.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Physics-informed Data-driven Degradation and Prognostic For Hydropower System

The hydropower system is a cyber-physical system, and the industry is experiencing high operation and maintenance (O&M) costs along with increasing unplanned outages, primarily due to aging equipment and new asset loading patterns. Current (O&M) practices in asset management are predominantly reactive rather than predictive and systematic. To address these challenges, a proposed physics-informed data-driven degradation model aims to simulate the health of components in various environments. Its purpose is to accurately characterize wear and fatigue in the pilot components of hydropower systems. Additionally, the model provides informed confidence in prognostic predictions concerning asset degradation and remaining life.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Preparing Distribution Utilities for the Future - Unlocking Demand-Side Management Potential: A Novel Analytical Framework

The balance of supply and demand in the power systems has traditionally been served solely through generation and network capacity planning and operations. However, with increased requirements for flexibility due to the uptake in variable renewable generation sources such as wind and solar there is a need to increased demand-side flexibility. In addition, there are increased communications and flexibility capabilities emerging on the demand-side from the adoption of advanced metering infrastructures and smart meter deployment and intelligent loads such as smart thermostats and schedulable white goods (e.g. dishwashers and washing machines). Unlocking demand-side flexibility can bring system benefits from peak load reduction bringing about generation capacity and network upgrade deferral, to reducing demand and more efficient utilization of generation and network capacity. Unlocking demand-side flexibility is an evolving process for utilities and solutions must be tailored to each specific customer group. Demand-side management (DSM) is a broad set of tools that can include demand response (both dispatchable and non-dispatchable), energy efficiency and distributed energy resources and demand-side technologies. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in collaboration with BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. (BRPL) and Deloitte, examined the potential of DSM in BRPL’s service territory, developing detailed information on customer classes and willingness to participate in DSM. The study developed modeling frameworks for load analysis and the analysis tools to assess the potential of time-of-use tariffs in motivating customers to reduce their peak period energy consumption. The study shows that BRPL customers, specifically their domestic customers, are willing to participate in DSM programs and that time-of-use pricing can help BRPL reduce their peak demand and help unlock demand-side flexibility.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Simulate Wind Loading on RUTE SunTracker: Cooperative Research and Development (Final Report)

RUTE produces and delivers efficient, sustainable structural foundation systems for the wind and solar industries, instrumental in the effort to lower the cost of clean electricity and reduce CO2. RUTE's SunTracker is a high-clearance agrivoltaic solar array. The system uses raised cables, providing support with less materials and cost. These cables can provide tracking for increased energy generation and greater revenue, allowing the land beneath to be used for other means simultaneously. RUTE provided data files that NREL will use to perform computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to characterize and predict wind loading on the 6x6 RUTE SunTracker photovoltaic (PV) array. Varying both the panel orientations and wind speeds provides information on how the array can manage a variety of weather conditions. These results, in turn, inform RUTE's design and construction of these arrays.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Selective pseudocapacitive immobilization of REE elements on carbon based electrodes

Current extraction technologies for rare earth elements at ambient conditions are reagent and energy intensive, giving rise to significant quantities of secondary waste streams. Exploration of the removal of common cations from aqueous streams has been undertaken with carbon materials and have shown promising results. However, those promising materials have not been explored extensively for rare earth element capture from aqueous process streams. In this study, a carbon electrode was investigated for the adsorption and immobilization of REE elements from aqueous solutions. Cyclic voltammetry studies of the carbon electrode displayed a pseudocapacitive behavior where it was verified that cation adsorption is accompanied by an electron transfer process. Preliminary tests showed that a current density of 89.1 mA. g -1 , allowed for the pseudocapacitive adsorption (PSA) of Nd 3+ cation without the formation of rare earth hydroxides. Hence, the selective PSA of Nd 3+ was verified in an electrolyte solution with equimolar concentrations of Nd 3+ , Mg 2+ , Li + , Na + and K + , achieving separation factors of 8.6, 1.1, and 10.9 for Nd 3+ /Li + , Nd 3+ /Na + , and Nd 3+ /Mg 2+ , respectively. Analysis of the potential-time curves for the various cations suggests that storage of ions in the electrode involved pore-spacings rather than interlayer spacings and was corroborated by XRD analysis. Specific capacitance as high as >640 F.g -1 for Nd 3+ was also observed for the carbon electrode, with Faradaic efficiencies (FE) of > 20% for Nd 3+ and Mg 2+ , and > 9% for Na + . Furthermore, adsorption capacity of >125 mg g -1 after 4hrs of electrosorption was observed for Nd 3+ . In the presence of the Nd 3+ electrolyte, the electrode achieved increasing storage of Nd 3+ with >94% retention of Nd 3+ with a FE > 20% over 6 cycles between loading and releases in 1 M KCl solution. In conclusion, these preliminary results provide information and some guidance on the selective recovery of rare earth elements, such as Nd, in aqueous streams in the presence of competitive cations employing the use of carbon-based materials.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2025

Secondary Organic Aerosol from OH Oxidation of Acyclic Terpenes Is More Viscous and Less Volatile than That of Their Cyclic Analogs

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), a dominant source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) globally, exhibit emission rates and composition that are plant species-specific and vary with environmental stressors. A common outcome of plant stress is increased emissions of acyclic terpenes. The paucity of information about acyclic terpene SOA chemistry contributes to uncertainties in predictions of SOA global loadings and impacts on Earth’s radiative budget, particularly in a changing climate where acyclic terpene emissions could become more prominent. This study compared properties of SOA derived from OH oxidation of acyclic and cyclic monoterpenes (ß-ocimene, a-pinene) and sesquiterpenes (ß-farnesene, ß-caryophyllene). Single particle mass spectrometry was used for assessing shape, density, and evaporation kinetics of size-selected SOA particles, and nanospray desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (nano-DESI-HRMS) was used to measure molecular composition of SOA. Acyclic terpene SOA exhibited higher viscosity and lower volatility compared to cyclic terpene SOA, and had a greater volume fraction remaining (VFR) after ~24 hours of evaporation - approximately 1.3-1.6 times higher VFR than that of cyclic terpene SOA. Additionally, HRMS analysis revealed greater chemical diversity and higher fractions of extremely low volatility compounds (56-62% ELVOC/LVOC) in acyclic terpene SOA compared to cyclic counterparts (25-37% ELVOC/LVOC). Our findings highlight the potential importance of accounting for acyclic terpene aerosol chemistry under conditions of plant stress to improve predictions of SOA loadings and impacts.

SOA physical properties↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of grain dissolution on sloping ground

The static and dynamic stability of natural or constructed slopes can be affected by dissolution or dissolution-like phenomena. Their underlying mechanisms, however, remain unclear. New experimental results and discrete element simulations provide particle-level and macroscale information on the consequences of mineral dissolution on slope behavior. At the microscale, load-carrying grain arches develop around dissolving particles, the porosity increases, and contact force chains evolve to form a honeycomb topology. At the macroscale, while vertical settlements are the prevailing deformation pattern, lateral granular movements that create mass wasting are prominent in sloping ground, even under the quasi-static granular loss. Horizontal grain displacement is maximum at the surface and decreases linearly with the distance from the slope surface to become zero at the bottom boundaries, much like vertical granular displacement along the depth. Sediments with smaller friction angles and steeper slopes experience greater displacement, both vertically and horizontally. Slopes become flatter after dissolution, with the reduction in slope angle directly related to the loss in ground elevation, ΔH/H o . Yet, because of the porous fabric that results from dissolution, vertical shortening is less than the upper bound, estimated from the loss in the solid mass fraction, ΔH/H o ≈SF. Under water-saturated conditions, the post-dissolution fabric may lead to sudden undrained shear and slope slide.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

An Optimization-Based HVAC Load and PV Disaggregation Methodology With Contextual Supervision

Here, this letter presents an optimization-based Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and PV disaggregation approach. This letter builds on the previous works of authors, which discuss HVAC disaggregation strategy for aggregated levels without requiring sub-metered information. This letter expands on previous works to discuss optimization-based HVAC disaggregation by varying PV penetration scenarios with joint disaggregation of HVAC load and PV.

Analytics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Damage Accumulations Predictions for Boiler Components Via Microstructurally Informed Material Models

The goal of the project was to model material behavior and degradation during cyclic plasticity— with and without hold time—for nickel-based superalloys used in USC (ultra-super-critical) and A-USC (advanced-ultra-super-critical) boiler components. The study provided physically informed models, capturing the microstructural changes taking place in the industrial components under cyclic loading and long duration stress (up to 300,000 hours) and high temperature exposure (1100°F/593°C to 1400°F/760°C). The major developments were: 1) Qualitative and quantitative understanding of microstructure evolution (gamma prime precipitates), deformation (dislocation density), and damage mechanisms of Haynes ® 282 alloy. 2) Qualitative understanding of microstructural features generating local strain variations. 3) A continuum damage mechanics model (CDM) for Haynes ® 282 alloy at 1100°F to 1400°F capturing cyclic behavior with and without hold time. 4) Structural analysis for creep and LCF life predictions of an USC thick-wall Grade 91 superheater steel header and understanding life sensitivity to wall thickness of an AUSC Haynes ® 282 header.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Reliability for Backup Electric Power Systems

Hospitals, emergency services, military bases, ports, airports, industries, commercial facilities, and others rely on backup power systems to provide electricity for their critical loads during grid outages. The purpose of this report it to provide accurate reliability information on commonly deployed distributed energy resources (DERs) to improve quantitative estimates for the reliability of these backup power systems during a grid outage. A backup power system consists of DERs, an electric distribution system with its associated switches and other devices, and mechanisms to control and manage the flow of electricity. Too often, facilities and campuses fail to properly quantify the reliability of their backup power systems. DERs are assumed to be 100% reliable, with the only concern being the availability of fuel. Such assumptions can lead to gross errors in the backup system's reliability estimates, particularly for long-duration outages. This report provides a set of estimates for reliability of emergency diesel generators (EDGs), natural gas prime generators and combined heat and power (CHP) prime movers, solar photovoltaics (PV), wind turbines, and Li-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS). The estimates are derived from empirical data when available and supplemented by modeling results when needed. These reliability estimates are for the DERs ability to provide power during a grid outage, ranging from an hour to 2 weeks.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Bridging the Gap on Data and Analysis for Distribution System Planning: Information That Utilities Can Provide Regulators, State Energy Offices and Other Stakeholders

Electric utilities conduct planning annually to ensure their distribution system meets technical standards, policies, and regulations; addresses forecasted grid conditions; satisfies customer needs; and advances utility priorities. The plan identifies grid deficiencies, analyzes potential solutions, and prioritizes capital investments and other expenditures. About 20 U.S. states and jurisdictions require regulated utilities to file some type of distribution system plan with the public utility commission for review. Requirements for sharing distribution system data and analyses vary widely, from few specific requirements to a detailed list of information that must be provided. While utilities conduct extensive analysis to develop distribution system plans, in most jurisdictions regulators and stakeholders do not know what data are available and how the utility uses the data in planning and investing. This report aims to bridge the gap by increasing understanding of the types of data and analyses utilities employ to develop distribution system plans and how the information affects their decision-making. The report describes information that states and stakeholders can ask for related to 11 data categories: -Forecasting loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) -Scenario analysis -Worst-performing circuits -Asset management strategy -Hosting capacity analysis -Value of DERs -Grid needs assessment -Cost-effectiveness framework for investments -Distribution system investment strategy and implementation -Geotargeted programs -Non-wires alternatives procurements.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1988

Pupil measures of alertness and mental load

A study of eight adults given active and passive search tasks showed that evoked pupillary response was sensitive to information processing demands. In particular, large pupillary diameter was observed in the active search condition where subjects were actively processing information relevant to task performance, as opposed to the passive search (control) condition where subjects passively viewed the displays. However, subjects may have simply been more aroused in the active search task. Of greater importance was that larger pupillary diameter, corresponding to longer search time, was observed for noncoded than for color-coded displays in active search. In the control condition, pupil diameter was larger with the color displays. The data indicate potential usefulness of pupillary responses in evaluating the information processing requirements of visual displays.

Backs, Richard W.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Technology

In this session, Session WP3, the discussion focuses on the following topics: Monitoring Physiological Variables With Membrane Probes; Real Time Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Potential Applications in Space Medicine and Cell Biology; Optimum Versus Universal Planetary and Interplanetary Habitats; Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Technologies to the Prevention of Diarrheal Diseases in Nigeria; A Small G Loading Human Centrifuge for Space Station ERA; Use of the Bicycle Ergometer on the International Space Station and Its Influence On The Microgravity Environment; Munich Space Chair (MSC) - A Next Generation Body Restraint System for Astronauts; and Thermoelectric Human-Body Cooling Units Used By NASA Space Shuttle Astronauts.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2005

Lessons Learned in the Livingstone 2 on Earth Observing One Flight Experiment

The Livingstone 2 (L2) model-based diagnosis software is a reusable diagnostic tool for monitoring complex systems. In 2004, L2 was integrated with the JPL Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE) and deployed on-board Goddard's Earth Observing One (EO-1) remote sensing satellite, to monitor and diagnose the EO-1 space science instruments and imaging sequence. This paper reports on lessons learned from this flight experiment. The goals for this experiment, including validation of minimum success criteria and of a series of diagnostic scenarios, have all been successfully net. Long-term operations in space are on-going, as a test of the maturity of the system, with L2 performance remaining flawless. L2 has demonstrated the ability to track the state of the system during nominal operations, detect simulated abnormalities in operations and isolate failures to their root cause fault. Specific advances demonstrated include diagnosis of ambiguity groups rather than a single fault candidate; hypothesis revision given new sensor evidence about the state of the system; and the capability to check for faults in a dynamic system without having to wait until the system is quiescent. The major benefits of this advanced health management technology are to increase mission duration and reliability through intelligent fault protection, and robust autonomous operations with reduced dependency on supervisory operations from Earth. The work-load for operators will be reduced by telemetry of processed state-of-health information rather than raw data. The long-term vision is that of making diagnosis available to the onboard planner or executive, allowing autonomy software to re-plan in order to work around known component failures. For a system that is expected to evolve substantially over its lifetime, as for the International Space Station, the model-based approach has definite advantages over rule-based expert systems and limit-checking fault protection systems, as these do not scale well. The model-based approach facilitates reuse of the L2 diagnostic software; only the model of the system to be diagnosed and telemetry monitoring software has to be rebuilt for a new system or expanded for a growing system. The hierarchical L2 model supports modularity and expendability, and as such is suitable solution for integrated system health management as envisioned for systems-of-systems.

Hayden, Sandra C.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Impact of Canadian Wildfires on Mid Atlantic’s Region Air Quality: An Analysis Using ASDC Data

Wildfires pose a growing concern in North America due to their harmful impacts on air quality and public health, with increased wildfire activity in recent years leading to widespread smoke plumes that can transcend borders. The exposure of New York City (NYC), the most populous city in North America, to Canadian wildfire smoke highlights the substantial implications for public health and urban environments. To better understand the impact of Canadian wildfires on air quality in NYC, satellite data from the NASA Atmospheric Science Data Center (ASDC) at Langley Research Center, along with ground-based measurements and atmospheric modeling results, are analyzed. We examine concentrations of atmospheric aerosols—particularly PM2.5 particulate matter originating from Canadian wildfires—their dispersion patterns, and the duration and intensity of smoke events impacting NYC. Data from multiple satellites, such as those from the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC), are synergistically used to identify regions affected by wildfires and estimate aerosol loading. Ground-based measurements, including data from air quality monitoring stations, provide localized information for validation and calibration purposes. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the impact of Canadian wildfires on NYC's air quality and emphasize the importance of monitoring and prediction of transboundary smoke events using data synthesized from multiple sources, such as those provided by the ASDC. This information is crucial for policymakers, public health officials, and residents in affected areas to develop effective strategies for mitigating the health risks associated with wildfire smoke and improving air quality during wildfire seasons. The utilization of ASDC data in this research highlights the critical role of atmospheric remote sensing in addressing the challenges posed by wildfires and their consequences on regional scales.

Ingrid Garcia-Solera↗