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At least 523 records · Page 29

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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Data Fusion and Mining Techniques to Map Water Use and Drought across Spatial and Temporal Scales

As the world’s water resources come under increasing tension due to dual stressors of climate change and population growth, accurate knowledge of water consumption through evapotranspiration (ET) over a range in spatial scales will be critical in developing adaptation strategies. Remote sensing methods for monitoring consumptive water use (e.g, ET) are becoming increasingly important, especially in areas of significant water and food insecurity. One method to estimate ET from satellite-based methods, the Atmosphere Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model uses the change in mid-morning land surface temperature to estimate the partitioning of sensible and latent heat fluxes which are then used to estimate daily ET. This presentation will outline several recent enhancements to the ALEXI modeling system, with a focus on global ET and drought monitoring. Until recently, ALEXI has been limited to areas with high resolution temporal sampling of geostationary sensors. The use of geostationary sensors makes global mapping a complicated process, especially for real-time applications, as data from as many as five different sensors are required to be ingested and harmonized to create a global mosaic. However, our research team has developed a new and novel method of using twice-daily observations from polar-orbiting sensors such as MODIS and VIIRS to estimate the mid-morning rise in LST that is used to drive the energy balance estimations within ALEXI. This allows the method to be applied globally using a single sensor (in this case, initially MODIS with a planned transition to VIIRS) rather than a global compositing of all available geostationary data. Other advantages of this new method include the higher spatial resolution provided by MODIS and VIIRS and the increased sampling at high latitudes where oblique view angles limit the utility of geostationary sensors. This presentation will focus on global applications for mapping water use and drought using data mining and data fusion across spatial scales extending from 5-km to 30-m “field-scale” estimates.

Christopher Hain↗

NASA NTRS1972

Thermal characteristics of the moon.

The papers describe earth-based and in situ surface measurements of the thermal characteristics of lunar-type materials. A geophysical interpretation of the thermal history of the moon is given. Microwave emission from the moon and radar mapping of lunar surface roughness are studied. Lunar thermal aspects from Surveyor data, lunar surface temperatures from Apollo 11 data, the development of an in situ thermal conductivity measurement for the lunar heat flow experiment, and the Apollo 15 lunar heat flow measurement are reviewed. Thermal properties of granulated materials, thermal property measurements on lunar material returned by Apollo 11 and 12 missions, and thermal characteristics of lunar surface roughness are discussed. Individual items are abstracted in this issue.

Lucas, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Budget analysis of the boundary layer grid flights during FIFE 1987

An aircraft grid pattern was flown by the Canadian Twin Otter to map the low-level fluxes and structure over the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) research area in 1987. The time dependence and horizontal advection of heat and moisture were extracted from these flights, combined with surface flux measurements and boundary layer top measurements from radiosondes, to analyze the boundary layer budget using a mixed layer model. The results confirm the suggestion of an earlier study that the boundary layer top entrainment (when parameterized using the buoyancy flux) is nearly double the value used by many modeling studies. Both surface and aircraft data have been revised, and it now appears that the direct measurements of the sensible and latent heat fluxes by the aircraft underestimated these fluxes by about 20 percent, because of filtering and undersampling of long wavelength contributions.

Betts, A. K.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Color-Video Thermal Maps

Computer-simulation method produces color-video representation of temperatures in combustion-chamber wall. New method displays two-dimensional or three-dimensional temperature variation. Colors in display represent specific temperature ranges. Colors change to show changes in temperature with flow, pressure, heat flux, and other factors during startup, steady-state operation, and shutdown.

Wagner, W. R.↗

NASA NTRS1974

The application of ERTS imagery to monitoring Arctic sea ice

The author has identified the following significant results. Because of the effect of sea ice on the heat balance of the Arctic and because of the expanding economic interest in arctic oil and minerals, extensive monitoring and further study of sea ice is required. The application of ERTS data for mapping ice is evaluated for several arctic areas, including the Bering Sea, the eastern Beaufort Sea, parts of the Canadian Archipelago, and the Greenland Sea. Interpretive techniques are discussed, and the scales and types of ice features that can be detected are described. For the Bering Sea, a sample of ERTS-1 imagery is compared with visual ice reports and aerial photography from the NASA CV-990 aircraft. The results of the investigation demonstrate that ERTS-1 imagery has substantial practical application for monitoring arctic sea ice. Ice features as small as 80-100 m in width can be detected, and the combined use of the visible and near-IR imagery is a powerful tool for identifying ice types. Sequential ERTS-1 observations at high latitudes enable ice deformations and movements to be mapped. Ice conditions in the Bering Sea during early March depicted in ERTS-1 images are in close agreement with aerial ice observations and photographs.

Barnes, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Far-infrared observations of the Cepheus OB3 molecular cloud

The molecular cloud accompanying the Cepheus OB3 association is observed in the infrared at wavelengths of 10-400 microns. Far-infrared emission at 55 microns and 125 microns from the two CO hot spots, Cep A and Cep B, is mapped with a resolution of approximately one arcmin. Cep A is also mapped at 400 microns with a resolution of approximately one arcmin, and both hot spots are searched for 20-micron sources. It is noted that the Cep A hot spot appears to be heated by energy sources internal to the molecular cloud. The dust temperatures are considered sufficient to explain the gas temperatures provided the dust heats the gas by collisions. In marked contrast, the Cep B region appears to be heated from outside the cloud, with the strongest far-infrared emission arising near the interface between the molecular cloud and the S155 H II region. It is thought that the gas heating rate through collisions with dust may be insufficient to achieve the gas temperature observed in Cep B.

Evans, N. J., II↗

NASA NTRS1986

Linear simulation of the stationary eddies in a general circulation model. I - The no-mountain model

A linear primitive-equation stationary-wave model is developed to describe Northern Hemisphere winter stationary eddies on a sphere, and simulation results are compared with the predictions of a flat-lower-boundary GCM in extensive graphs and maps. The linear model is shown to reproduce the general behavior of the GCM well, with 10-30-percent underestimation of amplitudes in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical upper troposphere. The response to global heating plus transient eddy flux convergences is then decomposed into responses to total tropical forcing (heating plus transients) and total extratropical forcing (upper and lower tropospheric transients and latent, sensible, and radiative heating). The quality of the simulation is found to deteriorate rapidly if transient forcing is omitted, although somewhat better results are obtained by substituting thermal damping for transient forcing. The importance of low-level-transient parameterization for theories of time-mean low-level flow is emphasized.

Nigam, Sumant↗

NASA NTRS1987

Test flow calibration study of the Langley Arc-Heated Scramjet Test Facility

The test flow at the exits of two square cross-section contoured nozzles with nominal exit Mach numbers of 4.7 and 6 has been studied as calibration data for the NASA-Langley Arc-Heated Scramjet Test Facility over simulated flight conditions from Mach 5.5 (at altitudes from 98,600-128,000 ft) to Mach 7 (at altitudes from 108,000-149,000 ft). Nozzle exit contour maps of measured thermodynamic properties, calculated Mach number, and calculated mass flow are used to determine the mass flow approaching the inlets of various scramjet engines. Good agreement is found between experimentally measured facility total mass flow and facility total mass flow determined by integration of the nozzle exit mass flow contours.

Thomas, Scott R.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes - Reliability and implications for airborne flux measurements over the FIFE site

Estimates of the location and extension of the upwind ground area that affects flux observations most directly are examined to determine the reliability of airborne versus near-ground flux measurements. The theoretical issues regarding the 'footprint' are examined, and specific observations are analyzed by studying the data over a grid regarding sensible heat, latent heat, CO2, and greenness. The grid is footprint-corrected to correlate better with independently observed surface characteristics, and an optimized footprint is developed that satisfies the relationships between the observed variables. Optimized mapping of the surface flux is given which demonstrates the importance of considering local advection to correlate airborne and ground-based flux observations. The technique is particularly applicable to situations in which significant variations in the surface flux density exist.

Schuepp, P. H.↗

NASA NTRS1993

MAMS: High resolution atmospheric/surface properties

The Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor (MAMS) has been used for a number of investigations over the last 8 years. It has served as the basis for retrieval technique development, for atmospheric process studies, and to retrieve geophysical parameters at the surface (land and ocean). It was used most recently to collect high resolution visible and infrared imagery for the CaPE and STORMFEST experiments during FY91 and FY92. The Wildfire spectrometer (similar to MAMS but with different infrared channels) was also used during STORMFEST. The goals of MAMS during CaPE were: (1) to collect MAMS data to support the overall CaPE science objectives; (2) refine techniques for the retrieval of atmospheric moisture and surface geophysical parameters; (3) map the moisture distributions associated with the sea breeze front over Florida with MAMS ancillary satellite data on a case study basis; (4) identify surface features which may serve as local sources of heat and moisture and influence preferential convective regions over Florida, and (5) process MAMS data and derived relevant geophysical parameters to support other CaPE investigators. For STORMFEST both the MAMS and Wildfire spectrometers were used to collect unique multispectral data to study atmospheric processes. The Wildfire objectives were: (1) to collect high quality Wildfire data in conjunction with other in situ and remote measurements available during the STORMFEST field phase (1 February - 15 March 1992); (2) to develop algorithms to retrieve total ozone content and compare with those from TOMS and HIRS (IR); and (3) along with water vapor imagery, use the ozone data to better understand the 3-dimensional structure and dynamics of jet streaks and frontal systems in a case study investigation. The MAMS objectives were: (1) collect MAMS data to support a GSFC investigation of gravity waves; and (2) process the MAMS data to locate gravity wave features, and produce various moisture products in support of the gravity wave investigation. The research activities over the last year are presented and they focused on analyzing the CaPE data sets and collecting and starting preliminary analysis of the STORMFEST MAMS and Wildfire data.

Jedlovec, Gary J.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Technical report series on global modeling and data assimilation. Volume 6: A multiyear assimilation with the GEOS-1 system: Overview and results

The Data Assimilation Office (DAO) at Goddard Space Flight Center has produced a multiyear global assimilated data set with version 1 of the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS-1 DAS). One of the main goals of this project, in addition to benchmarking the GEOS-1 system, was to produce a research quality data set suitable for the study of short-term climate variability. The output, which is global and gridded, includes all prognostic fields and a large number of diagnostic quantities such as precipitation, latent heating, and surface fluxes. Output is provided four times daily with selected quantities available eight times per day. Information about the observations input to the GEOS-1 DAS is provided in terms of maps of spatial coverage, bar graphs of data counts, and tables of all time periods with significant data gaps. The purpose of this document is to serve as a users' guide to NASA's first multiyear assimilated data set and to provide an early look at the quality of the output. Documentation is provided on all the data archives, including sample read programs and methods of data access. Extensive comparisons are made with the corresponding operational European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses, as well as various in situ and satellite observations. This document is also intended to alert users of the data about potential limitations of assimilated data, in general, and the GEOS-1 data, in particular. Results are presented for the period March 1985-February 1990.

Suarez, Max J.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Characterization Testing of Lockheed Martin Micro1-2 Cryocoolers Optimized for 220 K Environment

The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE) Instrument on the Europa Clipper mission has baselined a Lockheed Martin high-power Micro1-2 pulse tube cryocooler operating at 135 Hz with a 220 K heat rejection temperature. This paper describes the testing and results of two Lockheed Martin Micro1-2 coolers optimized for these conditions. The thermal performance of the microcoolers was measured in vacuum for heat reject temperatures between 220 and 230 K. The coolers were operated with input powers ranging from 5 W to 40 W and drive frequency between 125 Hz and 145 Hz. The optimal drive frequency was strongly dependent on heat reject temperature. In addition, the exported forces and torques of the coolers were measured at 300 K heat rejection for input powers ranging from 5 W to 60 W and drive frequency between 120 Hz and 160 Hz. The exported forces were dependent on both piston amplitude and drive frequency. Moreover, the following were measured on one of the coolers: DC and AC magnetic fields at various locations, the off-state conductance of the pulse tube, and the effect of inclination angle of the pulse tube relative to gravity on the performance of the cooler. Finally, one of the coolers was subjected to random vibration testing.

Rodriguez, J.I.↗

NASA NTRS1998

An Assessment of the Axial and Radial Dilation of a DPIMS Tantalum Cartridge for Space Shuttle Flight Experiments

Ground-based heat treatment tests are planned on an argon gas-filled tantalum cartridge developed as pan of a Diffusion Processes in Molten Semiconductors (DPIMS) experiment conducted on NASA's Space Shuttle. The possibility that the cartridge may creep during testing and touch the furnace walls is of real concern in this program. The present paper discusses the results of calculations performed to evaluate this possibility. Deformation mechanism maps were constructed using literature data in order to identify the creep mechanism dominant under the appropriate stresses and temperatures corresponding to the test conditions. These results showed that power-law creep was dominant when the grain size of the material exceeded 55 gm but Coble creep was the important mechanism below this value of grain size. Finite element analysis was used to analyze the heat treatment tWs assuming a furnace run away condition (which is a worst case scenario) using the appropriate creep parameters corresponding to grain sizes of 1 and 100 gm. Calculations were also conducted to simulate the effect of an initial 3 tilt of the cartridge assembly, the maximum possible tilt angle. The von Mises stress and su-ain distributions were calculated assuming that the cartridge was fixed at one end as it was heated from ambient temperature to 1823 K in 1.42 h, maintained at 1823 K for 9.5 h and then further heated to an over temperature condition of 2028 K in 0.3 h. The inelastic axial and radial displacements of the cartridge walls were evaluated by resolving the von Mises strain along the corresponding directions. These calculations reveal that the maximum axial and radial displacements are expected to be about 2.9 and 0.25 mm, respectively, for both fine and coarse-grained materials at 2028 K. It was determined that these displacements occur during heat-up to temperature and creep of the cartridge is likely to be relatively insignificant irrespective of grain size. Furthermore, with a 3' tilt of the cartridge, the deflection is increased by only 0.39 gm which is negligible. Since the gap between the furnace heating elements and the cartridge is about 7.5 mm and less than the maximum radial dilation of 0.25 mm at 2028 K, it is concluded that the cartridge is unlikely to touch the furnace walls during the experiments.

Raj, S.V.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Monitoring Arctic Sea ice using ERTS imagery

Because of the effect of sea ice on the heat balance of the Arctic and because of the expanding economic interest in arctic oil and other minerals, extensive monitoring and further study of sea ice is required. The application of ERTS data for mapping ice is evaluated for several arctic areas, including the Bering Sea, the eastern Beaufort Sea, parts of the Canadian Archipelago, and the Greenland Sea. Interpretive techniques are discussed, and the scales and types of ice features that can be detected are described. For the Bering Sea, a sample of ERTS imagery is compared with visual ice reports and aerial photography from the NASA CV-990 aircraft.

Barnes, J. C.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Twenty-five years of aerodynamic research with infrared imaging

A review is presented of the commercial introduction of IR imaging systems in the midsixties that has opened the possibilities to visualize viscous interactions between a body and the surrounding airflow by mapping the surface temperature distributions on configurations of interest. The capability of IR imaging systems to produce in real-time thermograms, which can be interpreted both locally and globally, makes them useful for heat transfer and skin-friction aerodynamic studies. Attention is given to IR systems and data processing, supersonic and hypersonic studies, Space Shuttle flight experiments, subsonic and transonic studies, and propulsion studies.

Gartenberg, Ehud↗

NASA NTRS2009

Proceedings of the 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

The 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference included sessions on: Phoenix: Exploration of the Martian Arctic; Origin and Early Evolution of the Moon; Comet Wild 2: Mineralogy and More; Astrobiology: Meteorites, Microbes, Hydrous Habitats, and Irradiated Ices; Phoenix: Soil, Chemistry, and Habitability; Planetary Differentiation; Presolar Grains: Structures and Origins; SPECIAL SESSION: Venus Atmosphere: Venus Express and Future Missions; Mars Polar Caps: Past and Present; SPECIAL SESSION: Lunar Missions: Results from Kaguya, Chang'e-1, and Chandrayaan-1, Part I; 5 Early Nebula Processes and Models; SPECIAL SESSION: Icy Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn: Cosmic Gymnasts; Mars: Ground Ice and Climate Change; SPECIAL SESSION: Lunar Missions: Results from Kaguya, Chang'e-1, and Chandrayaan-1, Part II; Chondrite Parent-Body Processes; SPECIAL SESSION: Icy Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn: Salubrious Surfaces; SNC Meteorites; Ancient Martian Crust: Primary Mineralogy and Aqueous Alteration; SPECIAL SESSION: Messenger at Mercury: A Global Perspective on the Innermost Planet; CAIs and Chondrules: Records of Early Solar System Processes; Small Bodies: Shapes of Things to Come; Sulfur on Mars: Rocks, Soils, and Cycling Processes; Mercury: Evolution and Tectonics; Venus Geology, Volcanism, Tectonics, and Resurfacing; Asteroid-Meteorite Connections; Impacts I: Models and Experiments; Solar Wind and Genesis: Measurements and Interpretation; Mars: Aqueous Processes; Magmatic Volatiles and Eruptive Conditions of Lunar Basalts; Comparative Planetology; Interstellar Matter: Origins and Relationships; Impacts II: Craters and Ejecta Mars: Tectonics and Dynamics; Mars Analogs I: Geological; Exploring the Diversity of Lunar Lithologies with Sample Analyses and Remote Sensing; Chondrite Accretion and Early History; Science Instruments for the Mars Science Lander; . Martian Gullies: Morphology and Origins; Mars: Dunes, Dust, and Wind; Mars: Volcanism; Early Solar System Chronology; Seek Out and Explore: Upcoming and Future Missions; Mars: Early History and Impact Processes; Mars Analogs II: Chemical and Spectral; Achondrites and their Parent Bodies; and Planning for Future Exploration of the Moon The poster sessions were: Lunar Missions: Results from Kaguya, Chang'e-1, and Chandrayaan-1; LRO and LCROSS; Geophysical Analysis of the Lunar Surface and Interior; Remote Observation and Geologic Mapping of the Lunar Surface; Lunar Spectroscopy; Venus Geology, Geophysics, Mapping, and Sampling; Planetary Differentiation; Bunburra and Buzzard Coulee: Recent Meteorite Falls; Meteorites: Terrestrial History; CAIs and Chondrules: Records of Early Solar System Processes; Volatile and Organic Compounds in Chondrites; Crashing Chondrites: Impact, Shock, and Melting; Ureilite Studies; Petrology and Mineralogy of the SNC Meteorites; Martian Meteorites; Phoenix Landing Site: Perchlorate and Other Tasty Treats; Mars Polar Atmospheres and Climate Modeling; Mars Polar Investigations; Mars Near-Surface Ice; Mars: A Volatile-Rich Planet; Mars: Geochemistry and Alteration Processes; Martian Phyllosilicates: Identification, Formation, and Alteration; Astrobiology; Instrument Concepts, Systems, and Probes for Investigating Rocks and Regolith; Seeing is Believing: UV, VIS, IR, X- and Gamma-Ray Camera and Spectrometer Instruments; Up Close and Personal: In Situ Analysis with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry; Jupiter and Inscrutable Io; Tantalizing Titan; Enigmatic Enceladus and Intriguing Iapetus; Icy Satellites: Cryptic Craters; Icy Satellites: Gelid Geology/Geophysics; Icy Satellites: Cool Chemistry and Spectacular Spectroscopy; Asteroids and Comets; Comet Wild 2: Mineralogy and More; Hypervelocity Impacts: Stardust Models, LDEF, and ISPE; Presolar Grains; Early Nebular Processes: Models and Isotopes; Solar Wind and Genesis: Measurements and Interpretation; Education and Public Outreach; Mercury; Pursuing Lunar Exploration; Sources and Eruptionf Lunar Basalts; Chemical and Physical Properties of the Lunar Regolith; Lunar Dust and Transient Surface Phenomena; Lunar Databases and Data Restoration; Meteoritic Samples of the Moon; Chondrites, Their Clasts, and Alteration; Achondrites: Primitive and Not So Primitive; Iron Meteorites; Meteorite Methodology; Antarctic Micrometeorites; HEDs and Vesta; Dust Formation and Transformation; Interstellar Organic Matter; Early Solar System Chronology; Comparative Planetology; Impacts I: Models and Experiments; Impacts II: Craters and Ejecta; Mars: Volcanism; Mars: Tectonics and Dynamics; Martian Stratigraphy: Understanding the Geologic History of Mars Through the Sedimentary Rock Record; Mars: Valleys and Valley Networks; Mars: Aqueous Processes in Valles Marineris and the Southern Highlands; Mars: Aqueous Geomorphology; Martian Gullies: Morphology and Origins; Mars: Dunes, Dust, and Wind; Mars: Remote Sensing; Mars: Geologic Mapping, Photogrammetry, and Cratering; Martian Mineralogy: Constraints from Missions and Laboratory Investigations; Mars Analogs: Chemical and Physical; Mars Analogs: Sulfates and Sulfides; Missions: Approaches, Architectures, Analogs, and Actualities; Not Just Skin Deep: Electron Microscopy, Heat Flow, Radar, and Seismology Instruments and Planetary Data Systems, Techniques, and Interpretation.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1973

Investigation of configuration effects on entry heating distributions at Mach no. equal 8.0 (OH41)

Aerodynamic heating data were obtained on 0.006 scale models of four Rockwell International SSV double delta wing Orbiters in the Mach 8 variable density tunnel. A model of two previously tested Rockwell International Orbiters which are identified in the Configuration Description of this report were also tested. Orbiter surfaces were thermally mapped from the laminar through turbulent flight regimes during re-entry. Various modifications were made to model lower surfaces to determine the cause of transition in the vicinity of 3.0 million Reynolds number per foot. Re-entry data were acquired for angles of attack from 25 through 35 degrees at nominal Reynolds numbers per foot of 1.0, 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5 and 6.0 million utilizing the phase change paint technique. Launch data were acquired on the model upper surfaces for angles of attack of 0 and -5 degrees at nominal Reynolds numbers per foot of 3.0 and 6.0 million. A total of 70 orbiter heating runs and 6 material sample sphere runs were completed.

Gorowitz, H.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Proportional and Integral Thermal Control System for Large Scale Heating Tests

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Armstrong Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) Flight Loads Laboratory is a unique national laboratory that supports thermal, mechanical, thermal/mechanical, and structural dynamics research and testing. A Proportional Integral thermal control system was designed and implemented to support thermal tests. A thermal control algorithm supporting a quartz lamp heater was developed based on the Proportional Integral control concept and a linearized heating process. The thermal control equations were derived and expressed in terms of power levels, integral gain, proportional gain, and differences between thermal setpoints and skin temperatures. Besides the derived equations, user's predefined thermal test information generated in the form of thermal maps was used to implement the thermal control system capabilities. Graphite heater closed-loop thermal control and graphite heater open-loop power level were added later to fulfill the demand for higher temperature tests. Verification and validation tests were performed to ensure that the thermal control system requirements were achieved. This thermal control system has successfully supported many milestone thermal and thermal/mechanical tests for almost a decade with temperatures ranging from 50 F to 3000 F and temperature rise rates from -10 F/s to 70 F/s for a variety of test articles having unique thermal profiles and test setups.

Thermal Control System↗