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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
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Hot-wire Anemometry and Planned Test Entries

- Hot-wire anemometers are sensitive to mass flux and total temperature - Applications for hot-wire anemometry include - Determining the flow quality within a facility - Mapping the flowfield that is influenced by a model - Mean flow distortion - Boundary-layer instabilities & transition - It’s an especially important diagnostic if there is no line of sight - We use a constant temperature anemometer (CTA) at a high overheat & calibrate the wire using a modified King’s Law

Hypersonics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Exploration of Wire Array Metamaterials for the Plasma Axion Haloscope

A plasma haloscope has recently been proposed as a feasible approach to extend the search for dark matter axions above 10 GHz (≈40 μeV), whereby the microwave cavity in a conventional axion haloscope is supplanted by a wire array metamaterial. Since the plasma frequency of a metamaterial is determined by its unit cell, and is thus a bulk property, a metamaterial resonator of any frequency can be made arbitrarily large, in contrast to a microwave cavity which incurs a steep penalty in volume with increasing frequency. To assess the actual potential of this concept as a practical dark matter haloscope, the basic properties of wire array metamaterials have been investigated through an extensive series of S 21 measurements in the 10 GHz range. This report presents some new systematics of wire array metamaterials themselves including the approach to full plasmonic behavior, the applicability of the semianalytic theory of Belov, and estimates of the loss term which bode favorably for the plasmonic haloscope application. This present work constitutes the first precision test of the semianalytic theory of Belov et al., for which the predicted plasma frequency agrees with the experimental value at the 0.1% level.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Friction-based recycling: an evaluation of friction extrusion for fabricating Ti-6Al-4 V wire fabricated from machining chip feedstock

Abstract Titanium and its alloys are used in aviation and automobile industries due to their remarkable strength to weight ratio, but machining loss commonly is high with ~ 80 wt% of the material being converted to scrap. Recycling post-consumer Ti scrap directly into solid bulk products is a potential solution for repurposing valuable material. Further, eliminating fresh Ti sponge during recycling might lead to lower energy and greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, a solid-phase process known as friction extrusion was utilized to recycle Ti-6Al-4 V machining chips into solid wires which could be used as feedstock in additive manufacturing. The friction consolidation technique was first used to convert chips with varying degrees of oxygen content into solid billets for its use as feedstock material in subsequent friction extrusion. The extrudates were fabricated above the beta transition temperature, which was achieved by selecting the rotation rate and feed rate, to process the billets near 1000 °C using a tungsten-lanthana extrusion die. This work presents the first occurrence of friction extruded titanium alloy wires. The effect of friction extrusion on microstructural features, tensile properties, and texture are reported. Overall, the friction extrusion method is capable of directly recycling Ti-6Al-4 V scrap into extruded wire.

Friction Extrusion↗
DOE OSTI2015

Evolution of Intergranular Stresses in a Martensitic and an Austenitic NiTi Wire During Loading–Unloading Tensile Deformation

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction testing was carried out on a martensitic and an austenitic NiTi wire to study the evolution of internal stresses and the stress-induced martensite (SIM) phase transformation during room temperature tensile deformation. From the point of lattice strain evolution, it is concluded that (1) for the martensitic NiTi wire, detwinning of the [011](B19') type II twins and the {010}(B19') compound twins is responsible for internal strains formed at the early stage of deformation. (2) The measured diffraction moduli of individual martensite families show large elastic anisotropy and strong influences of texture. (3) For the austenitic NiTi wire, internal residual stresses were produced due to transformation-induced plasticity, which is more likely to occur in austenite families that have higher elastic moduli than their associated martensite families. (4) Plastic deformation was observed in the SIM at higher stresses, which largely decreased the lower plateau stresses.

lattice strain↗
DOE OSTI2023

Non-linear Wire Rope Isolator Model to Enhance Transportation Simulation of Fragile Equipment

Abstract Introduction Wire rope isolators are often used as means of vibration isolation for the transportation of fragile machine equipment. When deployed as suspension systems in a transportation scenario, a simple spring–damper model is often used to predict the dynamic loads that act on the structure being transported. However, this simple model has proved to be too simplistic to be used in the development of an accurate numerical model that can predict the vibration levels experienced by the inner components of fragile equipment during its transportation. This paper describes the experimental tests conducted on a wire rope isolator used for the transportation of the prototype SSR1 cryomodule. Materials and methods A hysteretic Bouc–Wen model has been used to analytically describe the force–deformation relationship of the wire rope isolators. The developed model of the isolator has been implemented in a larger model to simulate the actual transportation of the prototype SSR1 cryomodule, a section of the new PIP-II linear accelerator under construction at Fermilab. A series of multibody dynamic simulations with rigid and flexible components was used to numerically determine the acceleration of some critical components. Results and conclusions An actual experimental transportation was simulated using two numerical models: the developed Bouc–Wen model and a conventional spring–damper model. It is shown how the Bouc–Wen formulation of the isolator characteristics drastically improves the correspondence between experimental and simulated results if compared to a spring–damper model, especially in the range of 0–30 Hz which is the most critical for transportation problems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic simulations of wire turbulence

In this paper, we report on simulations of laboratory experiments in which magnetized supersonic flows are driven through a wire mesh. The goal of the study was to investigate the ability of such a configuration to generate supersonic, MHD turbulence. We first report on the morphological structures that develop in both magnetized and non-magnetized cases. We then analyze the flow using a variety of statistical measures, including power spectra and probability distribution functions of the density. Using these results we estimate the sonic mach number in the flows downstream of the wire mesh. Finally, we find the initially hypersonic (M s = 20) planar shock through the wire mesh does lead to downstream turbulent conditions. However, in both magnetized and non-magnetized cases, the resultant turbulence was marginally supersonic to transonic (M s ~1), and highly anisotropic in structure.

(Magnetohydrodynamics) MHD↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microstructure and microhardness of wire-based laser metal deposited AA5087 using an Ytterbium fibre laser

Highlights: • Heat conduction strongly affects the microstructural development. • Heat conduction conditions changes with increasing part height. • Anisotropic microstructural development affects the microhardness of the part. • Anisotropic mechanical properties along the structure are assumed. - Abstract: Wire-based additive manufacturing has been increasingly investigated in recent years. Although it is possible nowadays to manufacture structures that are free from inner defects such as porosity and cracks using wire and arc additive manufacturing, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding wire-based laser metal deposition of aluminium and its alloys. In order to be able to produce locally tailored part properties, it is necessary to understand the process parameter to material property relationships. Using laser energy sources, it becomes possible to analyse in detail the heat input and to observe occurring microstructural evolutions. This work includes a microstructural and mechanical characterization of an AA5087 wall structure. Detailed analyses of the chemical composition, texture, and microhardness of the structure have been performed. The microstructure contains different grain orientations as well as grain shapes and sizes along the structure, resulting in locally different material properties. The results have been analysed and discussed in reference to fundamental theories such as the Hall–Petch and Orowan mechanisms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Directed nanoscale self-assembly of molecular wires interconnecting nodal points using Monte Carlo simulations

The influence of directing agents in the self-assembly of molecular wires to produce two-dimensional electronic nanoarchitectures is studied here using a Monte Carlo approach to simulate the effect of arbitrarily locating nodal points on a surface, from which the growth of self-assembled molecular wires can be nucleated. This is compared to experimental results reported for the self-assembly of molecular wires when 1,4-phenylenediisocyanide (PDI) is adsorbed on Au(111). The latter results in the formation of (Au-PDI) n organometallic chains, which were shown to be conductive when linked between gold nanoparticles on an insulating substrate. The present study analyzes, by means of stochastic methods, the influence of variables that affect the growth and design of self-assembled conductive nanoarchitectures, such as the distance between nodes, coverage of the monomeric units that leads to the formation of the desired architectures, and the interaction between the monomeric units. As a result, this study proposes an approach and sets the stage for the production of complex 2D nanoarchitectures using a bottom-up strategy but including the use of current state-of-the-art top-down technology as an integral part of the self-assembly strategy.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Visualizing the strongly reshaped skyrmion Hall effect in multilayer wire devices

Magnetic skyrmions are nanoscale spin textures touted as next-generation computing elements. When subjected to lateral currents, skyrmions move at considerable speeds. Their topological charge results in an additional transverse deflection known as the skyrmion Hall effect (SkHE). While promising, their dynamic phenomenology with current, skyrmion size, geometric effects and disorder remain to be established. Here we report on the ensemble dynamics of individual skyrmions forming dense arrays in Pt/Co/MgO wires by examining over 20,000 instances of motion across currents and fields. The skyrmion speed reaches 24 m/s in the plastic flow regime and is surprisingly robust to positional and size variations. Meanwhile, the SkHE saturates at ~22 ° , is substantially reshaped by the wire edge, and crucially increases weakly with skyrmion size. Particle model simulations suggest that the SkHE size dependence - contrary to analytical predictions - arises from the interplay of intrinsic and pinning-driven effects. These results establish a robust framework to harness SkHE and achieve high-throughput skyrmion motion in wire devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Quantitative correlation between the void morphology of niobium-tin wires and their irreversible critical current degradation upon mechanical loading

Understanding the critical current performance variation of Nb 3 Sn superconducting wires under mechanical loading is a crucial issue for the design of next generation accelerator and fusion magnets. In these applications, the mechanical properties of the conductors may become a limiting factor due to the strong electro-magnetic forces resulting from the combination of large magnets and intense magnetic fields. In particular, the presence of voids in the superconducting filament structure, which are formed during the fabrication and the reaction heat treatment, determines localized stress concentrations and possibly the formation of cracks. In this work, we demonstrate a quantitative correlation between the void morphology and the electro-mechanical limits measured on different Bronze route Nb 3 Sn wires. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) prior to the reaction heat treatment is utilized to partially eliminate the voids. The wires’ void distributions - with and without HIP treatment - are detected and statistically analyzed using high energy X-ray micro tomography. The stress concentration due to the shape and distribution of the voids as well as their impact on the electro-mechanical properties are determined through finite element method modeling. Lastly, the results are quantitatively correlated with the experimentally determined limits of the irreversible critical current degradation upon mechanical loading.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Precipitous change of the irreversible strain limit with heat-treatment temperature in Nb 3 Sn wires made by the restacked-rod process

The intrinsic irreversible strain limit ε irr,0 of Nb 3 Sn superconducting wires, made by the restacked-rod process and doped with either Ti or Ta, undergoes a precipitous change as a function of temperature θ of the final heat-treatment for forming the A15 phase. Nb 3 Sn transitions from a highly brittle state where it cracks as soon as it is subjected to an axial tensile strain of any measurable amount, to a state more resilient to tensile strain as high as 0.4%. The remarkable abruptness of this transition (as most of it occurs over a range of only 10 °C) could pose real challenges for the heat-treatment of large magnets, such as those fabricated for the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We named this behavior the strain irreversibility cliff (SIC) to caution magnet developers. The approach to fulfilling application requirements just in terms of the conductor’s residual resistivity ratio RRR and critical-current density J c is incomplete. Along with RRR and J c wire specifications, and sub-element size requirements that reduce wire magnetization and instabilities effects, SIC imposes additional constraints on the choice of heat-treatment conditions to ensure mechanical integrity of the conductor.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Implications of the strain irreversibility cliff on the fabrication of particle-accelerator magnets made of restacked-rod-process Nb3Sn wires

Abstract The strain irreversibility cliff (SIC), marking the abrupt change of the intrinsic irreversible strain limit ε irr,0 as a function of heat-treatment (HT) temperature θ in Nb 3 Sn superconducting wires made by the restacked-rod process (RRP ® ), is confirmed in various wire designs. It adds to the complexity of reconciling conflicting requirements on conductors for fabricating magnets. Those intended for the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hardon Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) facility require maintaining the residual resistivity ratio RRR of conductors above 150 to ensure stability of magnets against quenching. This benchmark may compromise the conductors’ mechanical integrity if their ε irr,0 is within or at the bottom of SIC. In this coupled investigation of strain and RRR properties to fully assess the implications of SIC, we introduce an electro-mechanical stability criterion that takes into account both aspects. For standard-Sn billets, this requires a strikingly narrow HT temperature window that is impractical. On the other hand, reduced-Sn billets offer a significantly wider choice of θ , not only for ensuring that ε irr,0 is located at the SIC plateau while RRR ≥ 150, but also for containing the strain-induced irreversible degradation of the conductor’s critical-current beyond ε irr,0 . This study suggests that HT of LHC magnets, made of reduced-Sn wires having a Nb/Sn ratio of 3.6 and 108/127 restacking architecture, be operated at θ in the range of 680 to 695 °C (when the dwell time is 48 hours).

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Comparison of growth texture in round Bi2212 and flat Bi2223 wires and its relation to high critical current density development

Why Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O x (Bi2212) allows high critical current density J c in round wires rather than only in the anisotropic tape form demanded by all other high temperature superconductors is important for future magnet applications. Here we compare the local texture of state-of-the-art Bi2212 and Bi2223 ((Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀), finding that round wire Bi2212 generates a dominant a-axis growth texture that also enforces a local biaxial texture (FWHM <15°) while simultaneously allowing the c-axes of its polycrystals to rotate azimuthally along and about the filament axis so as to generate macroscopically isotropic behavior. By contrast Bi2223 shows only a uniaxial (FWHM <15°) c-axis texture perpendicular to the tape plane without any in-plane texture. Consistent with these observations, a marked, field-increasing, field-decreasing J c (H) hysteresis characteristic of weak-linked systems appears in Bi2223 but is absent in Bi2212 round wire. Growth-induced texture on cooling from the melt step of the Bi2212 J c optimization process appears to be the key step in generating this highly desirable microstructure.

Kametani, F.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Design and fabrication of a bending rotation fatigue test rig for in situ electrochemical analysis during fatigue testing of NiTi shape memory alloy wires

The current investigation proposes a novel method for simultaneous assessment of the electrochemical and structural fatigue properties of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA) wires. The design and layout of an in situ electrochemical cell in a custom-made bending rotation fatigue (BRF) test rig is presented. This newly designed test rig allows performing a wide spectrum of experiments for studying the influence of fatigue on corrosion and vice versa. This can be achieved by performing ex situ and/or in situ measurements. The versatility of the combined electrochemical/mechanical test rig is demonstrated by studying the electrochemical behavior of NiTi SMA wires in 0.9% NaCl electrolyte under load. The ex situ measurements allow addressing various issues, for example, the influence of pre-fatigue on the localized corrosion resistance, or the influence of hydrogen on fatigue life. Ex situ experiments showed that a pre-fatigued wire is more susceptible to localized corrosion. The synergetic effect can be concluded from the polarization studies and specifically from an in situ study of the open circuit potential (OCP) transients, which sensitively react to the elementary repassivation events related to the local failure of the oxide layer. It can also be used as an indicator for identifying the onset of the fatigue failure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

X-ray radiographic expansion measurements of isochorically heated thin wire targets

Solid density matter at temperatures ranging from 150 eV to <5 eV has been created by irradiating thin wire targets with high-energy laser pulses at intensities ≈10{sup 18}W/cm{sup 2}. Energy deposition and transport of the laser-produced fast electrons are inferred from spatially resolved K{sub α}-spectroscopy. Time resolved x-ray radiography is employed to image the target mass density up to solid density and proves isochoric heating. The subsequent hydrodynamic evolution of the target is observed for up to 3 ns and is compared to radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. At distances of several hundred micrometers from the laser interaction region, where temperatures of 5–20 eV and small temperature gradients are found, the hydrodynamic evolution of the wire is a near axially symmetric isentropic expansion, and good agreement between simulations and radiography data confirms heating of the wire over hundreds of micrometers.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Note: Recombination of H{sup +} and OH{sup -} ions along water wires

Transport and recombination of hydrogen and hydroxide ions along a hydrogen-bonded water wire are studied by molecular dynamics simulation using a dissociating model for water. The results are compared with a recent CP-MD study of neutralization in bulk water [A. Hassanali, M. K. Prakrash, H. Eshet, and M. Parrinello, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 20410 (2011)]. The translocation of H{sup +} and OH{sup -} along the wire is faster than in the bulk water, followed by compression of the water wire when two water molecules separate the transported ions. Neutralization occurs with the concerted transfer of three protons as in the bulk water, followed by energy dissipation along the water chain.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

High carrier mobility of CoPc wires based field-effect transistors using bi-layer gate dielectric

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and anodized Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} layers were used as bi-layer gate for the fabrication of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) wire base field-effect transistors (OFETs). CoPc wires were grown on SiO{sub 2} surfaces by organic vapor phase deposition method. These devices exhibit a field-effect carrier mobility (μ{sub EF}) value of 1.11 cm{sup 2}/Vs. The high carrier mobility for CoPc molecules is attributed to the better capacitive coupling between the channel of CoPc wires and the gate through organic-inorganic dielectric layer. Our measurements also demonstrated the way to determine the thicknesses of the dielectric layers for a better process condition of OFETs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Rapid embedded wire heating via resistive guiding of laser-generated fast electrons as a hydrodynamic driver

Resistively guiding laser-generated fast electron beams in targets consisting of a resistive wire embedded in lower Z material should allow one to rapidly heat the wire to over 100 eV over a substantial distance without strongly heating the surrounding material. On the multi-ps timescale, this can drive hydrodynamic motion in the surrounding material. Thus, ultra-intense laser solid interactions have the potential as a controlled driver of radiation hydrodynamics in solid density material. In this paper, we assess the laser and target parameters needed to achieve such rapid and controlled heating of the embedded wire.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗