A time dependent three-dimensional simulation of the earth's magnetosphere - Reconnection events
(Previously announced in STAR as N82-20718)
Brecht, S. H.↗
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UV time-dependent emission in SY Muscae
IUE ultraviolet spectra of SY Mus for September 20, 1980 and June 11, 1981 indicate a substantial enhancement of UV emission over a nine-month period. The general UV flux level appears to have increased by about one order of magnitude between the two observing epochs. The strong UV continuum evident throughout the entire IUE spectral range 1200-3200 A on June 11, 1981 is closely approximated by a star with an effective temperature of 40,000 K. On September 20, 1980, however, the continuum distribution manifested a more complex structure, which is possibly explained by a combination of thermal emission from an early type main sequence star and nebular recombination emission.
Michalitsianos, A. G.↗
Experimental study of time-dependent flows in laboratory atmospheric flow models
Baroclinic waves in a rotating, differentially-heated annulus of liquid were studied in support of the Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment. Specific objectives were to determine: (1) the nature of the flow at shallow depths, (2) the effect of a rigid lid vs. free surface, and (3) the nature of fluctuations in the waves as a function of rotation rate, depth, and type of surface. It is found that flows with a rigid lid are basically the same as those with a free surface, except for a decrease in flow rate. At shallow depths steady flows are found in essentially the same form, but the incidence of unsteady flows is greatly diminished.
Rush, J. E.↗
Time dependent land and vegetation canopy temperatures
A simple interactive biosphere is presented based on an electrical analog of turbulent transport processes that produce heat and moisture fluxes between land and the atmosphere. A network of resistances that effect temperature or vapor pressure fluxes are identified and entered into the quasi steady state equations. A set of solutions that depict a realistic diurnal cycle is included.
Sud, Y. C.↗
Time dependent wave envelope finite difference analysis of sound propagation
A transient finite difference wave envelope formulation is presented for sound propagation, without steady flow. Before the finite difference equations are formulated, the governing wave equation is first transformed to a form whose solution tends not to oscillate along the propagation direction. This transformation reduces the required number of grid points by an order of magnitude. Physically, the transformed pressure represents the amplitude of the conventional sound wave. The derivation for the wave envelope transient wave equation and appropriate boundary conditions are presented as well as the difference equations and stability requirements. To illustrate the method, example solutions are presented for sound propagation in a straight hard wall duct and in a two dimensional straight soft wall duct. The numerical results are in good agreement with exact analytical results.
Baumeister, K. J.↗
Application of the alternating direction implicit method to the computation of time-dependent compressible convective flows
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Chan, K. L.↗
Coherent tilt signals observed in the Shumagin seismic gap Detection of time-dependent subduction at depth?
Repeated surveys of short level lines in the Shumagin Islands, Alaska, reveal coherent tilt signals associated with subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate in the Shumagin seismic gap. Ten years of steady tilt down toward the trench is interrupted during 1978-1980 by a rapid episode of reverse tilt. The 'normal' tilt represents surface deformation as subduction occurs, with the plate boundary locked to at least 60 km depth. Using all available tilt, sea level, and seismic data, the tilt reversal is interpreted as due to an episodic reverse slip of about 80 cm magnitude on the plate boundary between about 70 km and 20 km depth, downdip from the main seismogenic zone, which remains locked. This event causes an increase of stress on the locked main thrust zone. It is speculated that such events may be a regular process at subduction zones, that great plate boundary earthquakes may be more common during their occurrence, and that their onset may be detectable early enough to give warning of an increase in probability for the occurrence of a great earthquake.
Beavan, J.↗
Time dependent effects at the foot of the chromosphere
A dynamical model was proposed which is in agreement with the observations that suggest the solar chromosphere is heated preferentially in magnetic regions. The dynamical model requires an energy flux that is large enough to lead to amplitudes for which the apparent temperatures match the empirical line temperatures in the UTV lines. Consistency with the observations of chromospheric emission then requires that the emission take place not uniformly over the solar surface but in smaller spatial regions.
Kalkofen, W.↗
Discrete models for the numerical analysis of time-dependent multidimensional gas dynamics
A possible technique is explored for extending to multidimensional flows some of the upwind-differencing methods that are highly successful in the one-dimensional case. Emphasis is on the two-dimensional case, and the flow domain is assumed to be divided into polygonal computational elements. Inside each element, the flow is represented by a local superposition of elementary solutions consisting of plane waves not necessarily aligned with the element boundaries.
Roe, P. L.↗
Analysis of shell type structures subjected to time dependent mechanical and thermal loading
A general mathematical model and solution methodologies for analyzing structural response of thin, metallic shell-type structures under large transient, cyclic or static thermomechanical loads is considered. Among the system responses, which are associated with these load conditions, are thermal buckling, creep buckling and ratchetting. Thus, geometric as well as material-type nonlinearities (of high order) can be anticipated and must be considered in the development of the mathematical model.
Simitses, G. J.↗
The response of a nonlinear, time-dependent, baroclinic model of the atmosphere to tropical thermal forcing
A multi-level, sigma coordinate, primitive equation atmospheric model has been utilized to study both the tropical and extratropical response to an isolated region of steady thermal forcing in the tropics. The nonlinear response during the first 28 days of the simulation is described. The response can be generally characterized by two distinct components. The first component is a quasi-stationary disturbance which extends eastward and poleward away from the source region along a 'great circle' path. The structure of this disturbance is essentially barotropic away from the source region. The second component is a growing baroclinic wave propagating zonally at mid-latitudes. Significantly, this disturbance is apparently the result of baroclinic instability induced by the quasi-stationary wavetrain. The discussion is predominantly heuristic in form and relies heavily on graphical presentation and quasi-geostrophic theory to interpret the response and individual components of the thermodynamic energy and momentum equations.
Grose, W. L.↗
Time dependent wave envelope finite difference analysis of sound propagation
A transient finite difference wave envelope formulation is presented for sound propagation, without steady flow. Before the finite difference equations are formulated, the governing wave equation is first transformed to a form whose solution tends not to oscillate along the propagation direction. This transformation reduces the required number of grid points by an order of magnitude. Physically, the transformed pressure represents the amplitude of the conventional sound wave. The derivation for the wave envelope transient wave equation and appropriate boundary conditions are presented as well as the difference equations and stability requirements. To illustrate the method, example solutions are presented for sound propagation in a straight hard wall duct and in a two dimensional straight soft wall duct. The numerical results are in good agreement with exact analytical results.
Baumeister, K. J.↗
Universal time dependence of nighttime F region densities at high latitudes
Coincident auroral-zone experiments using three incoherent-scatter radars at widely spaced longitudes are reported. The observational results demonstrate that, during the night, the F layer electron density is strongly dependent on the longitude of the observing site. Ionization patches were observed in the nighttime F region from the Chatanika and EISCAT radars, while densities observed from the Millstone radar were substantially smaller. The electron density within these maxima is larger at EISCAT than at Chatanika. When observed in the midnight sector auroral zone, these densities had a peak density at a high altitude of 360-475 km. The density was maximum when EISCAT was in the midnight sector and minimum when Millstone was in the midnight sector. A minimum in insolation in the auroral zone occurs at the UT when Millstone is in the midnight sector.
De La Beaujardiere, O.↗
The time-dependent dynamical response of the thermosphere to major geomagnetic disturbances
Several recent observations of thermospheric dynamics, made in the polar regions during extremely disturbed geomagnetic periods are reviewed. In general, the magnitude and the variability of winds in the thermospheric polar regions increases with magnetic activity, as measured by any of the conventional indices. However, none of the conventional indices is a particularly good aid to predicting wind magnitudes. In very general terms, two major factors may be considered in describing the wind system. The magnitude of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) and, in particular, its southward component, determine the size of the auroral oval, and the strength of the cross-polar cap potential. This determines the size of the auroral oval, the magnitude of the sunward winds in the auroral oval and of those blowing anti-sunward over the polar cap, and is probably the major factor in determining the rate of geomagnetic energy deposition in the thermosphere. Superimposed on this enhanced polar circulation system are the effects of discrete auroral substorms. From a global view point, the effect of substorms is to generate a series of strong disturbances which propagate from their source region, usually near magnetic midnight in the auroral oval. The energy associated with discrete substorms is, however, usually a rather small proportion of the total global geomagnetic input during disturbed periods. These observations of thermospheric wind disturbances will be evaluated by comparison with global simulations of the thermospheric response to theoretical and semi-empirical models of the polar electric field, and of the effects of magnetospheric particle precipitation.
Rees, D.↗
Time-dependent wave envelope finite difference analysis of sound propagation
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Baumeister, K. J.↗
Discrete models for the numerical analysis of time-dependent multidimensional gas dynamics
A possible technique is explored for extending to multidimensional flows some of the upwind-differencing methods that are highly successful in the one-dimensional case. Emphasis is on the two-dimensional case, and the flow domain is assumed to be divided into polygonal computational elements. Inside each element, the flow is represented by a local superposition of elementary solutions consisting of plane waves not necessarily aligned with the element boundaries.
Roe, P. L.↗
Time-dependent chemistry in dense molecular clouds. II - Ultraviolet photoprocessing and infrared spectroscopy of grain mantles
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Dhendecourt, L. B.↗
Time dependent chemistry in dense molecular clouds. III - Infrared band cross sections of molecules in the solid state at 10 K
Thin film transmission infrared spectra and a list of integrated absorbance values (band strengths) of bands in the 2.5 to 20 micron range of various molecular solids deposited on a CsI window cooled to 10 K are presented. These solids include molecules known or suspected to be present on interstellar grains such as H2O, CO, NH3 and CH4 and mixtures of these molecules as well as various hydrocarbons. The method is described by which the absorbance values derived can be used to estimate column densities of species adsorbed on interstellar grains and other solids associated with celestial IR sources.
Dhendecourt, L. B.↗