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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Foundational Report Series: Advanced Distribution Management Systems for Grid Modernization, DMS Integration of Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids

Deregulation of the electric utility industry, environmental concerns associated with traditional fossil fuel-based power plants, volatility of electric energy costs, Federal and State regulatory support of “green” energy, and rapid technological developments all support the growth of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in electric utility systems and ensure an important role for DERs in the smart grid and other aspects of modern utilities. DERs include distributed generation (DG) systems, such as renewables; controllable loads (also known as demand response); and energy storage systems. This report describes the role of aggregators of DERs in providing optimal services to distribution networks, through DER monitoring and control systems—collectively referred to as a Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS)—and microgrids in various configurations.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integration of the NCRC Database and Other INL Databases

The Nuclear Computational Resource Center provides a portal by which industry professionals, educational staff, students, national laboratory employees, and others may request access to certain engineering software tools. As the tools provided through the Nuclear Computational Resource Center portal are not open-source and freely available, a set of approvals are necessary before access is granted. All code recipients must be associated with an institution that has a license with Idaho National Laboratory for the code requested. Information about these licenses is controlled by Idaho National Laboratory’s Technology Deployment organization and housed in a Technology Deployment database. Those requesting code access who are not citizens of the United States must also have a security plan, mandated by Idaho National Laboratory policy. Security plans are managed by the International Access Program and are stored in an International Access Program database known as IFacts. Granting access to software thus depends on information stored in the Technology Deployment database and IFacts. In the past, no connection between the Nuclear Computational Resource Center portal and these databases existed, making checking the status of license agreements and security plans time consuming and error prone. This report demonstrates that the Nuclear Computational Resource Center portal now connects to both the Technology Deployment database and IFacts, greatly improving the ease of use of the Nuclear Computational Resource Center system for administrators, which leads to a better overall experience for those requesting code access.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impact of Inverter Based Resource Negative Sequence Current Injection on Transmission System Protection

This report documents the results of analysis performed to investigate the impact of inverter-based resource (IBR) response to unbalanced faults on transmission system protective relay dependability and security. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations were performed to simulate IBR response to these faults using existing manufacturer-developed EMT models for four separate IBRs. The study team was composed of IBR manufacturers, relay manufacturers, transmission providers, reliability coordinators and industry consultants with experience in EMT simulation and system protection. The results indicate that under certain conditions, IBR response can result in protective relay misoperations if current protection practices, which were developed based on conventional power sources, are not adapted to the characteristics of IBRs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Best Practices in Promoting Utility-based Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Policy Options for Ukraine

The report summarizes best practices in utility obligations and energy efficiency resource standards, drawing lessons that can be helpful for the Ukrainian government in its ongoing reform efforts. This report describes the experience of the United States and European Union member states with instruments such as energy efficiency obligations, energy efficiency resource standards, and renewable portfolio standards. This report consists of two parts. The first part covers the utility-based energy efficiency requirements (called energy efficiency obligations in Europe and energy efficiency resource standards in the U.S.). Structurally and conceptually, energy efficiency obligations and energy efficiency resource standards are similar even though they carry different names in different countries. These mechanisms place obligations on utilities to find energy savings equivalent to a certain percentage of their energy sales; depending on the program design, utilities can invest in end-use efficiency with their customers, or purchase energy savings from third parties. Some schemes also allow for trading of the energy savings. The report provides an overall description of these mechanisms, key elements as well as best practices in program design. The second part of the report provides a brief overview of U.S. renewable portfolio standards, which are structurally similar to utilities’ energy efficiency requirements, but for renewable energy. This part starts with a general overview of promotion of utility renewable energy requirements and proceeds with a description of the main components of the scheme.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS1997

Improving Discrete-Sensitivity-Based Approach for Practical Design Optimization

In developing the automated methodologies for simulation-based optimal shape designs, their accuracy, efficiency and practicality are the defining factors to their success. To that end, four recent improvements to the building blocks of such a methodology, intended for more practical design optimization, have been reported. First, in addition to a polynomial-based parameterization, a partial differential equation (PDE) based parameterization was shown to be a practical tool for a number of reasons. Second, an alternative has been incorporated to one of the tedious phases of developing such a methodology, namely, the automatic differentiation of the computer code for the flow analysis in order to generate the sensitivities. Third, by extending the methodology for the thin-layer Navier-Stokes (TLNS) based flow simulations, the more accurate flow physics was made available. However, the computer storage requirement for a shape optimization of a practical configuration with the -fidelity simulations (TLNS and dense-grid based simulations), required substantial computational resources. Therefore, the final improvement reported herein responded to this point by including the alternating-direct-implicit (ADI) based system solver as an alternative to the preconditioned biconjugate (PbCG) and other direct solvers.

Baysal, Oktay↗
DOE OSTI2018

NOAA Air Resources Laboratory Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division Contribution to LAFE Field Campaign Report

The Land-Atmosphere Feedback Experiment (LAFE) was conducted between 1 and 31 August, 2017 at the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory. The main scientific goal of LAFE was to investigate feedbacks occurring between different land surface types and the overlying atmosphere to improve turbulence parameterizations in numerical weather prediction models. LAFE collaborators included scientists from the following institutions: Cleveland State University Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Leibniz University Institute of Meteorology and Climatology Marquette University NASA Goddard Space Flight Center National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) Pacific Northwest National Laboratories (PNNL) University of Hohenheim Institute of Physics and Meteorology University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI). In addition to helping plan the scientific objectives of LAFE, collaborators deployed several lidars (i.e., temperature, water, vapor, and wind) and remote-sensing instruments (e.g., microwave radiometers, atmospheric emitted radiance interferometers [AERIs], etc.) to complement the suite of instrument platforms already present at the SGP site. The measurement platforms, as well as scientific objectives of LAFE, are summarized in Wulfmeyer et al. (2018). To complement these platforms, the NOAA Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD) installed micrometeorological towers to continuously measure fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, latent heat, and CO 2 at 2 m and 10 m above ground level (AGL) at three sites during LAFE. Tower measurements also included temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, pressure, rainfall, soil temperature, and soil moisture. The three micrometeorological towers were installed between 9 and 13 July, 2017 and were removed between 12 and 14 September, 2017. During the experiment, the footprint of Tower 1 included a mixture of soybean and grassland that transitioned to mature soybean crop during the second half of the experiment. Tower 2’s footprint encompassed a field of grazed pasture, and Tower 3’s footprint was a mature soybean crop. The meteorological and flux measurements from these towers were/are being used to: Increase the spatial density of measurement platforms that were already available at the ARM facility and that were deployed during LAFE Improve the characterization of surface fluxes around the SGP site Explore the validity of applying Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST) over different land surface types and improve knowledge of flux-gradient relationships Provide initial conditions and be used for verification for large-eddy simulations (LES) Evaluate numerical weather prediction models, e.g., the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), to identify and correct for biases within these models Evaluate the role of low-level advection at each site, which would be present in the flux-divergence data sets obtained from the three towers.

Southern Great Plains, unmanned aerial systems, su↗
DOE OSTI2021

Area 6 Control Point: An Architectural Survey of the Area 6 Control Point, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) proposes to demolish five buildings and five accessory resources in the Area 6 Control Point at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) in Nye County, Nevada. The demolition and removal of the buildings and accessories constitute an undertaking subject to review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (54 United States Code [USC] § 306101) and its implementing regulations, 36 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 800. The buildings and accessories were recorded in Identification and Evaluation of 14 Architectural Resources Scheduled for Demolition, Area 6 Control Point and Vicinity, Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, Nevada (Menocal et al. 2020). The report found that the five buildings were not individually eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP, National Register) but were potentially eligible as contributing elements to an unrecorded Area 6 Control Point district. The report also found that the five accessory resources were not individually eligible for the NRHP but they contributed to other historic properties, including the contributing elements to the unrecorded district. Finally, the report found that the undertaking would result in an adverse effect to historic properties. The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) concurred with the report’s findings regarding the eligibility of the buildings and structures in the Area of Potential Effect (APE) and that the undertaking would result in an adverse effect (Reed 2020). The NNSA/NFO, in consultation with the SHPO, then developed the Memorandum of Agreement DE-GM58-21NA25543 Between the U.S. Department of Energy and the Nevada State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding Demolition of Fourteen Buildings and Structures in Area 6 of the Nevada National Security Site, Nye County, hereafter referred to as the MOA. The MOA stipulates that a district boundary be delineated with an accompanying boundary report and supporting photographs (Stipulation III.A) followed by an architectural survey of the potential historic district (Stipulation III.B). The SHPO reviewed and concurred with the proposed district boundary and accompanying boundary report and photographs (O’Neill et al. 2021) on August 23, 2021, in fulfillment of Stipulation III.A (Reed 2021). This architectural survey report has been prepared in accordance with Stipulation III.B. It includes an NRHP evaluation of the district, identifies contributing and non-contributing elements, and is accompanied by Architectural Resource Assessment (ARA) forms. The NRHP evaluation concludes that the Area 6 Control Point is recommended eligible as a historic district under the Secretary of the Interior’s Significance Criterion A at the national level as the location of the command center and various support facilities directly related to timing and firing operations for nuclear testing on the NNSS from 1951 to 1992. It is also recommended eligible under Significance Criterion C for embodying the distinctive characteristics of a nuclear command center in the context of the Cold War and as a significant and distinguishable entity. There are a total of 29 primary resources within the district boundary. Of these, 28 are recommended as contributing elements to the Area 6 Control Point Historic District and one is recommended as non-contributing.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Principles and Options for Designing Battery Energy Storage Zoning Ordinances

Deployment of battery energy storage (BESS) systems, both standalone and as part of hybrid systems paired with generation, has rapidly increased in the United States in recent years as utilities and communities have deployed storage to improve electric grid reliability and act as a cost-effective alternative to larger grid infrastructure. The modular nature of BESS technologies means systems may be built near other existing land uses, creating the potential for conflicts with neighboring landowners that can be managed and mitigated through zoning and permitting requirements established by local jurisdictions. While many cities and counties have adopted ordinances specific to BESS into their local zoning codes, these ordinances vary significantly in their requirements and level of detail. Meanwhile, many other jurisdictions, including those home to proposed or existing BESS projects, lack any specific language related to BESS in their zoning codes. Local planning and zoning officials have limited capacity and may lack the familiarity with BESS technologies needed to develop ordinances or otherwise make reasonable zoning decisions that balance safety, community impacts, and other goals. The resulting uncertainty at the local zoning level has led developers to withdraw projects in some areas and has spurred moratoria or bans on energy storage projects in others. This report intends to provide practical resources for practitioners interested in reasonable and effective local regulation of battery energy storage. It does not present a model zoning ordinance, but rather is intended to complement model ordinances developed by others by providing additional context and analysis regarding the structure of energy storage zoning ordinances and the decision points for local officials. Zoning ordinances at the city, town, and county level across the U.S. were surveyed alongside two template model ordinances to identify common elements and options for regulating the zoning and siting of BESS. Common elements identified and analyzed include definitions and general requirements, including cutoffs or tiers used to apply regulations to different system sizes and the permitted zones where jurisdictions allow BESS to be sited; visual, noise, and aesthetic requirements, including property line setbacks, fencing and visual screening, noise, and lighting requirements; and safety and planning requirements, such as site plans, decommissioning plans or funds, and requirements for access by emergency services. The report also summarizes some of the more unique regulations, including those that place additional restrictions on BESS at the local level.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Power System Resilience Metrics Augmentation for Critical Load Prioritization

One of the major goals of new grid operation regimes, such as transactive energy systems (TESs), is to make the power grid more resilient to withstand natural or man-made disasters and potential reliability events, and to continue to serve the maximum number of its customers. But it is a well-known fact to system operators that not all customers are the same. This implies that any discussion of TESs’ impacts on the resilience of the power system should consider the needs of its critical customers (such as the power system operation centers, fire and police stations, and hospitals) over those of other customers. When evaluating the resilience of the system, bonus points must be awarded to any system that could maintain its power supply to critical customers during a disturbance that may cause an outage. This report discusses critical infrastructure (CI) as found in the literature and then categorizes it based on the field to which the operations belong (such as human life/safety-related, operations management, necessary city operation, industrial customers, etc.). Each of these CI categories is further divided into types of critical customers (e.g., the human life/safety-related category has different types of customers like hospitals, fire and police stations, etc.). The entire demand of each of the critical customer types is not categorized as critical load (CL); instead, only a portion of the total load of these critical customers is characterized as critical load. This is done based on the categories of equipment, the function of which is crucial in the operation of the overall facility. CL categorization is performed to provide the ratio of the critical load portion to the overall load , so that it can serve as a parameter in the resilience evaluation of the grid through a metrics-based approach. Such categorization is important as it helps to augment the existing quantifiable resilience metrics with CL categorization. The metrics for a power system need to not only consider how well a system performed during a disturbance event, but also how it reduced strain and supplied power to its CLs. The first step in this process is characterize CLs in the system. After CL characterization, the next step is the inclusion of these loads in the resilience metrics. To that end, in this report weight-based augmentation of resilience metrics is proposed, where certain customers (the ones that are categorized as critical) are assigned higher weights than others. Though an overview of assigning weights to customers is discussed, there is no one-size-fits-all approach for every power system. The decisions made about assigning such weights to customers vary greatly from one operator to another, based on their unique systems and the current and predicted states of critical customers. This decision-making can include the type of disturbance event, which might only affect certain parts of the system. In general, analyzing critical customers before an event helps understand system vulnerabilities. It also helps in planning and conducting operations during the event, evaluating system performance after the event, and supporting better planning for future events. An alternative to the current practices of managing the grid for outages is an innovative TES, which has the potential to provide a platform for including distributed energy resources for managing CLs. This report also describes how TES qualities can help (1) to maintain power supply to critical customers for uninterrupted operations and (2) to restore lost power supply to the critical customers rapidly.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2017

Post-Closure Monitoring Report for Corrective Action Unit 98, Frenchman Flat, Underground Test Area, Nevada National Security Site, Nevada for Calendar Year 2016 (January 2016–December 2016), Revision 0

Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 98: Frenchman Flat on the Nevada National Security Site was the location of 10 underground nuclear tests. CAU 98 underwent a series of investigations and actions in accordance with the Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order to assess contamination of groundwater by radionuclides from the tests. A Closure Report completed that process in 2016 and called for long-term monitoring, use restrictions (URs), and institutional controls to protect the public and environment from potential exposure to contaminated groundwater. Three types of monitoring are performed for CAU 98: water quality, water level, and institutional control. These are evaluated to determine whether the UR boundaries remain protective of human health and the environment, and to ensure that the regulatory boundary objectives are being met. Additionally, monitoring data are used to evaluate consistency with the groundwater flow and contaminant transport models because the contaminant boundaries (CBs) calculated with the models are the primary basis of the UR boundaries. In summary, the monitoring results from 2016 indicate the regulatory controls on the closure of CAU 98 remain effective in protection of human health and the environment. Recommendations resulting from this first year of monitoring activities include formally incorporating wells UE-5 PW-1, UE-5 PW-2, and UE-5 PW-3 into the groundwater-level monitoring network given their strategic location in the basin; and early development of a basis for trigger levels for the groundwater-level monitoring given the observed trends. Additionally, it is recommended to improve the Real Estate/Operations Permit process for capturing information important for evaluating the impact of activities on groundwater resources, and to shift the reporting requirement for this annual report from the second quarter of the federal fiscal year (end of March) to the second quarter of the calendar year (end of June).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Intra-Hour Dispatch and Automatic Generator Control Demonstration with Solar Forecasting - Final Report

In this project we address multiple resource integration challenges associated with increasing levels of solar penetration that arise from the variability and uncertainty in solar irradiance. We will model the SMUD service region as its own balancing region, and develop an integrated, real-time operational tool that takes solar-load forecast uncertainties into consideration and commits optimal energy resources and reserves for intra-hour and intra-day decisions. The primary objectives of this effort are to reduce power system operation cost by committing appropriate amount of energy resources and reserves, as well as to provide operators a prediction of the generation fleet’s behavior in real time for realistic PV penetration scenarios. The proposed methodology includes the following steps: clustering analysis on the expected solar variability per region for the SMUD system, Day-ahead (DA) and real-time (RT) load forecasts for the entire service areas, 1-year of intra-hour CPR forecasts for cluster centers, 1-year of smart re-forecasting CPR forecasts in real-time for determination of irreducible errors, and uncertainty quantification for integrated solar-load for both distributed and central stations (selected locations within service region) PV generation.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

PV Cyber Security Research (Final Report)

Extensive deployment of interoperable distributed energy resources (DER) on power systems is increasing the power system cyber security attack surface. National and jurisdictional interconnection standards require DER to include a range of autonomous and commanded grid support functions which can drastically influence power quality, voltage, and bulk system frequency. This project was split into two phases. The first provided a survey and roadmap of the cybersecurity for the solar industry. The second investigated multiple PV cybersecurity research and development (R&D) concepts identified in the first phase. In the first year, the team created a roadmap for improving cybersecurity for distributed solar energy resources. This roadmap was intended to provide direction for the nation over the next five years and focused on the intersection of industry and government and recommends activities in four related areas: stakeholder engagement, cyber security research and development, standards development, and industry best practices. At the same time, the team produced a primer for DER vendors, aggregators, and grid operators to establish a common taxonomy and describe basic principles of cyber security, encryption, communication protocols, DER cyber security recommendations and requirements, and device-, aggregator-, and utility-level security best practices to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. This material was motivated by the need to assist the broader PV industry with cybersecurity resilience and describe the state-of-the-art for securing DER communications. Lastly, an adversary-based assessment of multiple PV devices was completed at the Distributed Energy Technologies Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories to determine the status of industry cybersecurity practices. The team found multiple deficiencies in the security features of the assessed devices. In the second year, a set of recommendations was created for DER communication protocols— especially with respect to the state-of-the-art requirements in IEEE 2030.5. Additionally, several cybersecurity R&D technologies related to communications-enabled photovoltaic systems were studied to harden DER communication networks. Specifically, the team investigated (a) using software defined networking to create a moving target defense system for DER communications, and (b) engineering controls that prevent misprogramming or adversary action on DER devices/networks by disallowing setpoints that will generate unstable power system operations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1974

Applications of remote sensing in resource management in Nebraska

The project is reported for studying the application of remote sensing in land use classification and delineation of major tectonic lineaments in Nebraska. Other research reported include the use of aircraft and ERTS-1 satellite imagery in detecting and estimating the acreage of irrigated land, and the application of remote sensing in estimating evapotranspiration in the Platte River Basin.

Drew, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Project Summary Report

The project, being the development of resource management applications, consisted entirely of my own effort. From deliverable requirements provided by my mentor, and some functional requirement additions generated through design reviews, It was my responsibility to implement the requested features as well as possible, given the resources available. For the most part development work consisted of database programming and functional testing using real resource data. Additional projects I worked on included some firing room console training, configuring the new NE-A microcontroller development lab network, mentoring high school CubeSat students, and managing the NE interns' component of the mentor appreciation ceremony.

Upchurch, Christopher↗