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DOE OSTI2018

MWPC prototyping and performance test for the STAR inner TPC upgrade

A new prototype of STAR inner Time Projection Chamber (iTPC) MWPC sector has been fabricated and tested in an X-ray test system. The wire chamber built at Shandong University has a wire tension precision better than 6% and wire pitch precision better than 10 μm. The gas gain uniformity and energy resolution are measured to be better than 1% (RMS) and 20% (FWHM), respectively, using an 55 Fe X-ray source. The iTPC upgrade project is to replace all 24 STAR TPC inner sectors as a crucial detector upgrade for the RHIC beam energy scan phase II program. Furthermore, the test results show that the constructed iTPC prototype meets all project requirements.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1985

Probability of detection of internal voids in structural ceramics using microfocus radiography

The reliability of microfocus x-radiography for detecting subsurface voids in structural ceramic test specimens was statistically evaluated. The microfocus system was operated in the projection mode using low X-ray photon energies (20 keV) and a 10 micro m focal spot. The statistics were developed for implanted subsurface voids in green and sintered silicon carbide and silicon nitride test specimens. These statistics were compared with previously-obtained statistics for implanted surface voids in similar specimens. Problems associated with void implantation are discussed. Statistical results are given as probability-of-detection curves at a 95 percent confidence level for voids ranging in size from 20 to 528 micro m in diameter.

Baaklini, G. Y.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Probability of detection of internal voids in structural ceramics using microfocus radiography

The reliability of microfocous X-radiography for detecting subsurface voids in structural ceramic test specimens was statistically evaluated. The microfocus system was operated in the projection mode using low X-ray photon energies (20 keV) and a 10 micro m focal spot. The statistics were developed for implanted subsurface voids in green and sintered silicon carbide and silicon nitride test specimens. These statistics were compared with previously-obtained statistics for implanted surface voids in similar specimens. Problems associated with void implantation are discussed. Statistical results are given as probability-of-detection curves at a 95 precent confidence level for voids ranging in size from 20 to 528 micro m in diameter.

Baaklini, G. Y.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Probing the Relativistic Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei with Multiwavelength Monitoring

The work completed includes the analysis of observations obtained during Cycle 7 (March 2002-February 2003) of the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The project was part of a longer-term, continuing program to study the X-ray emission process in blazars and radio galaxies in collaboration with Dr. Ian McHardy (U. of Southampton, UK) and Prof. Thomas Balonek (Colgate U.). The goals of the program are to study the X-ray emission mechanism in blazars and radio galaxies and the relation of the X-ray emission to changes in the relativistic jet. The program includes contemporaneous brightness and linear polarization monitoring at radio and optical wavelengths, total and polarized intensity imaging at at 43 GHz with a resolution of 0.1 milliarcseconds with the VLBA, and well-sampled X-ray light curves obtained from a series of approved RXTE programs. The objects studied in the time period covered by the grant were 3C 120, 3C 279, PKS 1510-089, and 3C 273, all with radio jets containing bright knots that appear to move at superluminal speeds. During RXTE Cycle 7, the project was awarded RXTE time to monitor PKS 1510-089 two times per week, 3C 273 and 3C 279 three times per week, and 3C 120 four times per week. In addition, 3C273 and 3C 279 were observed several times per day during a ten-day period in April 2002. The X-ray data, including those from earlier cycles, were compared with radio measurements obtained in the centimeter-wave band by the monitoring program of Drs. Margo and Hugh Aller at the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory, monthly imaging observations with the VLBA at 43 GHz, and optical observations obtained at several telescopes around the world.

Marscher, Alan P.↗

DOE OSTI2019

Synchrotron X-Ray Microprobe and Microspectroscopy Research in Low Temperature Geochemistry

The project focuses on low temperature geochemistry applications of X-ray fluorescence microprobes primarily at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS-I) but also at National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY. The microprobes can be used to determine the composition, structure, oxidation state, and bonding characteristics of earth materials with trace element sensitivity and micrometer spatial resolution. Investigators on this project are members of the Center for Advanced Radiation Sources (CARS) at the University of Chicago, a team that developed and managed the highly-successful microprobe beamline X26A at the National Synchrotron Light Source I (NSLS-I) at BNL from the 1980s until the closing of NSLS-I in September 2014. The closing of NSLS-I coincided with the start-up of the newly-constructed, 3 rd -generation synchrotron NSLS-II, also at BNL. During the course of this project, a subaward was let to the University of Kentucky to partially support the efforts of a technician at the beamlines.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2016

SEARCHING FOR BULK MOTIONS IN THE INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM OF MASSIVE, MERGING CLUSTERS WITH CHANDRA CCD DATA

We search for bulk motions in the intracluster medium (ICM) of massive clusters showing evidence of an ongoing or recent major merger with spatially resolved spectroscopy in Chandra CCD data. We identify a sample of six merging clusters with >150 ks Chandra exposure in the redshift range 0.1 < z < 0.3. By performing X-ray spectral analysis of projected ICM regions selected according to their surface brightness, we obtain the projected redshift maps for all of these clusters. After performing a robust analysis of the statistical and systematic uncertainties in the measured X-ray redshift z{sub X}, we check whether or not the global z{sub X} distribution differs from that expected when the ICM is at rest. We find evidence of significant bulk motions at more than 3σ in A2142 and A115, and less than 2σ in A2034 and A520. Focusing on single regions, we identify significant localized velocity differences in all of the merger clusters. We also perform the same analysis on two relaxed clusters with no signatures of recent mergers, finding no signs of bulk motions, as expected. Our results indicate that deep Chandra CCD data enable us to identify the presence of bulk motions at the level of v{sub BM} > 1000 km s{sup −1} in the ICM of massive merging clusters at 0.1 < z < 0.3. Although the CCD spectral resolution is not sufficient for a detailed analysis of the ICM dynamics, Chandra CCD data constitute a key diagnostic tool complementing X-ray bolometers on board future X-ray missions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1999

SOLPOL: A Solar Polarimeter for Hard X-Rays and Gamma-Rays

Th goal of this project was to continue the development of a hard X-ray polarimeter for studying solar flares. In earlier work (funded by a previous SR&T grant), we had already achieved several goals, including the following: 1) development of a means of producing a polarized radiation source in the lab that could be used for prototype development; 2) demonstrated the basic Compton scatter polarimeter concept using a simple laboratory setup; 3) used the laboratory results to verify our Monte Carlo simulations; and 4) investigated various detector technologies that could be incorporated into the polarimeter design. For the current one-year program, we wanted to fabricate and test a laboratory science model based on our SOLPOL (Solar Polarimeter) design. The long-term goal of this effort is to develop and test a prototype design that could be used to study flare emissions from either a balloon- or space-borne platform. The current program has achieved its goal of fabricating and testing a science model of the SOLPOL design, although additional testing of the design (and detailed comparison with Monte Carlo simulations) is still desired. This one-year program was extended by six months (no-cost extension) to cover the summer of 1999, when undergraduate student support was available to complete some of the laboratory testing.

McConnell, Michael L.↗

DOE OSTI2016

Method and apparatus for determining wave characteristics using interaction with a known wave

The described system and method uses data from interaction between a known wave and an unknown wave to analyze or characterize the unknown wave using cross correlation frequency resolved optical gating (X-FROG). The system may obtain X-FROG trace data from the interaction between the two waves. The system analyzes the X-FROG trace data using a modified principal component generalized projection method strategy to invert the X-FROG trace data, analyzing or characterizing the unknown wave. Results of the analysis can be provided in real time and displayed.

Kane, Daniel James↗

DOE OSTI2019

X-ray beam alignment device and method

The present invention provides a bright, focused visible light source that is part of a visible light alignment assembly that is coupled to an X-ray generator. The visible light source projects a bright, focused visible light beam from the X-ray generator through a collimator and object or part to be radiographed and to a detector or film, just as a subsequent X-ray beam eventually is. This allows the operator to quickly and easily visually assess the eventual position and coverage or spread of the X-ray beam and align the X-ray generator, collimator, object or part to be radiographed, and/or detector or film, with a minimum of test radiographs.

Henry, Nathaniel Frederick↗

DOE OSTI2013

Key Laser Technologies for X-Ray FELs

In the final project period, we demonstrated sub femtosecond timing distribution over a 1.2 km polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber-optic link using balanced optical cross-correlators (BOCs) for link stabilization. By eliminating polarization mode dispersion, link operation for 16 days maintained 0.6 fs RMS timing drift and during a 3-day interval only 0.13 fs drift, which corresponds to a stability level of 10-21. To improve the overall system efficiency and robustness, we developed fiber-coupled, hybrid-integrated BOCs using waveguides in periodically-poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP). The measured second-harmonic conversion efficiency in the waveguides is a factor of 50 higher than that of bulk-optic crystals. Characterization of 1st-generation devices shows performance comparable to free-space BOCs, with the potential for significant improvement in future devices. For optical-to-RF conversion, we developed two balanced optical-microwave phase detectors (BOM-PD) based on the Sagnac and Mach-Zehnder interferometers. RF extraction using BOM-PDs in phase-locked loops yielded sub-10-fs residual timing jitter for locking bandwidths on the order of several hundred kHz. Finally, we characterized the timing jitter of ultralow-noise Ti:Sapphire oscillators, demonstrating an unprecedented 13 as of jitter integrated over the entire Nyquist band. Our measurements agreed well with theory, confirming our models for quantum-limited laser noise. Measurements of commercially available solid-state lasers at 1550 nm showed that there are laser sources already available with sufficiently low noise to achieve sub-femtosecond performance as master oscillators within a timing distribution system.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuHOF by Materials Project

CuOHF is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cu2+ is bonded to three equivalent O2- and three equivalent F1- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing CuO3F3 octahedra. There is two shorter (1.98 Å) and one longer (1.99 Å) Cu–O bond length. There are a spread of Cu–F bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.45 Å. H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one O2- and one F1- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.01 Å. The H–F bond length is 1.54 Å. O2- is bonded to three equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OCu3H tetrahedra. F1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Cu2+ and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Materials Data on CaMnSiHO5 by Materials Project

CaMnSiHO5 is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic P2_12_12_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ca–O bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.67 Å. Mn3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent SiO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent MnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mn–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.23 Å. Si4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent MnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 40–57°. There are a spread of Si–O bond distances ranging from 1.65–1.68 Å. H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.48 Å) H–O bond length. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ca2+, one Mn3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Ca2+, two equivalent Mn3+, and one H1+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OCaMn2H tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ca2+, two equivalent Mn3+, and one Si4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ca2+, one Si4+, and one H1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ca2+, one Mn3+, and one Si4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on RbTaO3 by Materials Project

RbTaO3 is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Rb1+ sites. In the first Rb1+ site, Rb1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Rb–O bond distances ranging from 2.69–3.15 Å. In the second Rb1+ site, Rb1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.81 Å) and two longer (2.88 Å) Rb–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ta5+ sites. In the first Ta5+ site, Ta5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing TaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 4°. There are a spread of Ta–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.08 Å. In the second Ta5+ site, Ta5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing TaO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 4°. There are a spread of Ta–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.35 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Rb1+ and three Ta5+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing ORbTa3 trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Rb1+ and two Ta5+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Rb1+ and one Ta5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Rb1+ and two Ta5+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Materials Data on NiMoO4 by Materials Project

NiMoO4 is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Mo6+ sites. In the first Mo6+ site, Mo6+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.75–2.34 Å. In the second Mo6+ site, Mo6+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.75–2.36 Å. There are two inequivalent Ni2+ sites. In the first Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.14 Å. In the second Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.13 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Mo6+ and two Ni2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mo6+ and one Ni2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mo6+ and one Ni2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Mo6+ and three Ni2+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Mo6+ and one Ni2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ZrPbO3 by Materials Project

PbZrO3 is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbam space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Zr4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ZrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 8–28°. There are a spread of Zr–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.23 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.52–3.04 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.66 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Zr4+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Zr4+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Zr4+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Zr4+ and two equivalent Pb2+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Zr4+ and two Pb2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Materials Data on BaPr2Ti3O10 by Materials Project

BaPr2Ti3O10 is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Ama2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ba2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent O2- atoms. All Ba–O bond lengths are 2.71 Å. There are two inequivalent Pr3+ sites. In the first Pr3+ site, Pr3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pr–O bond distances ranging from 2.44–2.84 Å. In the second Pr3+ site, Pr3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pr–O bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.99 Å. There are two inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.77–2.32 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–27°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–1.98 Å. There are seven inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four Pr3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Pr3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Ba2+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Pr3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pr3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pr3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Pr3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OPr2Ti2 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuAg3S2 by Materials Project

Ag3CuS2 is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent S2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.58 Å) and two longer (2.99 Å) Ag–S bond lengths. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to six equivalent S2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.53 Å) and four longer (3.13 Å) Ag–S bond lengths. Cu1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent S2- atoms. Both Cu–S bond lengths are 2.18 Å. S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to seven Ag1+ and one Cu1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on La5Ti4FeO17 by Materials Project

La5Ti4FeO17 is Pb(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)O3-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnnm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent La3+ sites. In the first La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.50–2.92 Å. In the second La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.78 Å. In the third La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.52–2.78 Å. There are two inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–33°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.84–2.14 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form TiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra and corners with four TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–33°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–2.07 Å. Fe3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent FeO6 octahedra and corners with four equivalent TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–26°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.05 Å. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent La3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent La3+, one Ti4+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four La3+ and two equivalent Fe3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three La3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three equivalent La3+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three equivalent La3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OLa3Ti tetrahedra. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two La3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent La3+, one Ti4+, and one Fe3+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent La3+ and two Ti4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗