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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Multicriterion benefit evaluation methodology for safety enhancements in nuclear power plants and application for FLEX strategies

Here we propose a multicriterion benefit evaluation (MCBE) methodology for evaluating costs and benefits of implementing safety enhancements in nuclear power plants. The MCBE methodology establishes a comprehensive evaluation scope using multiple evaluation criteria (including public risk, occupational risk, plant revenue, and plant cost) and multiple contexts (including plant normal operations, incidents, and accidents). The MCBE methodology formulates a benefit or cost element as the product of a monetary consequence and its occurrence-likelihood change. The MCBE methodology also incorporates a decision maker’ preferences toward occurrence likelihood and monetary consequence into cost and benefit estimations through a modified usage of cumulative prospect theory. This paper applies the MCBE methodology to the implementation of diverse and flexible coping strategy (FLEX) in a generic nuclear power plant as an illustrative example. The FLEX benefits are evaluated through three types of influence paths: plant safety enhancement, risk-informed activities, and potential additional credit of FLEX in supporting plant operation and maintenance-efficiency improvement. The benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) of FLEX implementation is calculated. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to examine the impacts of modeling assumptions and input parameter values on the BCR.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2022

Chapter 3: Nanostructured Iron Oxide Hybrid Composites as Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Catalyst for Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants

In water purification research and technologies, heterogeneous Fenton catalysts are evolving as an excellent material recently. A summary of present research on heterogeneous Fenton/Fenton-like processes is essential for developing novel and high-efficiency organic wastewater treatment methods. In this chapter, we discussed the basics of Fenton reactions taking the example of iron oxides and their different composites, such as bimetallic composites, composites with carbon compounds, and Fe metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The important operating parameters (solution pH, H 2 O 2 dosage, amount of catalyst used, and reaction temperature) in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions are discussed. Strategies to increase the rate and activities of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts by using energy sources are presented. The mechanistic aspects of heterogeneous Fenton processes and reusability of catalysts along with their application in real wastewater plants are summarized and discussed. Finally, we concluded with the scope and future prospects of heterogeneous Fenton catalysis research to motivate the readers to construct novel and efficient heterogeneous Fenton/Fenton-like systems for industrial applications.

carbon composites↗
DOE OSTI2021

Chapter 4: What We Can Learn from Measuring Metabolic Fluxes in Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria with the capability of oxygen-evolving photosynthesis play a vital role in the global carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles. From a biochemical perspective, all phenotypic traits and functions of cyanobacteria are derived from the potential of their metabolism and mirrored in metabolic fluxes through an integrated metabolic network. Metabolic flux, the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway, is therefore of great importance for an in-depth understanding of the role of cyanobacteria in the biosphere. Recent interest in cyanobacteria metabolic fluxes is also motivated by the prospect to utilize their light-driven CO2 fixation for sustainable production of valuable chemicals and biofuels. Valorization of cyanobacterial metabolism will require engineering of the native metabolic network - a challenge that can benefit from a quantitative understanding of metabolic reactions taking place intracellularly. In this chapter, we will discuss some intriguing questions relevant to metabolic fluxes in cyanobacteria: How are metabolic fluxes predicted or measured? What do we know about the fluxome inside various cyanobacteria thus far? How are they different between strains as well as in different conditions? And how can we use fluxomics information to guide metabolic engineering and synthetic biology? This chapter will highlight updated knowledge on cyanobacterial metabolism. Specifically, we will focus on providing readers a quantitative vision to understand how this photosynthetic model works.

BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYS↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Progress Report on Metal–Sulfur Batteries

Nonaqueous conversion-reaction sulfur chemistry has been attracting increasing attention over the past decade for the development of next-generation lithium-based batteries. Li–S batteries are currently approaching a nexus stage from lab-scale experiments to possible pragmatic applications. Inspired by the success of Li–S chemistry, other metal–sulfur batteries with a variety of metallic anodes, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum, have also started to attract attention. In comparison to lithium, Na, Mg, Al, K, and Ca are naturally more abundant and affordable. The Na-S, Mg-S, Al-S, K-S, and Ca-S battery systems provide a great potential for improving the volumetric energy density of sulfur-based batteries. The multivalent metal-sulfur systems, Mg-S, Al-S, and Ca-S, offer better safety features as well. However, the research and development on Na-S, Mg-S, Al-S, K-S, and Ca-S batteries is far behind the Li–S system due to many critical challenges. In this progress report, the fundamental principles of various metal–sulfur chemistries are first presented and compared. Then, the historical progress, recent advances, and key challenges of the Li–S, Na-S, Mg-S, Al-S, K-S, and Ca-S systems are summarized and discussed. Finally, future efforts and directions for both the fundamental and practical research are prospected.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Manipulating the Crystallization Kinetics by Additive Engineering toward High-Efficient Photovoltaic Performance

Additive processing is proven to be an effective method to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells; however, its intrinsic role in directing the crystallization pathway and thus morphology formation remains unknown. In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) is applied to study the function of a 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) additive in manipulating the crystallization behavior of perovskite thin films. It is seen that the DIO additive could induce multi-stage intermediate crystallization phases and increases the activation energy for nucleation and growth, which postpones the perovskite phase transformation time and broadens the transition zone. The elongated crystallization process affords improved perovskite thin film crystallinity and reduces defect density, which enables a longer carrier diffusion length. As a result, improved device efficiency, moisture, and thermal stability can be achieved. The following study provides a new prospective in understanding the additive function in perovskite thin film morphology control from fundamental parameters, indicating the importance of minor processing conditions in global property management toward high device performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Defect–Concentration–Mediated T–Nb 2 O 5 Anodes for Durable and Fast–Charging Li–Ion Batteries

Metastable orthorhombic niobium pentoxide (T-Nb 2 O 5 ) is a promising anode to fulfill the requirements for high-rate Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Stoichiometric T-Nb 2 O 5 is plagued by low electric conductivity and particle pulverization after repeated charge/discharge processes. In this work, oxygen vacancies are implanted into T-Nb 2 O 5 particles via acid immersion of Nb 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O with the formation of Lewis acid sites. The multiple characterizations and simulations reveal the lengthening of Nb–O bonds, and the transformation from NbO 7 pentagonal bipyramids and NbO 6 tetragonal bipyramids in T-Nb 2 O 5–x . The enrichment of oxygen vacancies endows T-Nb 2 O 5–x with higher electric conductivity, better electrochemical kinetics, larger pseudocapacitive contribution. O-doped graphitic C 3 N 4 is creatively proposed as a trace oxygen pump to repair excessive oxygen vacancies, and it also serves as a sacrifice template for Nb 2 O 5–x growth to construct a porous and monolithic electrode network. Defect-modulated Nb 2 O 5–x displays extraordinary cycling stability (164 mAh g –1 at 5 C after 1100 cycles), high capacity retention (104 mAh g –1 ) at an ultrahigh rate (25 C), and large areal capacity (0.74 mAh cm –2 ) under high mass loading (4 mg cm –2 ). The practical prospect is proved by Nb 2 O 5–x /LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 full cells with high average platform (2.12 V) and high specific capacity (229 mAh g –1 ). Finally, the oxygen-defect modulation strategy on oxide anodes provides an alternative solution to fast-charging and durable LIBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Highly Nonstoichiometric YAG Ceramics with Modified Luminescence Properties

Abstract Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG) is a widely used phosphor host. Its optical properties are controlled by chemical substitution at its YO 8 or AlO 6 /AlO 4 sublattices, with emission wavelengths defined by rare‐earth and transition‐metal dopants that have been explored extensively. Nonstoichiometric compositions Y 3+x Al 5‐x O 12 ( x ≠ 0) may offer a route to new emission wavelengths by distributing dopants over two or more sublattices simultaneously, producing new local coordination environments for the activator ions. However, YAG typically behaves as a line phase, and such compositions are therefore challenging to synthesize. Here, a series of highly nonstoichiometric Y 3+x Al 5‐x O 12 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.40 is reported, corresponding to ≤20% of the AlO 6 sublattice substituted by Y 3+ , synthesized by advanced melt‐quenching techniques. This impacts the up‐conversion luminescence of Yb 3+ /Er 3+ ‐doped systems, whose yellow‐green emission differs from the red‐orange emission of their stoichiometric counterparts. In contrast, the YAG:Ce 3+ system has a different structural response to nonstoichiometry and its down‐conversion emission is only weakly affected. Analogous highly nonstoichiometric systems should be obtainable for a range of garnet materials, demonstrated here by the synthesis of Gd 3.2 Al 4.8 O 12 and Gd 3.2 Ga 4.8 O 12 . This opens pathways to property tuning by control of host stoichiometry, and the prospect of improved performance or new applications for garnet‐type materials.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2023

Incombustible Polymer Electrolyte Boosting Safety of Solid–State Lithium Batteries: A Review

Lithium-ion batteries with their portability, high energy density, and reusability are frequently used in today's world. Under extreme conditions, lithium-ion batteries leak, burn, and even explode. Therefore, improving the safety of lithium-ion batteries has become a focus of attention. Researchers believe using a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one can solve the lithium battery safety issue. Due to the low price, good processability and high safety of the solid polymer electrolytes, increasing attention have been paid to them. However, polymer electrolytes can also decompose and burn under extreme conditions. Moreover, lithium dendrites are formed continuously due to the uneven charge distribution on the surface of the lithium metal anode. A short circuit caused by a lithium dendrite can cause the battery to thermal runaway. As a result, the safety of polymer solid-state batteries remains a challenge. In this review, the thermal runaway mechanism of the batteries is summarized, and the batteries abuse test standard is introduced. In addition, the recent works on the high-safety polymer electrolytes and the solution strategies of lithium anode problems in polymer batteries are reviewed. Finally, the development direction of safe polymer solid lithium batteries is prospected.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Zinc‐Imidazolate Films as an All‐Dry Resist Technology

Here, motivated by the drawbacks of solution phase processing, an all‐dry resist formation process is presented that utilizes amorphous zinc‐imidazolate (aZnMIm) films deposited by atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD), patterned with electron beam lithography (EBL), and developed by novel low temperature (120 °C) gas phase etching using 1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfacH) to achieve well‐resolved 22 nm lines with a pitch of 30 nm. The effects of electron beam irradiation on the chemical structure and hfacH etch resistance of aZnMIm films are investigated, and it is found that electron irradiation degrades the 2‐methylimidazolate ligands and transforms aZnMIm into a more dense material that is resistant to etching by hfacH and has a C:N:Zn ratio effectively identical to that of unmodified aZnMIm. These findings showcase the potential for aZnMIm films to function in a dry resist technology. Sensitivity, contrast, and critical dimensions of the patterns are determined to be 37 mC cm −2 , 0.87, and 29 nm, respectively, for aZnMIm deposited on silicon substrates and patterned at 30 keV. This work introduces a new direction for solvent‐free resist processing, offering the prospect of scalable, high‐resolution patterning techniques for advanced semiconductor fabrication processes.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

High–Performance NiCo 2 O 4 /Graphene Quantum Dots for Asymmetric and Symmetric Supercapacitors with Enhanced Energy Efficiency

For the sustainable growth of future generations, energy storage technologies like supercapacitors and batteries are becoming more and more common. However, reliable and high-performance materials’ design and development is the key for the widespread adoption of batteries and supercapacitors. Quantum dots with fascinating and unusual properties are expected to revolutionize future technologies. However, while the recent discovery of quantum dots honored with a Nobel prize in Chemistry, their benefits for the tenacious problem of energy are not realized yet. In this context, herein, chemical-composition tuning enabled exceptional performance of NiCo 2 O 4 (NCO)/graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is reported, which outperform the existing similar materials, in supercapacitors. A comprehensive study is performed on the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical performance evaluation of highly functional NCO/GQDs in supercapacitors delivering enhanced energy efficiency. The high-performance, functional NCO/GQDs electrode materials are synthesized by the incorporation of GQDs into NCO. The effect of variable amount of GQDs on the energy performance characteristics of NCO/GQDs in supercapacitors is studied systematically. In-depth structural and chemical bonding analyses using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic studies indicate that all the NCO/GQDs composites crystallize in the spinel cubic phase of NiCo 2 O 4 while graphene integration evident in all the NCO/GQDs. The scanning electron microscopy imaging analysis reveals homogeneously distributed spherical particles with a size distribution of 5–9 nm validating the formation of QDs. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that the NCOQDs are anchored on graphene sheets, which provide a high surface area of 42.27 m 2 g –1 and high mesoporosity for the composition of NCO/GQDs-10%. In addition to establishing reliable electrical connection to graphene sheets, the NCOQDs provide reliable 3D-conductive channels for rapid transport throughout the electrode as well as synergistic effects. Chemical-composition tuning, and optimization yields NCO/GQDs-10% to deliver the best specific capacitance of 3940 Fg –1 at 0.5 Ag –1 , where the electrodes retain ≈98% capacitance after 5000 cycles. The NCO/GQD-10%//AC asymmetric supercapacitor device demonstrates outstanding energy density and power density values of 118.04 Wh kg –1 and 798.76 W kg –1 , respectively. The NCO/GQDs-10%//NCO/GQDs-10% symmetric supercapacitor device delivers excellent energy and power density of 24.30 Wh kg –1 and 500 W kg –1 , respectively. These results demonstrate and conclude that NCO/GQDs are exceptional and prospective candidates for developing next-generation high-performance and sustainable energy storage devices.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Strain‐Driven Stabilization of a Room‐Temperature Chiral Multiferroic with Coupled Ferroaxial and Ferroelectric Order

Noncollinear ferroic materials are sought after as testbeds to explore the intimate connections between topology and symmetry, which result in electronic, optical, and magnetic functionalities not observed in collinear ferroic materials. For example, ferroaxial materials have rotational structural distortions that break mirror symmetry and induce chirality. When ferroaxial order is coupled with ferroelectricity arising from a broken inversion symmetry, it offers the prospect of electric-field-control of the ferroaxial distortions and opens up new tunable functionalities. However, chiral multiferroics, especially ones stable at room temperature, are rare. A strain-stabilized, room-temperature chiral multiferroic phase in single crystals of BaTiS 3 is reported here. Using first-principles calculations, the stabilization of this multiferroic phase having P6 3 space group for biaxial tensile strains exceeding 1.5% applied on the basal ab-plane of the room temperature P6 3 cm phase of BaTiS 3 is predicted. The chiral multiferroic phase is characterized by rotational distortions of TiS 6 octahedra around the long c-axis and polar displacement of Ti atoms along the c-axis. Furthermore, the ferroaxial and ferroelectric distortions and their domains in P6 3 -BaTiS 3 are directly resolved using atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Landau-based phenomenological modeling predicts a strong coupling between the ferroelectric and the ferroaxial order making P6 3 -BaTiS 3 an attractive test bed for achieving electric-field-control of chirality.

Chalcogenide↗
DOE OSTI2020

Full Concentration Gradient-Tailored Li-Rich Layered Oxides for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-rich layered oxides (LLOs) are prospective cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but severe voltage decay and energy attenuation with cycling still hinder their practical applications. In this study, a series of full concentration gradient-tailored agglomerated-sphere LLOs are designed with linearly decreasing Mn and linearly increasing Ni and Co from the particle center to the surface. The gradient-tailored LLOs exhibit noticeably reduced voltage decay, enhanced rate performance, improved cycle stability, and thermal stability. Without any material modifications or electrolyte optimizations, the gradient-tailored LLO with medium-slope shows the best electrochemical performance, with a very low average voltage decay of 0.8 mV per cycle as well as a capacity retention of 88.4% within 200 cycles at 200 mA g –1 . These excellent findings are due to spinel structure suppression, electrochemical stress optimization, and Jahn-Teller effect inhibition. Further investigation shows that the gradient-tailored LLO reduces the thermal release percentage by as much as about 41% when the battery is charged to 4.4 V. This study provides an effective method to suppress the voltage decay of LLOs for further practical utilization in LIBs and also puts forward a bulk-structure design strategy to prepare better electrode materials for different rechargeable batteries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Molecular Ordering and Double-Channel Carrier Generation of Nonfullerene Photovoltaics within Multi-Length-Scale Morphology

The success of nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) solar cells lies in their unique physical properties beyond the extended absorption and suitable energy levels. The current study investigates the morphology and photophysical behavior of PBDB-T donor blending with ITIC, 4TIC, and 6TIC acceptors. Single-crystal study shows that the π–π stacking and side-chain interaction dictate molecular assembly, which can be carried to blended films, forming a multi-length-scale morphology. Spontaneous carrier generation is seen in ITIC, 4TIC, and 6TIC neat films and their blended thin films using the PBDB-T donor, providing a new avenue of zero-energy-loss carrier formation. The molecular packing associated with specific contacts and geometry is key in influencing the photophysics, as demonstrated by the charge transfer and carrier lifetime results. The 2D layer of 6TIC facilitates the exciton-to-polaron conversion, and the largest photogenerated polaron yield is obtained. Finally, the new mechanism, together with the highly efficient blending region carrier generation, has the prospect of the fundamental advantage for NFA solar cells, from molecular assembly to thin-film morphology.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Unveiling the Morphological and Physical Mechanism of Burn–in Loss Alleviation by Ternary Matrix Toward Stable and Efficient All–Polymer Solar Cells

All–polymer solar cells (All–PSCs) are considered the most promising candidate in achieving both efficient and stable organic photovoltaic devices, yet the field has rarely presented an in–depth understanding of corresponding device stability while efficiency is continuously boosted via the innovation of polymer acceptors. Herein, a ternary matrix is built for all–PSCs with optimized morphology, improved film ductility and importantly, boosted efficiency and better operational stability than its parental binary counterparts, as a platform to study the underlying mechanism. The target system PQM–Cl:PTQ10:PY–IT (0.8:0.2:1.2) exhibits an alleviated burn–in loss of morphology and efficiency under light soaking, which supports its promoted device lifetime. The comprehensive characterizations of fresh and light–soaked active layers lead to a clear illustration of opposite morphological and physical degradation direction of PQM–Cl and PTQ10, thus resulting in a delicate balance at the optimal ternary system. Specifically, the enlarging tendency of PQM–Cl and shrinking preference of PTQ10 in terms of phase separation leads to a stable morphology in their mixing phase; the hole transfer kinetics of PQM–Cl:PY–IT host is stabilized by incorporating PTQ10. Finally, this work succeeds in reaching a deep insight into all–PSC's stability promotion by a rational ternary design, which booms the prospect of gaining high–performance all–PSCs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

A New Family of Ternary Intermetallic Compounds with Dualistic Atomic Ordering – The ZIP Phases

A new family of nanostructured ternary intermetallic compounds − named the ZIP phases − is introduced in this work. The ZIP phases exhibit dualistic atomic ordering, i.e., they form two structural variants: one with the fcc diamond cubic structure (space group Fd$\bar{3}$m) and one with the hexagonal structure (space group P6 3 /mmc). They are also characterized by metallic behavior, ionic bonding, and atomic zigzagging. Powder metallurgical routes involving pressure-assisted densification are adopted to demonstrate ZIP phase synthesis in the Nb-Si-Ni, Nb-Si-Co, Ta-Si-Ni, V-Si-Ni, and Nb-Si-Fe ternary systems. Crucially, reactive hot pressing is capable of producing high-purity ZIP phase materials after the judicious, elemental system-specific optimization of the processing route. Synthesis of phase-pure materials – demonstrated in the Nb-Si-Ni ternary system by the synthesis of quasi phase-pure Nb 3 SiNi 2 and Ni 3 SiNb 2 ZIP phase-based materials – is a steppingstone to the prospective exploitation of the ZIP phases. Characterization of Nb 3 SiNi 2 and Ni 3 SiNb 2 involves crystal structure determination, spatially resolved chemical analysis, and determination of select thermal, electrical, magnetic, mechanical, and physical properties. Density functional theory is used to assess the stability of Nb 3 SiNi 2 & Ni 3 SiNb 2 and derivative binary compounds at different temperatures, also exploring the exfoliation of these two ZIP phases along specific surfaces to produce 2D derivatives.

Intermetallic compounds (IMCs)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Harnessing High‐Throughput Computational Methods to Accelerate the Discovery of Optimal Proton Conductors for High‐Performance and Durable Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells

Abstract The pursuit of high‐performance and long‐lasting protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) is impeded by the lack of efficient and enduring proton conductors. Conventional research approaches, predominantly based on a trial‐and‐error methodology, have proven to be demanding of resources and time‐consuming. Here, this work reports the findings in harnessing high‐throughput computational methods to expedite the discovery of optimal electrolytes for PCECs. This work methodically computes the oxygen vacancy formation energy (E V ), hydration energy (E H ), and the adsorption energies of H 2 O and CO 2 for a set of 932 oxide candidates. Notably, these findings highlight BaSn x Ce 0.8‐x Yb 0.2 O 3‐δ (BSCYb) as a prospective game‐changing contender, displaying superior proton conductivity and chemical resilience when compared to the well‐regarded BaZr x Ce 0.8‐x Y 0.1 Yb 0.1 O 3‐δ (BZCYYb) series. Experimental validations substantiate the computational predictions; PCECs incorporating BSCYb as the electrolyte achieved extraordinary peak power densities in the fuel cell mode (0.52 and 1.57 W cm −2 at 450 and 600 °C, respectively), a current density of 2.62 A cm −2 at 1.3 V and 600 °C in the electrolysis mode while demonstrating exceptional durability for over 1000‐h when exposed to 50% H 2 O. This research underscores the transformative potential of high‐throughput computational techniques in advancing the field of proton‐conducting oxides for sustainable power generation and hydrogen production.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Perspective on Lewis Acid‐Base Interactions in Emerging Batteries

Lewis acid-base interactions are common in chemical processes presented in diverse applications, such as synthesis, catalysis, batteries, semiconductors, and solar cells. The Lewis acid-base interactions allow precise tuning of material properties from the molecular level to more aggregated and organized structures. This review will focus on the origin, development, and prospects of applying Lewis acid-base interactions for the materials design and mechanism understanding in the advancement of battery materials and chemistries. The covered topics relate to aqueous batteries, lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, alkali metal-sulfur batteries, and alkali metal-oxygen batteries. In this review, the Lewis acid-base theories will be first introduced. Thereafter the application strategies for Lewis acid-base interactions in solid-state and liquid-based batteries will be introduced from the aspects of liquid electrolyte, solid polymer electrolyte, metal anodes, and high-capacity cathodes. The underlying mechanism is highlighted in regard to ion transport, electrochemical stability, mechanical property, reaction kinetics, dendrite growth, corrosion, and so on. Last but not least, perspectives on the future directions related to Lewis acid-base interactions for next-generation batteries are like to be shared.

Lewis acid-base interactions↗