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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

The accuracy of far-field noise obtained by the mathematical extrapolation of near-field noise data

Results are presented for an analytical study of the accuracy and limitations of a technique that permits the mathematical extrapolation of near-field noise data to far-field conditions. The effects of the following variables on predictive accuracy of the far-field pressure were examined: (1) number of near-field microphones; (2) length of source distribution; (3) complexity of near-field and far-field distributions; (4) source-to-microphone distance; and (5) uncertainties in microphone data and imprecision in the location of the near-field microphones. It is shown that the most important parameters describing predictive accuracy are the number of microphones, the ratio of source length to acoustic wavelength (L/lambda), and the error in location of near-field microphones. For maximum microphone location errors of plus or minus 1 cm, only an accuracy of plus or minus 2.5 dB can be attained with approximately 40 microphones for the highest L/lambda of 10.

Ahtye, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Mars water vapor, near-surface

In a previous paper we concluded that the temperature sensors aboard the Viking landers (VL-1 and VL-2) were detecting the water vapor frost point. Analysis of one Mars year of data at both lander sites substantiates this conclusion. At VL-1 it is found that the water vapor mixing ratio is constant with height through the bulk of the atmosphere, most of the time. Exceptions are during the onset phases of the two major dust storms when temporary enhancement of near-surface vapor occurs (the same phenomenon is observed at VL-2), and some depletion of near-surface vapor during the decay phase of the first storm, possibly the second storm as well. The former suggests near-surface, northward transport of water vapor with the storms. The latter suggests adsorption of vapor on dust particles followed by surface deposition. At VL-2, severe near-surface depletion of water vapor occurs during northern autumn and winter. The residual vapor is in equilibrium with the surface condensate observed at the site during this period, indicating that the source region for the condensate must be aloft with downward transport by dust fall-out. Since the near-surface water vapor mixing ratio and concentration at VL-1 generally parallels the column abundance over VL-1 obtained by the orbiters, this suggests that VL-1 can be used to give a measure of column abundance for as long as the temperature sensors remain operational.

Ryan, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Structural design of a vertical antenna boresight 18.3 by 18.3-m planar near-field antenna measurement system

A large very precise near-field planar scanner was proposed for NASA Lewis Research Center. This scanner would permit near-field measurements over a horizontal scan plane measuring 18.3 m by 18.3 m. Large aperture antennas mounted with antenna boresight vertical could be tested up to 60 GHz. When such a large near field scanner is used for pattern testing, the antenna or antenna system under test does not have to be moved. Hence, such antennas and antenna systems can be positioned and supported to simulate configuration in zero g. Thus, very large and heavy machinery that would be needed to accurately move the antennas are avoided. A preliminary investigation was undertaken to address the mechanical design of such a challenging near-field antenna scanner. The configuration, structural design and results of a parametric NASTRAN structural optimization analysis are contained. Further, the resulting design was dynamically analyzed in order to provide resonant frequency information to the scanner mechanical drive system designers. If other large near field scanners of comparable dimensions are to be constructed, the information can be used for design optimization of these also.

Sharp, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Near field to far field transformations and multiple beam forming and steering

The feasibility of acoustic verification of microwave near field to far field transformation algorithms using the Phased Array Sonic Simulation System was studied. Existing electromagnetic near field measurement techniques and transformation algorithms (equations) were investigated. It was analytically determined that acoustic verification is valid. Acoustic simulation of electromagnetic near field to far field transformations is emphasized. The acoustic simulation of electromagnetic near field to far field transformation is verified for the modal expansion method. In the modal expansion method, data from antenna near field measurements are converted to a summation or spectrum of modes corresponding to wave numbers in the measurement coordinate system. Fourier transformation of those measurements preserves the far field information in a spectral form that is then readily extractable.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1987

Self-similar potential in the near wake

The plasma potential is measured near the edge of an electrically floating obstacle placed in a steady-state, supersonic, unmagnetized, neutral plasma flow. Equipotential contours show the sheath of the upstream side of the obstacle wrapping around the edge of the obstacle and fanning out into the near wake. Both fluid theory and the data find the near-wake plasma potential to be self-similar when ionization, charge exchange, and magnetic field can be neglected. The theory also finds that fluid velocity is self-similar, the near wake is nonneutral, and plasma density is not self-similar. Strong electric fields are found near the obstacle and equipotential contours are found to conform to all boundaries.

Diebold, D.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The near-infrared polarization and color of Comet Halley: What can we learn about the grains

The near infrared polarization and JHK colors of light scattered by dust grains in comet Halley were measured over a wide range in phase angle and heliocentric distance. Colors were redder than solar with no statistically significant variation with phase angle, heliocentric distance, or pre- and post-perihelion. This suggests that the grain population did not change drastically over time and that the data may be combined and modeled. However, short term variations in visible polarization and dust albedo were seen in Halley. Also, near infrared colors became systematically bluer after the observations were completed. The near infrared colors of Halley fall in the range of those of other comets. The near infrared polarization is similar to the visible polarization of Halley and other comets in showing a negative branch at small phase angles and an approximately linear rise toward positive values at larger phase angles. Mie theory calculations and a size distribution based on spacecraft data were used to model the near infrared polarization and color of comet Halley. Numerous lines of evidence point to the presence of dark, absorbing, probably carbonaceous materials in comets.

Brooke, Timothy Y.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Near-wall modelling of compressible turbulent flows

Work was carried out to extend the near-wall models formulated for the incompressible Reynolds stress equations to compressible flows. The idea of splitting the compressible dissipation function into a solenoidal part that is not sensitive to changes of compressibility indicators and a compressible part that is directly affected by these changes is adopted. This means that all models involving the dissipation rate could be expressed in terms of the solenoidal dissipation rate and an equation governing its transport could be formulated to close the set of compressible Reynolds stress equations. The near-wall modelling of the dissipation rate equation is investigated and its behavior near a wall is studied in detail using k-epsilon closure. It is found that all existing modelled equations give the wrong behavior for the dissipation rate near a wall. Improvements are suggested and the resultant behavior is found to be in good agreement with near-wall data. Furthermore, the present modified k-epsilon closure is used too calculate a flat plate boundary layer and the results are compared with four existing k-epsilon closures. These comparisons show that all closures tested give essentially the same flow properties, except in a region very close to the wall. In this region, the present k-epsilon closure calculations are in better agreement with measurements and direct simulation data; in particular, the behavior of the dissipation rate.

So, Ronald M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Compositions of near-Earth asteroids

Observational studies of near-earth asteroids and development of techniques for determining their composition were continued. The analysis techniques were applied to the spectra of several bodies in preparation for their application of near-earth asteroids. In mid-November 1989, near-IR observations of three near-earth atseroids, 1865 Cerberus, 1989 VA, and 1989 VB, were made. These asteroids were observed in six broadband visual and near-IR filters (0.4 to 2.5 microns), and a few narrowband measurements in the IR were obtained, but the asteroids were too faint to measure beyond 2.5 microns. Simultaneous, high-resolution visual CCD spectra were measured for these objects, but the data were not yet reduced to determine their quality. Narrowband spectra of the Martian satellite Deimos in the 1 to 3 micron spectral region were obtained. Simultaneous with the observing project, laboratory studies of meteorites and meteorite analogs which are used in spectral analysis of the telescopic data are continuing to be performed. Extensive work was performed in developing applications of Hapke reflectance theory to compositional analysis. Hapke theory is an adaptation of radiative reflectance theory to particulate surfaces.

Lebofsky, Larry A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Near-wall reconstruction of higher order moments and length scales using the POD

An analysis of the near-wall behavior of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) eigenfunctions derived from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of channel flow is performed. Consistent with previous studies, a low order multi-mode reconstruction of the kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress suffices. A similar reconstruction of the isotropic dissipation rate is shown to be insufficient, however. An analysis is performed of the multi-mode composition of the dissipation rate in the near-wall region, and it is shown that a significant number of higher-order modes are required to achieve the correct asymptotic consistency in the near-wall region. In an attempt to avoid this problem, a length scale definition is proposed in terms of an integration of the correlation tensor which factors in the presence of the wall. The wall is accounted for by only integrating out to 2y(+) and not over the entire domain. Viscous and inviscid estimates for the dissipation were used in the near-wall and core regions respectively, in conjunction with this length scale representation to obtain an estimate of the dissipation throughout the domain. The resulting dissipation exhibits the proper behavior near the wall and in the inertial layer. A 1 POD mode estimate of the length scale is computed and found to agree quite well with the length scale obtained when the entire correlation tensor is used.

Glauser, Mark N.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Lunar Resources Using Moderate Spectral Resolution Visible and Near-infrared Spectroscopy: Al/si and Soil Maturity

Modern visible and near-infrared detectors are critically important for the accurate identification and relative abundance measurement of lunar minerals; however, even a very small number of well-placed visible and near-infrared bandpass channels provide a significant amount of general information about crucial lunar resources. The Galileo Solid State Imaging system (SSI) multispectral data are an important example of this. Al/Si and soil maturity will be discussed as examples of significant general lunar resource information that can be gleaned from moderate spectral resolution visible and near-infrared data with relative ease. Because quantitative-albedo data are necessary for these kinds of analyses, data such as those obtained by Galileo SSI are critical. SSI obtained synoptic digital multispectral image data for both the nearside and farside of the Moon during the first Galileo Earth-Moon encounter in December 1990. The data consist of images through seven filters with bandpasses ranging from 0.40 microns in the ultraviolet to 0.99 microns in the near-infrared. Although these data are of moderate spectral resolution, they still provide information for the following lunar resources: (1) titanium content of mature mare soils based upon the 0.40/0.56-micron (UV/VIS) ratio; (2) mafic mineral abundance based upon the 0.76/0.99-micron ratio; and (3) the maturity or exposure age of the soils based upon the 0.56-0.76-micron continuum and the 0.76/0.99-micron ratio. Within constraints, these moderate spectral resolution visible and near-infrared reflectance data can also provide elemental information such as Al/Si for mature highland soils.

Fischer, Erich M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Near term NEP missions and systems

The topics covered are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: Nuclear Propulsion Office Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) goals; near term systems definition, representative near term NEP systems; demonstration missions; primary missions; near term NEP Mars cargo mission; near term NEP Mars mission analysis; and near term NEP mars mission.

Gilland, Jim↗
NASA NTRS1992

The flux of small asteroids near the Earth

Fifteen new EA's (Earth approachers) have been discovered since September, among them the smallest asteroids on record: 1990 UN, 1991 BA, and 1991 JR, which are in the 10 to 100 m size range (Scotti et al. 1991b). For the first time, we can make estimates of the fluxes near the Earth of these small objects, thought to be the immediate parents of meteorites, from direct observation. In this paper, I show that for EA's larger than a few 100 m, the magnitude-frequency dependence we observe is consistent with the cumulative magnitude-frequency relation, m(H), established for the main belt asteroids. Assuming this relation extends to smaller sizes, however, the probability for discovering both 1990 UN and 1991 JR was 15 percent, and for discovering 1991 BA only 1 percent. Objects smaller than approx. 100 m are therefore increasingly overabundant compared to an extrapolation from larger objects, with the excess increasing with decreasing size. Near 10 m, the most probable flux near the Earth is two orders of magnitude higher. This is in agreement with the flux extrapolated from observations of bright meteors and fireballs. It is thus likely that processes other than collisional breakup of asteroidal material begin to supply the population of small objects near the Earth at sizes near 100 m. Tantalizing clues from spectral measurements and orbital associations suggest that these objects may be the debris from extinct, short-period comets.

Rabinowitz, David L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Composition of near-Earth asteroids

The continuing goal is to determine whether any of the near-Earth asteroids or the satellites of Mars contain hydrated phyllosilicate (clay) minerals. If these minerals are present, they would provide a ready source of water for propellant generation and use in life support systems. Many of the dark main belt asteroids have been shown to contain hydrated phyllosilicate minerals. Some of the near-Earth asteroids are also dark, but telescopic detection of water on these near-Earth asteroids is complicated because of the faintness of these small asteroids and because thermal emission masks the diagnostic spectral features beyond 3 microns due to water of hydration for objects within 2 AU of the Sun. New techniques for asteroid classification based on spectral reflectance and mineralogy will be necessary to determine whether the water absorption features are present on any of the near-Earth asteroids. This past year, better ways to classify 'wet' vs. 'dry' asteroids in the main belt were looked at. This new classification may allow us to determine the presence of water of hydration in the surface minerals of near-Earth asteroids even when we can only observe them at wavelengths that are not affected by thermal emission.

Lebofsky, Larry A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

A near-wall two-equation model for turbulent heat fluxes

A near-wall two-equation model for turbulent heat fluxes is derived from the temperature variance and its dissipation-rate equations and the assumption of gradient transport. Only incompressible flows with non-buoyant heat transfer are considered. The near-wall asymptotics of each term in the exact equations are examined and used to derive near-wall correction functions that render the modeled equations consistent with these behavior. Thus modeled, the equations are used to calculate fully-developed pipe and channel flows with heat transfer. It is found that the proposed two-equation model yields asymptotically correct near-wall behavior for the normal heat flux, the temperature variance and its near-wall budget and correct limiting wall values for these properties compared to direct simulation data and measurements obtained under different wall boundary conditions.

Sommer, T. P.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Near- and mid-infrared imaging of the planetary nebulae BD +30 deg 3639 and IC 418

We present near- and mid-IR images of the planetary nebulae BD +30 deg 3639 and IC 418, with a unique combination of high spatial and spectral resolution. The mid-IR images were obtained with MIRAC, a new IR array camera. For BD +30 deg 3639, the mid-IR images at 10.0, 11.2, 12.4, 12.8, and 13.2 microns have allowed us to separate the various spectral emission components such as the broad UIR features, the 12.8-micron forbidden Ne II emission feature, and continuum emission, to determine the distribution of these components in the nebula. For IC 418, we have obtained high-resolution images in both the near- and mid-IR. The images in the near-IR at J, H, and K are important for determining the source of the IR excess; one component of the excess is located near the central star. We have also imaged the halo emission at H and K, which has been detected in earlier studies, and have determined its spatial extent. The mid-IR images at 9.8 and 11.7 microns show continuum emission coincident with the ionized zone and suggest that SiC emission originates from the region near the central star.

Hora, Joseph L.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Turbulence closure modeling near rigid boundaries

The near-wall region plays an essential role in turbulent boundary layers: it is a region of high shear; the peak rate of production and peak intensity of turbulence occurs there; and the peak rate of dissipation occurs right at the wall. Nevertheless, this region has received less attention from modelers than have more nearly homogeneous flows. One reason for this is that when the boundary layer is near equilibrium, experimental data can be used to prescribe the flow in the wall layer. Another reason is that most turbulence models are developed under assumptions of near homogeneity. This is a poor approximation in the wall region. A single-point moment closure model for the strongly non-homogeneous A turbulent flow near a rigid boundary is developed.

Durbin, Paul A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Pickup protons and pressure-balanced structures: Voyager 2 observations in merged interaction regions near 35 AU

Five pressure-balanced structures, each with a scale of the order of a few hundredths of an astonomical unit (AU), were identified in two merged interaction regions (MIRs) near 35 AU in the Voyager 2 plasma and magnetic field data. They include a tangential discountinuity, simple and complex magnetic holes, slow correlated variations among the plasma and magnetic field parameters, and complex uncorrelated variations among the parameters. The changes in the magnetic pressure in these events are balanced by changes in the pressure of interstellar pickup protons. Thus the pickup protons probably play a major role in the dynamics of the MIRs. The solar wind proton and electron pressures are relatively unimportant in the MIRs at 35 AU and beyond. The region near 35 AU is transition region: the Sun is the source of the magnetic field, but the interstellar medium in source of pickups protons. Relative to the solar wind proton guyroadius, the thicknesses of the discontinuities and simple magnetic holes observed near 35 AU are at least an order of magnitude greater than those observed at 1 AU. However, the thicknesses of the tangential discontinuity and simple magnetic holes observed near 35 AU (in units of the pickup proton Larmor radius) are comparable to those observed at 1 AU (in units of the solar wind proton gyroradius). Thus the gyroradius of interstellar pickup protons controls the thickness of current sheets near 35 AU. We determine the interstellar pickup proton pressure in the PBSs. Using a model for the pickup proton temperature, we estimate that the average interstellar pickup proton pressure, temperature, and density in the MIRs at 35 AU are (0.53 +/- 0.14) x 10(exp -12) erg/cu cm, (5.8 +/- 0.4) x 10(exp 6) K and (7 +/- 2) x 10(exp -4)/cu cm.

Burlaga, L. F.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Near-infrared (J, H, K) imaging of Herbig Ae/Be stars

Near-infrared (J, H, K) images were obtained for 16 Herbig Ae/Be stars. The primary goal was to determine the contributions by circumstellar nebulae and nearby sources to near-infrared photometry carried out with large beams. Quasi-simultaneous photometric results were obtained with small apertures. The emission toward five Herbig Ae/Be stars is extended, including all four Group II sources in our sample (Hillebrand et al. 1992); 13 objects have nearby sources (within 10 sec separation). However, the extended emission and nearby sources are too faint to affect previous photometry significantly. The surface brightness profiles of most of the nebulae can be explained by reflection nebulae which scatter the light from the central star/disk systems with single, isotropic scattering processes. The exception is Par 21, which may require emission from very small grains. The color-color diagram, making use of our new photometry, essentially agrees with the results of Lada & Adams (1992). The Group II objects in our sample tend to have extended emission more frequently than do Group I objects, supporting the suggestion of Hillebrand et al. that Group II sources are more affected by circumstellar envelopes. However, most of the near-infrared emission comes from the central (less than or = 6 sec) regions. This upper limit is still much larger than the expected size of accretion disks. Possible envelope effects could not be ruled out for most Herbig Ae/Be stars with unresolved emission. The images do not clearly favor very small, thermally emitting grains as the origin of the near-infrared emission. The problem still exists of how to explain the observed peaks near 3 sec in the spectral energy distributions of Herbig Ae/Be stars. The possible effects of envelopes and companions are addressed.

Li, Wenbin↗