Electrons in the Van Allen zone measured with a scintillator on Explorer XIV
Scintillator measurements of electron energy spectra in Van Allen belt near equator
ELECTRON ENERGY↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Charge composition of galactic cosmic radiation
Experimental results from the balloon borne ionization spectrometer have enabled the extension of the measurement of the energy spectra of cosmic rays to 10 to the 12th power eV. The exposure factor for this flight was 1825 sq m/sr/sec and approximately 10,000 nuclei with Z greater than or equal to 3 have been observed. Differential spectra of individual nuclei from lithium to oxygen and from groups of nuclei with Z = 10-14, 15-19, 20-23, and 24-30 energy range 2 x 10 to the 10th eV to 10 to the 12th eV are described in a power law representation. Results indicate that the composition of galactic cosmic rays remains similar to that observed at lower energies. These results from direct measurements provide evidence for the processes of source acceleration with interstellar propagation remaining essentially energy independent up to 10 to the 12th power eV.
Ormes, J. F.↗
Gamma-ray detectors (greater than 10 MeV)
Photons in the energy region above 10 MeV can provide unique information about the highest energy particles produced in solar flares. Measurements of the energy spectra, temporal behavior and anisotropies of the incident photons, can give valuable insights into the particle acceleration process. The detection techniques used at these energies, typical instruments which use these techniques, and future solar missions are reviewed.
Owens, Alan↗
Elemental abundances in the local cosmic rays at high energies
The heavy-nuclei energy spectra measured aboard the Space Shuttle and on HEAO 3 are presently discussed in the framework of a leaky-box model; the source energy spectrum required for a fit, at E exp -2.2 for all nuclear species, is slightly steeper than a previous estimate. These data are presented in terms of total energy/particle, in order to allow direct comparison with the observed all-particle spectrum of cosmic rays.
Swordy, Simon P.↗
The multiplicity and the spectra of secondaries correlated with the leading particle energy
The spectra of leading particles of different nature in pp-collisions at E sub 0 = 33 GeV are obtained. The multiplicities and the spectra of secondaries, mesons, gamma-quanta, lambda and lambda-hyperons and protons for different leading particle energy ranges are determined.
Kruglov, N. A.↗
Electron currents associated with an auroral band
Measurements of electron pitch angle distributions and energy spectra over a broad auroral band were used to calculate net electric current carried by auroral electrons in the vicinity of the band. The particle energy spectrometers were carried by a Nike-Tomahawk rocket launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, at 0722 UT on February 25, 1972. Data are presented which indicate the existence of upward field-aligned currents of electrons in the energy range 0.5-20 keV. The spatial relationship of these currents to visual structure of the auroral arc and the characteristics of the electrons carrying the currents are discussed.
Spiger, R. J.↗
The High Energy Telescope for STEREO
The IMPACT investigation for the STEREO Mission includes a complement of Solar Energetic Particle instruments on each of the two STEREO spacecraft. Of these instruments, the High Energy Telescopes (HETs) provide the highest energy measurements. This paper describes the HETs in detail, including the scientific objectives, the sensors, the overall mechanical and electrical design, and the on-board software. The HETs are designed to measure the abundances and energy spectra of electrons, protons, He, and heavier nuclei up to Fe in interplanetary space. For protons and He that stop in the HET, the kinetic energy range corresponds to approx. 13 to 40 MeV/n. Protons that do not stop in the telescope (referred to as penetrating protons) are measured up to approx. 100 MeV/n, as are penetrating He. For stopping He, the individual isotopes He-3 and He-4 can be distinguished. Stopping electrons are measured in the energy range approx. 0.7 - 6 MeV.
vonRosenvinge, Tycho↗
Modeling the Proton Radiation Belt With Van Allen Probes Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope Data
An empirical model of the proton radiation belt is constructed from data taken during 2013-2017 by the Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescopes on the Van Allen Probes satellites. The model intensity is a function of time, kinetic energy in the range 18-600 megaelectronvolts, equatorial pitch angle, and L shell of proton guiding centers. Data are selected, on the basis of energy deposits in each of the nine silicon detectors, to reduce background caused by hard proton energy spectra at low L. Instrument response functions are computed by Monte Carlo integration, using simulated proton paths through a simplified structural model, to account for energy loss in shielding material for protons outside the nominal field of view. Overlap of energy channels, their wide angular response, and changing satellite orientation require the model dependencies on all three independent variables be determined simultaneously. This is done by least squares minimization with a customized steepest descent algorithm. Model uncertainty accounts for statistical data error and systematic error in the simulated instrument response. A proton energy spectrum is also computed from data taken during the 8 January 2014 solar event, to illustrate methods for the simpler case of an isotropic and homogeneous model distribution. Radiation belt and solar proton results are compared to intensities computed with a simplified, on-axis response that can provide a good approximation under limited circumstances.
Selesnick, R. S.↗
Interplanetary solar-wind measurements by Mariner II.
Mariner II solar wind measurements including data on Venus electromagnetic radiation, space magnetic fields and charged particles, energy spectra, solar plasma, etc
INTERPLANETARY GAS↗
Design and Performance of the GAMMA-400 Gamma-Ray Telescope for Dark Matter Searches
The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope is designed to measure the fluxes of gamma-rays and cosmic-ray electrons + positrons, which can be produced by annihilation or decay of the dark matter particles, as well as to survey the celestial sphere in order to study point and extended sources of gamma-rays, measure energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray emission, gamma-ray bursts, and gamma-ray emission from the Sun. GAMMA-400 covers the energy range from 100 MeV to 3000 GeV. Its angular resolution is approx. 0.01 deg (E(sub gamma) > 100 GeV), the energy resolution approx. 1% (E(sub gamma) > 10 GeV), and the proton rejection factor approx 10(exp 6). GAMMA-400 will be installed on the Russian space platform Navigator. The beginning of observations is planned for 2018.
Dark Matter↗
Design and Performance of the GAMMA-400 Gamma-Ray Telescope for Dark Matter Searches
The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope is designed to measure the fluxes of gamma-rays and cosmic-ray electrons (+) positrons, which can be produced by annihilation or decay of the dark matter particles, as well as to survey the celestial sphere in order to study point and extended sources of gamma-rays, measure energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray emission, gamma-ray bursts, and gamma-ray emission from the Sun. GAMMA-400 covers the energy range from 100 MeV to 3000 GeV. Its angular resolution is approximately 0.01deg (E(sub gamma) greater than 100 GeV), the energy resolution approximately 1% (E(sub gamma) greater than 10 GeV), and the proton rejection factor approximately 10(exp 6). GAMMA-400 will be installed on the Russian space platform Navigator. The beginning of observations is planned for 2018.
Dark Matter↗
Cosmic-ray source and local interstellar spectra deduced from the isotopes of hydrogen and helium.
A self-consistent model for cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium propagation from the sources in the Galaxy to the orbit of earth is obtained, taking into account experimental information now available on the isotopes H-1, H-2, He-3, and He-4. The only adjustable parameters include the shape of the energy spectra of H-1 and He-4 at the time of source injection, the distribution of particle path lengths in interstellar space, and the solar modulation parameters. It is found that the allowed form of the source differential spectra of the H-1 and He-4 nuclei is dominated by a power law in total energy.
Comstock, G. M.↗
SYMPOSIUM ON AEROSPACE RADIOBIOLOGY. I. SOLAR INFLUENCES ON THE RADIATION FIELD IN SPACE
Symposium on aerospace radiobiology - energy spectra and composition of solar cosmic rays, time variations and propagation from sun to earth
ENERGY SPECTRUM↗
Cosmic-ray telescope
Cosmic ray telescope to measure absolute and relative flux levels and energy spectra of two main components of primary radiation
TELESCOPE↗
The February 5, 1965 solar proton event 1 - Time history and spectrums observed at 1100 km
Time history and energy spectra of solar proton flare on February 5, 1965
ENERGY SPECTRUM↗
Measurement of Elemental Abundance of Very Low Energy Solar Cosmic Rays
Heavy interplanetary particles were observed during a solar flare period between October 29 and November 4, 1972. The nuclear abundance was determined by a two parameter analysis (dE/dx vs E technique) of a thin window proportional counter - solid state detector device aboard the Explorer 47 (IMP-7) satellite. Energy spectra are given for C, O and Fe. The elemental abundance relative to oxygen is determined for carbon, neon, magnesium, silicon and the iron group in the energy range 0.62 to 6.9 MeV/nucleon. For the Fe/O ratio no energy dependence could be observed within the error limits.
Hovestadt, D.↗
Measurement of elemental abundance of very low energy solar cosmic rays
Heavy interplanetary particles (Z from 3 to 30) have been observed during a solar flare period between October 29 and November 4, 1972. The nuclear abundance has been determined by a two parameter analysis of a thin window proportional counter - solid state detector device aboard the Explorer 47 (IMP-7) satellite. Energy spectra are given for C, O and Fe. The elemental abundance relative to oxygen is determined for carbon, neon, magnesium, silicon and the iron group in the energy range 0.62 to 6.9 MeV/nucleon. For the Fe/O ratio no energy dependence could be observed within the error limits.
Hovestadt, D.↗
International Cosmic Ray Conference, 13th, University of Denver, Denver, Colo., August 17-30, 1973, Proceedings. Volumes 3 & 4
Volumes 3 and 4 contain papers dealing with measurements of muons and neutrinos, ultrahigh-energy interactions, extensive air showers, and details of experimental techniques and instrumentation. Attention is given to the zenith angle and underground depth dependence of cosmic ray muons, muon charge ratios and energy spectra, extraterrestrial sources of neutrinos, strong interaction data from new accelerators, searches for quarks and other new particles, hadron fluxes and propagation in the atmosphere, high-energy gamma-ray measurements, and new models and theories for high-energy strong interactions. Extensive air showers are examined in papers dealing with associated Cerenkov light, radio emission, structure, the hadron content, and primaries. The design, operation, and performance of various detectors are explained. Individual items are announced in this issue.
Source record↗