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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Understanding Oceanic Heavy Precipitation Using Scatterometer, Satellite Precipitation, and Reanalysis Products

The primary aim of this study is to understand the heavy precipitation events over Oceanic regions using vector wind retrievals from space based scatterometers in combination with precipitation products from satellite and model reanalysis products. Heavy precipitation over oceans is a less understood phenomenon and this study tries to fill in the gaps which may lead us to a better understanding of heavy precipitation over oceans. Various phenomenon may lead to intense precipitation viz. MJO (Madden-Julian Oscillation), Extratropical cyclones, MCSs (Mesoscale Convective Systems), that occur inside or outside the tropics and if we can decipher the physical mechanisms behind occurrence of heavy precipitation, then it may lead us to a better understanding of such events which further may help us in building more robust weather and climate models. During a heavy precipitation event, scatterometer wind observations may lead us to understand the governing dynamics behind that event near the surface. We hypothesize that scatterometer winds can observe significant changes in the near-surface circulation and that there are global relationships among these quantities. To the degree to which this hypothesis fails, we will learn about the regional behavior of heavy precipitation-producing systems over the ocean. We use a "precipitation feature" (PF) approach to enable statistical analysis of a large database of raining features.

Winds↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impacts of the morphology of new neighborhoods on microclimate and building energy

In anticipation of emerging global urbanization and consequent increases in energy use and carbon dioxide emissions, better understanding and quantification of climate effects on energy use in cities are needed, requiring coordinated research into large-scale, regional, and microclimate impacts to and from the city structure. The methodology described here addresses this need by (1) demonstrating a process for creating and testing example morphologies for new neighborhoods for their impact on local and regional meteorology within a two-way-coupled four-domain nested mesoscale weather model (6 km horizontal resolution outer domain, 90 m horizontal innermost domain) and (2) allocating resulting building-level meteorological profiles to each building in a neighborhood for parallel computation of building-by-building energy use. Our Chicago Loop test case shows that the morphology of even a small new added development to a neighborhood affects not only its own microclimate, but also the microclimate of the original neighborhood to which the development was added, and that these changes in microclimate affect both neighborhoods’ building energy use. Furthermore, this method represents an important step toward quantifying and analyzing the relationships among climatic conditions, urban morphology, and energy use and using these relationships to inform energy-efficient urban development and planning.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Interpreting T-History Data on Supercooling and Phase Change Enthalpy of a Salt-Hydrogel Complex for Building Thermal Management

Phase change materials (PCMs) are promising materials for storing and discharging latent heat in buildings to regulate the thermal environment. Measurement of salt hydrate PCM thermal performance is often challenging because of supercooling and phase segregation. Though differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been widely used to measure thermal properties of various phase change materials, DSC uses milligrams of sample and is unrealistic for predicting large-scale materials performance. The T-history method [1], in contrast, handles higher volumes but the analysis typically requires a lumped capacitance assumption. Here, we report and analyze T-History data on a novel salt-hydrogel complex with high viscosity, that renders low Biot number sample preparation extremely challenging. We re-examine the standard T-history method and compared against DSC data in this complex material. We report details of an experimental setup, built with necessary additions to a controlled environmental chamber. We carefully examine the validity of the lumped capacitance assumption and suggest a modified analysis using a computational approach for reliable data. Experimental parameters such as ramp rate and temperature range of the environmental chamber are considered via computational modeling to understand the effect of ramp rate on supercooling [2]. Finally, we report thermal cycling experiments on the salt-hydrogel complex. Our modified approach to measuring supercooling and enthalpy of fusion at large scales is important in better understanding the performance of phase-change materials at scale for building thermal storage. References: [1] Marin, Jose M, Belen Zalba, Luisa F Cabeza, and Harald Mehling. “Determination of Enthalpy Temperature Curves of Phase Change Materials with the Temperature-History Method: Improvement to Temperature Dependent Properties.” Measurement Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 184–89. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/14/2/305. [2] Safari, A., R. Saidur, F.A. Sulaiman, Yan Xu, and Joe Dong. “A Review on Supercooling of Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage Systems.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 70 (April 2017): 905–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.272

thermodynamics↗
DOE OSTI2023

US Department of Energy Better Plants Program’s Approach to Manufacturing Workforce Development

Multiple studies suggest that by 2030, millions of jobs may go unfilled because of a significant skills gap between the current manufacturing workforce and the workforce needed to support the shift toward advanced and sustainable manufacturing. According to US manufacturers, finding the right talent is more difficult now than in previous years. Developing a well-trained workforce will play a critical role in transforming the manufacturing sector into a net-zero contributor of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. To help reduce energy, water, waste, and greenhouse gas emissions as well as build a strong, sustainable manufacturing workforce, the US Department of Energy created the voluntary Better Plants program in 2011. This study discusses the program’s various workforce development activities, including in-plant trainings, virtual in-plant trainings, and in-person bootcamps. The target audiences, training objectives, and topics designed to upskill workers for a low-carbon manufacturing future are described. Feedback that was collected (e.g., new training topics, certifications, hands-on activities) while working with more than 270 US manufacturers for the past 12 years on workforce development are discussed. Finally, some strategies are proposed to address the feedback.

Guo, Wei↗
DOE OSTI2020

Data-Driven Understanding of Low-to-Moderate Income Customers’ Adoption and Financial Qualification in Community Solar (Final Technical Report)

When Solstice began working in the community solar industry, it quickly became clear that there was a wide disparity along race and class lines in terms of what kind of household traditional solar offerings benefited. Solstice is an organization that aligns itself to the principles of a Just Transition, or the concept that a transition to a green economy should benefit and prioritize historically marginalized groups of people. Given that low-income communities are disproportionately burdened by our current polluting fossil fuel economy, Solstice set out to investigate the root causes of the exclusion of low to moderate income (LMI) households in the community solar market. As we worked more and more with financiers, developers, and LMI households, we recognized that significant barriers to entry in a developer-owned project were credit threshold requirements. A FICO score of 750 and higher discriminates against LMI households that are not financially stable enough to take on multiple lines of credit (or who may not have been deemed credit worthy enough to access a line of credit) yet who may have been reliable utility customers. As Solstice began looking further into preliminary data and speaking to community-based organizations (CBOs) that serve LMI households, we found our hypothesis to be worth investigating; there was indeed a subset of LMI households with poor FICO scores (or no FICO score at all) that had perfect bill payment history. Though initially Solstice was intent on gathering a body of data to prove or disprove this hypothesis, we were also concerned that all this proof of a financially stable and reliable customer was not being incorporated into FICO, and wondered if such a score would be possible. After preliminary research into the existence of alternative scores, Solstice realized that many mission-driven lending institutions rely on alternative metrics that are formulated for their specific industry. However, we also realized that community solar did not have an alternative credit underwriting mechanism, though there was great need from solar financiers for one. We anticipated that the creation of an EnergyScore would contribute to financiers’ need to qualify more people, as these entities are desperately looking for ways to lower the cost of customer acquisition. FICO turns away nearly 50% of potential customers (according to our own acquisition experience), and much of the community solar industry is realizing that FICO is not the perfect qualifying mechanism. Additionally, with a grounding in energy justice, just transitions, and climate justice, Solstice recognizes the need for a solution that addresses a more urgent need for LMI households to access renewable energy savings and relieve energy burdens. With funding from the Department of Energy, we gathered the data necessary to build the EnergyScore, reached out to mission-driven developers willing to test the metric, and secured several demonstration projects to pilot the EnergyScore. After acquiring customers for these demo projects using the EnergyScore, we will be continuously collecting customer payment behavior data. Though it goes beyond the scope of this project, we plan to disseminate this de-identified data with the wider community solar industry, which includes not only financiers and developers, but other mission-driven nonprofits, solar cooperatives, community-based organizations, environmental justice activists, and academics. While we intend to disprove the notion that LMI households cannot be included in projects without acutely increasing the risk to project finances, we also hope the data can be used to negotiate better pricing of systems and terms of ownership for community groups seeking to build inclusive projects.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Importance of Window Installation in Residential Building Envelopes Having Continuous External Insulation in Order to Realize Energy Efficiency

Residential buildings are one of the prime candidates in the United States for reducing energy consumption. Continuous exterior insulation (CEI) is being used increasingly often in residential buildings to improve energy efficiency. Windows constitute 15–40% of a building envelope and are the weakest component in energy performance. The installation of windows in walls with CEI has not been well evaluated. We identified four cases of installing windows in walls with CEI of 25–76 mm (1–3 in.) thickness and analyzed the energy loss between the window and wall interface (flanking loss), structural issues, air leakage, and moisture penetration. Thermal analysis showed that the insulation value (RSI) of the 305 mm (12 in.) perimeter wall surrounding a window decreased by 7.6–34.5% in the four cases when compared with the RSI of the wall without the window. A window installation method is proposed to address the issues likely to occur with installation methods currently being used in the field. An out-of-the-box installation system was also designed to achieve a better thermal performance, cost effectiveness, and structural performance in high-performance residential buildings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Metadata Schemas and Ontologies for Building Energy Applications: A Critical Review and Use Case Analysis

With the increasing digitalization of processes throughout the lifecycle of buildings, data exchanged between stakeholders and between building systems has grown significantly. However, a lack of semantic interoperability between data in different systems is still prevalent, hindering the development of applications that can be reused across buildings and limiting the scalability of innovative solutions. Semantics refers to the description of the meaning of the data in a way that can be consistently understood by applications. Recently, several competing initiatives have been developing metadata schemas and ontologies to express this semantic information for different applications in the building domain. This paper systematically reviews these schemas and conducts an analysis of five of them to evaluate their applicability to three high-value use cases for building operations: energy audits, automated fault detection and diagnostics and optimal control. The survey finds 40 schemas published in the last 10 years but but their actual use in industry is difficult to estimate. Among the five selected ontologies, several gaps are highlighted in relation to the three use cases. Recommendations for the future include better harmonization of these initiatives, more centralized repositories and search engines for these schemas as well as better industry engagement to facilitate their adoption.

Smart Building, Sematic, Metadata, Ontology, Data ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Asymptotic hydrogen redistribution analysis in yttrium-hydride-moderated heat-pipe-cooled microreactors using DireWolf

Yttrium hydride (YH x ) is one of the materials being considered for moderating thermal and epithermal nuclear microreactors. One potential issue with YH x use is that the hydrogen redistributes in the hydride when thermal and concentration gradients are present. This hydrogen redistribution leads to spatial gradients in the hydrogen concentration, thus affecting neutron transport in the reactor. Here, by building upon observations in prior works, this paper aims to gain a better understanding of the reactivity feedback associated with such hydrogen redistributions. In particular, we wish to understand the sign (+/–) of the hydrogen redistribution neutronic feedback, its order of magnitude, and its underlying physical causes. To achieve this goal, the DireWolf multiphysics software driver was used to solve the coupled radiation transport, heat transfer, heat pipe two-phase flow, and hydrogen redistribution equations for the Simplified Microreactor Benchmark Assessment (SiMBA) problem, a full-core microreactor numerical benchmark developed at Idaho National Laboratory.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

MODELING AND TESTING OF A NOVEL ULTRA-LOW TEMPERATURE SCO2 OPPOSING PISTON EXPANDER

The Flameless Pressurized Oxy-Combustion (FPO) cycle, a novel flexible fuel technology, is being developed into a large pilot. This effort seeks to complete the preliminary engineering and planning of a 25 MWth Pilot Plant that will demonstrate the technology for scale-up to a commercial unit. The technology, pioneered by ITEA at the 5 MWth scale, must be brought to a higher technology readiness level (TRL) to be viable at the commercial scale. The 25 MWth pilot cycle was optimized for cost and technology development and demonstration. Preliminary drawings, layouts, and plans were defined. Process flow diagrams were used to describe the pilot configuration in greater detail. A heat and mass balance with stream data was created. A master equipment list specified the operating conditions for major pieces of equipment within the pilot using this heat and mass balance. The 25 MWth FPO pilot is assessed for environmental performance. A test campaign is developed to assess the type of test and number of hours required for pilot demonstration. The environmental performance is compared against projected performance at the commercial scale. This project builds upon extensive evaluation of the techno-economic performance of the FPO technology already performed by ITEA. This includes system improvements, such as the addition of a turbo-expander to the flue gas stream. Some of the performance-enhancing components are not as well defined as others. The primary goal of this effort was to bring all of the core cycle components to the same level of design maturity. A techno-economic assessment (TEA) evaluated the FPO technology at the commercial scale in comparison to the NETL baseline cases. The reference plants were used in combination with proprietary equipment estimates to build a plant capital cost and cost of electricity evaluation. FPO performed better than the sub-bituminous post-combustion capture cases. Further preliminary estimates of improvements to the FPO cycle show even further gains when compared to conventional carbon capture methods.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Dissolution of Additively Manufactured Mo Disks and Structures for Accelerator Based Production of Mo-99

The press-and-sinter approach for production of Mo targets has been successfully tested and demonstrated. The main advantage of this process is that it uses readily available technology and tools that have been tuned for production of various metal and metal oxide targets. However, certain target design specifications, such as dimensional accuracy of the diameter and thickness of the disks, are required for proper fit into a target holder and therefore place strict tolerances on sintered Mo disks intended for accelerator production. Furthermore, having a target composed of multiple disks poses certain challenges for post-irradiation processing, where there is a potential for spillage of individual disks during the manipulation for dissolution inside a processing hot cell. Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred to as 3D printing, provides capabilities to design and build a single-piece Mo target that provides the opportunity for better geometry for optimized production of Mo-99, improved cooling capability, and safer post-irradiation handling. A drawback of AM Mo structures is roughness of finished surfaces, which could reduce the effectiveness of gas cooling systems. Process development for AM Mo structures using selective laser melting is described in work by Gibson and Lowden. For post-irradiation processing, it is important to look at the dissolution behavior of AM Mo structures in comparison to readily dissolved press-and-sinter Mo targets. The dissolution behavior of press-and-sinter targets has been well documented in our previous reports. In this report, we discuss results of dissolution experiments conducted with AM Mo disks and structures (provided by Oak Ridge National Laboratory [ORNL]) in 50% hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

DEVELOPMENT OF A 25 MWTH FLAMELESS PRESSURIZED OXY-COMBUSTION PILOT

The Flameless Pressurized Oxy-Combustion (FPO) cycle, a novel flexible fuel technology, is being developed into a large pilot. This effort seeks to complete the preliminary engineering and planning of a 25 MWth Pilot Plant that will demonstrate the technology for scale-up to a commercial unit. The technology, pioneered by ITEA at the 5 MWth scale, must be brought to a higher technology readiness level (TRL) to be viable at the commercial scale. The 25 MWth pilot cycle was optimized for cost and technology development and demonstration. Preliminary drawings, layouts, and plans were defined. Process flow diagrams were used to describe the pilot configuration in greater detail. A heat and mass balance with stream data was created. A master equipment list specified the operating conditions for major pieces of equipment within the pilot using this heat and mass balance. The 25 MWth FPO pilot is assessed for environmental performance. A test campaign is developed to assess the type of test and number of hours required for pilot demonstration. The environmental performance is compared against projected performance at the commercial scale. This project builds upon extensive evaluation of the techno-economic performance of the FPO technology already performed by ITEA. This includes system improvements, such as the addition of a turbo-expander to the flue gas stream. Some of the performance-enhancing components are not as well defined as others. The primary goal of this effort was to bring all of the core cycle components to the same level of design maturity. A techno-economic assessment (TEA) evaluated the FPO technology at the commercial scale in comparison to the NETL baseline cases. The reference plants were used in combination with proprietary equipment estimates to build a plant capital cost and cost of electricity evaluation. FPO performed better than the sub-bituminous post-combustion capture cases. Further preliminary estimates of improvements to the FPO cycle show even further gains when compared to conventional carbon capture methods.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Force-triggered, Bio-based, Sealants for Prefabricated Building Components: Towards Improved Efficiency, Performance and Sustainability

The prefabricated building construction industry has made extensive progress in expediting the manufacture of prefabricated components at offsite plants. However, this progress has not translated to the assembly of the prefabricated components at the construction site. Case in point, sealing the joints between components to prevent air leaks requires the manual application of tape, caulk, or spray foam at the jobsite, and performance is highly dependent on the skills of the installer. To reduce assembly time and improve the airtightness and waterproofness of prefabricated components, we developed a sealant that can be installed at the plant and have its curing reaction triggered at the jobsite. Additionally, we used this opportunity to explore the use of bio-based feedstocks that are abundant and not used for food. We evaluated a series of force-triggered, bio-based, high strength, and fast curing sealants, consisting of a one-part heterogeneous system. These sealants are derived from formulations with ≥80% of bio-based components, consisting of a cardanol derived diepoxy that is microencapsulated in a polymer shell and embedded in a cardanol derived amine curing agent. The microcapsule shell allows separation of the reactive species in the one-part sealant allowing a fast-curing system to remain unreacted until the right trigger is applied. When the microcapsules are activated and broken by force, the highly reactive species mix and cure, exhibiting peel strengths up to 143 ppi. The open-air shelf stability of the sealant complexes was demonstrated by peel strength values of ~16 ppi when triggering the curing reaction even after being exposed for 8 months to open air and humidity. The successful on-demand triggering of curing reactions and the shelf stability provide efficacy of these force-triggered sealants for installation on prefabricated components, storage for months prior to delivery, and assembly at the jobsite. These force-triggered bio-based sealants for prefabricated buildings could result in lower installation time and cost as well as better performance than tapes and caulks at the jobsite.

Cortes Guzman, Karen [ORNL] (ORCID:000000028793468↗
NASA NTRS1999

Climate Change and a Global City: An Assessment of the Metropolitan East Coast Region

The objective of the research is to derive an assessment of the potential climate change impacts on a global city - in this case the 31 county region that comprises the New York City metropolitan area. This study comprises one of the regional components that contribute to the ongoing U.S. National Assessment: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change and is an application of state-of-the-art climate change science to a set of linked sectoral assessment analyses for the Metro East Coast (MEC) region. We illustrate how three interacting elements of global cities react and respond to climate variability and change with a broad conceptual model. These elements include: people (e.g., socio- demographic conditions), place (e.g., physical systems), and pulse (e.g., decision-making and economic activities). The model assumes that a comprehensive assessment of potential climate change can be derived from examining the impacts within each of these elements and at their intersections. Thus, the assessment attempts to determine the within-element and the inter-element effects. Five interacting sector studies representing the three intersecting elements are evaluated. They include the Coastal Zone, Infrastructure, Water Supply, Public Health, and Institutional Decision-making. Each study assesses potential climate change impacts on the sector and on the intersecting elements, through the analysis of the following parts: 1. Current conditions of sector in the region; 2. Lessons and evidence derived from past climate variability; 3. Scenario predictions affecting sector; potential impacts of scenario predictions; 4. Knowledge/information gaps and critical issues including identification of additional research questions, effectiveness of modeling efforts, equity of impacts, potential non-local interactions, and policy recommendations; and 5. Identification of coping strategies - i.e., resilience building, mitigation strategies, new technologies, education that affects decision-making, and better preparedness for contingencies.

Rosenzweig, Cynthia↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

TPSAS-NF1676L-35881-DND

DEVELOP bridges the gap between NASA Earth Science and society, building capacity in both its participants and end-user organizations to better prepare them to handle the environmental challenges that face society.

Clayton, Amanda L↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Introduction to Data Visualization

Data visualization can be used to present findings, explore data, and use the human eye to find patterns that a computer would struggle to locate. Borrowing tools from art, storytelling, data analytics and software development, data visualization is an indispensable part of the analysis process. While data visualization usage spans across multiple disciplines and sectors, most never receive formal training in the subject. As such, this tutorial will introduce key data visualization building blocks and how to best use those building blocks for different scenarios and audiences. We will also go over tips on accessibility, design and interactive elements. While this will by no means be a complete overview of the data visualization field, by building a foundation and introducing some rules of thumb, attendees will be better equipped for communicating their findings to their audience.

data visualization↗
DOE OSTI2020

Simulation-Based Design and Optimization of Waste Heat Recovery Systems

This fact sheet features an R&D project that will develop a modeling platform that can quantify the value of a district energy system and its potential for waste heat recovery. The new software analysis platform will evaluate and optimize district energy systems to better utilize low-temperature waste heat from nearby commercial and industrial buildings. The platform will help project developers and engineers easily quantify the potential value and cost savings of community energy systems for both producers and consumers of waste heat.

Combined heat and power, CHP, District energy, Was↗
DOE OSTI2024

First Measurement of the Isospin-Dependence of Nuclear Structure Functions at 12 GeV Jefferson Lab

The structure functions of protons and neutrons provide crucial insight into how the strong nuclear force, as described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), manifests at everyday energies, allowing us to better understand precisely how quarks and gluons interact to form the basic building blocks of almost all visible mass in our universe. Despite more than 40 years of experimental and theoretical effort, the EMC effect – the observation that nuclear structure functions appear to be modified from those of free nucleons – is still not fully understood. One open question that remains is whether or not the modification of quark distributions is the same for all quark flavors. Determining the flavor (isospin) dependence of the EMC effect, which is predicted by several models, is essential for coming to a complete understanding of how QCD manifests in nuclei. To this end, inclusive electron Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) from nuclei with approximately constant atomic mass number A and variable proton-to-neutron ratio N/Z was measured in Jefferson Lab experiment E12-10-008 to look for isospin-dependent modification of nuclear structure functions. The preliminary EMC ratios presented here cover a kinematic range of 2.8 < Q2 < 8.1 GeV2 and 0.18 < xBj < 1.0. The size of the EMC effect in these nuclei is extracted by calculating the slope of the EMC ratio as a function of Bjorken x (xBj ) over the ranges 0.3 < xBj < 0.6 and 0.3 < xBj < 0.7; these slopes then are compared with existing world data. Our preliminary results do not appear to indicate significant isospin-dependence of the EMC effect, though a more careful study is needed once all results are confirmed.

Cotton, Cameron William [Univ. of Virginia, Charlo↗
DOE OSTI2022

Scale-Up and Modeling Efforts Using an Omniphobic Surface Treatment for Mitigating Solids Deposition

Abstract Gas hydrates, waxes and asphaltenes represent some of the most significant flow assurance challenges, especially in subsea lines, where treatment options can be limited. Currently, complete avoidance is the primary strategy for hydrate management, while chemical or mechanical flushing/pigging may be utilized for other solids. Each system must also be treated with individualized solutions, as there have been no proved one-size-fits-all technologies demonstrated to date. As an alternative to constant chemical injection or thermodynamic controls such as insulation or heating, a robust omniphobic surface treatment material has been developed which has been shown in previous studies to significantly reduce the adhesion of flow assurance solids, resulting in lower risk for deposition and plugging of gas hydrates, waxes, and asphaltenes. As part of a Department of Energy study, laboratory scale tests were performed on a variety of apparatuses ranging from micromechanical force (micron scale) to laboratory flow loop testing (meter scale). While the results from these tests have been promising, there can be some disconnects between lab-scale observations and field-scale testing. Several factors can result in discrepancies between small-scale bench-top studies and deployment-scale efforts. These include flow conditions (Reynolds number, flow regime), chemistry (synthetic vs. crude oils, gas composition, and additives), physical differences (pipeline material, size, and geometry), etc. This work will describe the actions taken to better understand the deployment and performance of a material such as this omniphobic surface treatment in field scenarios, and to build confidence for deployment in a production scenario. These efforts include modeling field production scenarios using models developed from lab observations, application of the material to field-scale equipment to better understand application challenges, and expanded survivability and longevity testing. Understanding the bridge between laboratory testing and full-scale deployment allows for better technique and risk mitigation for field scale testing.

03 NATURAL GAS↗