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C2H8S3(NO3)2 is Theoretical Carbon Structure-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four ~{n}-(methylsulfonylsulfamoyl)methanesulfonamide molecules.
(C3N2)8H2 is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4mm space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one hydrogen molecule and one C3N2 cluster. In the C3N2 cluster, C+1.92+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent N3- atoms. Both C–N bond lengths are 1.44 Å. N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent C+1.92+ atoms.
(Si3N2)8H2 is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4mm space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one hydrogen molecule and one Si3N2 cluster. In the Si3N2 cluster, there are three inequivalent Si2+ sites. In the first Si2+ site, Si2+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent N+2.88- atoms. Both Si–N bond lengths are 1.76 Å. In the second Si2+ site, Si2+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent N+2.88- atoms. Both Si–N bond lengths are 1.77 Å. In the third Si2+ site, Si2+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two N+2.88- atoms. Both Si–N bond lengths are 1.76 Å. There are two inequivalent N+2.88- sites. In the first N+2.88- site, N+2.88- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three Si2+ atoms. In the second N+2.88- site, N+2.88- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three Si2+ atoms.
GeH4 is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four germanium molecules and eight hydrogen molecules.
WIrN5O4Cl is Theoretical Carbon Structure-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four WIrN5O4Cl clusters. W6+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are two shorter (1.75 Å) and two longer (2.38 Å) W–O bond lengths. The W–Cl bond length is 2.54 Å. Ir4+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three N+0.20- and one Cl1- atom. There is two shorter (1.75 Å) and one longer (1.76 Å) Ir–N bond length. The Ir–Cl bond length is 2.53 Å. There are three inequivalent N+0.20- sites. In the first N+0.20- site, N+0.20- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ir4+ atom. In the second N+0.20- site, N+0.20- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The N–O bond length is 1.19 Å. In the third N+0.20- site, N+0.20- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ir4+ atom. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one W6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one W6+ and one N+0.20- atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one W6+ and one Ir4+ atom.
(KSO3)2NH is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Pc space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two ammonia molecules and two KSO3 clusters. In each KSO3 cluster, there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.73 Å) and one longer (2.85 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.77 Å) and one longer (2.79 Å) K–O bond lengths. There are two inequivalent S2+ sites. In the first S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.48 Å. In the second S2+ site, S2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.48 Å. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two K1+ and one S2+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two K1+ and one S2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2+ atom.
CaC2 is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two ethyne molecules and four methylidenecalcium molecules.
ClO3 is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four hydrogen peroxide molecules and four hypochlorous acid molecules.
AgI is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6mm space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of one silver iodide molecule. Ag1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one I1- atom. The Ag–I bond length is 2.56 Å. I1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ag1+ atom.
Climate change is a global issue that has gained much attention recently. Co-firing biomass with coal/waste coal reduces the electricity sector’s GHG emissions sustainably. This study uses commercial software to model waste coal and biomass co-firing in 100 MW and 600 MW power plants. The objective is to assess the effects of fluid types (subcritical and supercritical), plant capacities (100 MW and 600 MW), boiler types (pulverized coal and circulating fluidized bed boilers), biomass and waste coal co-firing ratios (0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0), and carbon capture and storage efficiencies (0%, 90%, 95%, and 97%) on performance parameters such as net plant efficiency, heat rate, net plant CO2 and SO2, and particulate matter emissions. The feedstocks selected for this investigation include anthracite waste coal and loblolly pine biomass. As the biomass fraction increases from 0% to 100%, co-fired power plants net efficiency increases by 3–8%. Supercritical plants had a 6% higher net plant efficiency than the subcritical plants. The study found that the biomass’s high heating value decreased the fuel flow rate and reduced plant CO2 emissions by 10–16%. With 100% biomass power plant feed and 90% carbon capture and storage efficiency, CO2 emissions drop by 83% and SO2 and PM emissions drop to zero.
The U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon® Design Challenge is a collegiate competition that challenges student teams to design high performance buildings that push the boundaries of the industry. In the 2020 competition, DOE is piloting Design Partners, a low-risk opportunity for builders and building owners to harness student innovation and explore zero energy design for current or upcoming projects. Design Partners provide a student team of architects and engineers with project requirements. By the end of the Challenge, Design Partners receive a zero energy alternative and cost estimate for their project. The collaboration allows Design Partners to incorporate innovative concepts such as grid-interactivity, resilience, and low embodied carbon in a low-risk environment and provides the future generation of engineers and architects with invaluable experience designing a building for a client under real-world circumstances. Attendees will leave understanding the “perfect storm” of policy, technology, health, and economic trends that make zero energy buildings desirable and feasible and the value of the U.S. DOE Solar Decathlon to industry. They will also get a sneak peek at innovative solutions 2020 Design Partner pilot projects are bringing to the building industry and how becoming a Design Partner in 2021 could benefit their organization.
The production of Portland cement, the industry-standard cement, contributes ~8% of global CO 2 emissions through fossil-fuel heating and decomposition of limestone (the primary cement raw material). Decarbonization, e.g., via direct electrification, of this 200-year-old liming routine is extremely challenging at the industry scale. We propose a scalable electrochemical decarbonization approach to circumvent the limestone use by switching to carbon-free calcium silicates from abundant minerals and recycled concrete. Water electrolysis produces protons and hydroxides to drive a pH gradient that accelerates Ca 2+ ion leaching from calcium silicates and captures atmospheric CO 2 to form carbon-negative CaCO 3 , which serves as the feedstock for cement manufacturing or as the carbon-mineralized product for cement substitution with permanent carbon storage. Value-added co-products amorphous silica and green H 2 further enhance cement performance and supplant fossil fuels for net-zero transition, respectively. The products readily meet present-day regulatory standards and demands, and the approach readily synergizes with business-as-usual cement manufacturing and concrete construction, which are important for upscaling and structural safety, promising ready reception by the public and industries. Blended Portland cement produced through our approach with carbon-negative CaCO 3 and silica demonstrates enhanced resilience and achieves carbon neutrality or negativity when incorporating storage or circulation of CO 2 from cement plant flue gas, respectively. This low-cost, electrochemical cement production approach using abundant ubiquitous raw materials enables electrification, transition to clean fuel, and decarbonization at a gigaton scale.
The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Solar Decathlon® Design Challenge is a collegiate competition that challenges student teams to design high-performance buildings that push the boundaries of the industry. In the 2020 Design Challenge, DOE piloted the Design Partners Program, a low-risk opportunity for builders and building owners to harness student innovation and explore zero energy design for current or upcoming projects. Design Partners provide a student team of architects and engineers with project requirements. By the end of the Design Challenge, Design Partners receive a zero-energy design alternative and cost estimate for their project. The collaboration allows Design Partners to incorporate innovative concepts such as grid-interactivity, resilience, and low embodied carbon in a low-risk environment. It also provides the future generation of engineers and architects with invaluable experience designing a building for a client under real-world circumstances. This article summarizes the current policy, technology, health, and economic trends that make zero energy buildings desirable and feasible, and presents the value of the Solar Decathlon to industry. We highlight innovative solutions 2020 Design Partner pilot projects are bringing to the building industry.
In this project, a techno-economic analysis (TEA) and sensitivity studies were conducted to assess the PNNL’s leading water-lean CO 2 capture solvent, EEMPA, for capture CO 2 from a natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant at different levels of capture rate. Process models for the NGCC power plant, integrated with EEMPA carbon capture processes, were developed in Aspen Plus V14 using the most up-to-date property package for EEMPA-H 2 O-CO 2 system. The TEA evaluated EEMPA carbon capture process at normal capture rates (90%, 95% and 97%) against Case B32B (Cansolv) described in NETL Rev4a baseline report, and at higher capture rates aimed at achieving zero or negative emissions from the power plant (400 ppmv, 200 ppmv, and 100 ppmv CO 2 in exhaust gas), compared to typical Direct Air Capture (DAC) technologies. A manuscript was drafted for peer-reviewed publication. The results suggested that the carbon capture cost reaches a minimum of $\$$53.7/tonne CO 2 at 90% capture rate. Compared to Cansolv, one of the industrial benchmarks, EEMPA demonstrates 2-4% cost savings at capture rates up to 95%, but minimal savings at higher capture rate. The water lean-solvent system proves economically attractive for achieving moderate negative emissions (about 200 ppmv CO 2 in exhaust gas, and equivalent to 50% CO 2 removal from air) for NGCC flue gas, with marginal capture costs comparable to direct air capture (DAC) technologies. A sensitivity analysis results reveal that its economic advantage, unaffected by EEMPA price due to low solvent loss and degradation rate. However, the marginal carbon capture cost exceeds $\$$1,000/tonne CO 2 when transitioning from moderate to extreme negative emissions (100 ppmv CO 2 in exhaust gas), suggesting that water-lean solvents may not be economically competitive with other DAC technologies for removing more than 75% CO 2 from air. In addition, initial connection was established with Technology Center Mongstad (TCM) for a potential pilot testing proposal. However, detailed modeling and proposal preparation was not conducted due to the delay of non-disclosure agreement.
The industrial sector is responsible for one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions, and industrial decarbonization will be an essential component of limiting emissions and mitigating climate change (Rissman et al., 2020). This holds true for South Asian countries as they work toward their stated commitments to reducing emissions in the coming years. India has pledged to reduce the emissions intensity of its gross domestic product (GDP) by 33–35% by 2030 (Government of India, 2016) and announced at COP26 a target of reaching net-zero CO 2 emissions by 2070, a goal that will require rapid decarbonization of energy-intensive industries (WEF, 2021). Bangladesh’s Nationally Determined Contributions include a commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 6.73% to 15.12% by 2030 (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, 2021). While these Nationally Determined Contributions do not explicitly target emissions reductions in industry, Bangladesh’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EE&C) Master Plan highlights industry as an important sector for EE&C (Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority, 2015). Sri Lanka has pledged carbon neutrality by 2050, including a reduction in industrial greenhouse gas emissions (Ministry of Environment, 2021). Nepal’s commitment to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 includes plans to establish guidelines and technology transitions facilitating industrial decarbonization (Government of Nepal, 2020).
This study evaluates how low-carbon production technologies applicable to ethanol plants may reduce the life-cycle greenhouse gas emission (GHG) intensities of corn ethanol production in the USA. Results indicate that options focusing on incremental energy efficiency (e.g., combined heat and power) and yield improvements have a limited impact on GHG reductions. To achieve deep decarbonization (>50% GHG reduction compared to current corn ethanol production), a fuel switch from natural gas (NG) to alternative low-carbon fuels is needed. Replacing 50% of NG demand at ethanol plants with syngas from biomass through gasification or renewable natural gas from animal waste could achieve significant GHG reductions (11.7–23.5 g CO 2 e/MJ ethanol). Adding multiple technologies, including carbon capture and storage, to existing ethanol plants may further reduce GHG emissions to –18.4 g CO 2 e MJ –1 ethanol (including land-use change emissions), which is 120% lower than the carbon intensity of pure gasoline. These results could inform how the ethanol industry could move toward net-zero ethanol production.
BeB5H13BH is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four boranediylradical molecules and four BeB5H13 clusters. In each BeB5H13 cluster, Be2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four H+0.71+ atoms. There are a spread of Be–H bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.59 Å. There are five inequivalent B2- sites. In the first B2- site, B2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H+0.71+ atoms. There are a spread of B–H bond distances ranging from 1.20–1.34 Å. In the second B2- site, B2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H+0.71+ atoms. There are a spread of B–H bond distances ranging from 1.19–1.35 Å. In the third B2- site, B2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H+0.71+ atoms. There are a spread of B–H bond distances ranging from 1.19–1.35 Å. In the fourth B2- site, B2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H+0.71+ atoms. There are a spread of B–H bond distances ranging from 1.20–1.34 Å. In the fifth B2- site, B2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four H+0.71+ atoms. There are a spread of B–H bond distances ranging from 1.20–1.26 Å. There are thirteen inequivalent H+0.71+ sites. In the first H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B2- atom. In the second H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B2- atom. In the third H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B2- atom. In the fourth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Be2+ and one B2- atom. In the fifth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B2- atom. In the sixth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Be2+ and one B2- atom. In the seventh H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Be2+ and one B2- atom. In the eighth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to one Be2+ and one B2- atom. In the ninth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B2- atom. In the tenth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two B2- atoms. In the eleventh H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two B2- atoms. In the twelfth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two B2- atoms. In the thirteenth H+0.71+ site, H+0.71+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one B2- atom.
N2(Se2Cl5)2 is alpha carbon monoxide-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight ammonia molecules and eight Se2Cl5 clusters. In four of the Se2Cl5 clusters, there are two inequivalent Se1+ sites. In the first Se1+ site, Se1+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Se–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.77 Å. In the second Se1+ site, Se1+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Se–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.24–2.70 Å. There are five inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Se1+ atoms. In four of the Se2Cl5 clusters, there are two inequivalent Se1+ sites. In the first Se1+ site, Se1+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Se–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.72 Å. In the second Se1+ site, Se1+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Se–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.71 Å. There are five inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Se1+ atoms. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Se1+ atom.