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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1983

Plasma volume, renin, and vasopressin responses to graded exercise after training

Four male subjects underwent a series of ergometer trials to test the hypothesis that training-induced hypervolemia produces a reduction in the relative change of plasma volume, vasopressin, and renin activity levels. Sitting ergometer exercise was performed for 2 hr per day for 8 consecutive days and the VO2 was monitored. A second phase involved a graded exercise and recording of the VO2 and HR, as well as the taking of blood samples to measure the plasma osmolality, the vasopressin content, and the renin activity. The training was found to reduce the plasma volume levels for a given work load. Hypervolemia was induced by a training-produced plasma volume expansion. The osmolality, vasopressin content, and renin activity increased with training. A threshold work intensity of 50 percent was identified for changes in the osmolality and the stimulation of renin activity and vasopressin increase. The maintenance of a certain level of intensity during training is concluded necessary to stimulate the hypervolemic response.

Convertino, V. A.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Demonstration of the coast-down technique for determining train resistances

Full-scale measurement or validation of the various factors of train running resistance is an essential step in decreasing train energy consumption. Such a measurement capability would enable railroads to evaluate the cost benefits of operational and train consistent configuration changes, and new vehicle and truck designs for decreasing aerodynamic drag and rolling resistance. A decrease in the rolling resistance affects more than just a decrease in energy consumption; it also will result in decreased mechanical wear, hence less wheel and rail maintenance and replacement costs. A demonstration of a simple coast-down technique (based on computer-reduction of distance history) was accomplished using specially configured trains on main line rail provided by the Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe Railway Co. This demonstration test shows that this distance-history coast-down technique for trains is easy to execute in the field. The total running resistance history was accurately determined and subsequently separated into rolling resistance (mechanical friction) and aerodynamic drag.

Dayman, B.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Guidelines for development of NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) computer security training programs

The report presents guidance for the NASA Computer Security Program Manager and the NASA Center Computer Security Officials as they develop training requirements and implement computer security training programs. NASA audiences are categorized based on the computer security knowledge required to accomplish identified job functions. Training requirements, in terms of training subject areas, are presented for both computer security program management personnel and computer resource providers and users. Sources of computer security training are identified.

Tompkins, F. G.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Low-cost training technology

The differences between flight training technology and flight simulation technology are highlighted. Examples of training technologies are provided, including the Navy's training system and the interactive cockpit training device. Training problems that might arise in the near future are discussed. These challenges follow from the increased amount and variety of information that a pilot must have access to in the cockpit.

Lee, A. T.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Plasma lactic dehydrogenase activities in men during bed rest with exercise training

Peak oxygen uptake and the activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH-T) and its five isoenzymes were measured by spectrophotometer in seven men before, during, and after bed rest and exercise training. Exercise training consisted of isometric leg exercises of 250 kcal/hr for a period of one hour per day. It is found that LDH-T was reduced by 0.05 percent in all three regimens by day 10 of bed rest, and that the decrease occurred at different rates. The earliest reduction in LDH-T activity in the no-exercise regimen was associated with a decrease in peak oxygen uptake of 12.3 percent. It is concluded that isometric (aerobic) muscular strength training appear to maintain skeletal muscle integrity better during bed rest than isotonic exercise training. Reduced hydrostatic pressure during bed rest, however, ultimately counteracts the effects of both moderate isometric and isotonic exercise training, and may result in decreased LDH-T activity.

Greenleaf, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Flight training for Space Shuttle missions

The training performed for flights of the Space Shuttle is intensive and extremely complicated. The training is totally dependent on computer generated training situations in both cockpit simulations and in integrated simulations between the simulators and the Mission Control Center (MCC). These simulations form a complex set of dress rehearsals of the actual spaceflight allowing the participants to address problems in a real world situation and utilize problem solving rationale just as they will be called upon to do during the real flight. The benefits of this type of training have been demonstrated during the flights of the Shuttle as individual flight controllers and whole teams have been tested by various untoward situations. This system of integrated simulation and training, more complex than ever, will be continued in use in the future using even more intricate man-machine interactions required to initialize, control, and operate it.

Hughes, F. E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Cockpit resource management training at People Express

In January 1986 in a continuing effort to maintain and improve flight safety and solve some Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) problems, People Express implemented a new CRM training program. It is a continuously running program, scheduled over the next three years and includes state-of-the-art full-mission simulation (LOFT), semi-annual seminar workshops and a comprehensive academic program authored by Robert W. Mudge of Cockpit Management Resources Inc. That program is outlined and to maximize its contribution to the workshop's goals, is organized into four topic areas: (1) Program content: the essential elements of resource management training; (2) Training methods: the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches; (3) Implementation: the implementation of CRM training; and (4) Effectiveness: the effectiveness of training. It is confined as much as possible to concise descriptions of the program's basic components. Brief discussions of rationale are included, however no attempt is made to discuss or review popular CRM tenets or the supporting research.

Bruce, Keith D.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Training and subjective workload in a category search task

This study examined automaticity as a means by which training influences mental workload. Two groups were trained in a category search task. One group received a training paradigm designed to promote the development of automaticity; the other group received a training paradigm designed to prohibit it. Resultant performance data showed the expected improvement as a result of the development of automaticity. Subjective workload assessments mirrored the performance results in most respects. The results supported the position that subjective mental workload assessments may be sensitive to the effect of training when it produces a lower level of cognitive load.

Vidulich, Michael A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

A general architecture for intelligent training systems

A preliminary design of a general architecture for autonomous intelligent training systems was developed. The architecture integrates expert system technology with teaching/training methodologies to permit the production of systems suitable for use by NASA, other government agencies, industry, and academia in the training of personnel for the performance of complex, mission-critical tasks. The proposed architecture consists of five elements: a user interface, a domain expert, a training session manager, a trainee model, and a training scenario generator. The design of this architecture was guided and its efficacy tested through the development of a system for use by Mission Control Center Flight Dynamics Officers in training to perform Payload-Assist Module Deploys from the orbiter.

Loftin, R. Bowen↗
NASA NTRS1987

Teaching artificial neural systems to drive: Manual training techniques for autonomous systems

A methodology was developed for manually training autonomous control systems based on artificial neural systems (ANS). In applications where the rule set governing an expert's decisions is difficult to formulate, ANS can be used to extract rules by associating the information an expert receives with the actions taken. Properly constructed networks imitate rules of behavior that permits them to function autonomously when they are trained on the spanning set of possible situations. This training can be provided manually, either under the direct supervision of a system trainer, or indirectly using a background mode where the networks assimilates training data as the expert performs its day-to-day tasks. To demonstrate these methods, an ANS network was trained to drive a vehicle through simulated freeway traffic.

Shepanski, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Part-task vs. whole-task training on a supervisory control task

The efficacy of a part-task training for the psychomotor portion of a supervisory control simulation was compared to that of the whole-task training, using six subjects in each group, who were asked to perform a task as quickly as possible. Part-task training was provided with the cursor-control device prior to transition to the whole-task. The analysis of both the training and experimental trials demonstrated a significant performance advantage for the part-task group: the tasks were performed better and at higher speed. Although the subjects finally achieved the same level of performance in terms of score, the part-task method was preferable for economic reasons, since simple pretraining systems are significantly less expensive than the whole-task training systems.

Battiste, Vernol↗
NASA NTRS1988

Spacelab 3 flight experiment No. 3AFT23: Autogenic-feedback training as a preventive method for space adaptation syndrome

Space adaptation syndrome is a motion sickness-like disorder which affects up to 50 percent of all people exposed to microgravity in space. This experiment tested a physiological conditioning procedure (Autogenic-Feedback Training, AFT) as an alternative to pharmacological management. Four astronauts participated as subjects in this experiment. Crewmembers A and B served as treatment subjects. Both received preflight training for control of heart rate, respiration rate, peripheral blood volume, and skin conductance. Crewmembers C and D served as controls (i.e., did not receive training). Crewmember A showed reliable control of his own physiological responses, and a significant increase in motion sickness tolerance after training. Crewmember B, however, demonstrated much less control and only a moderate increase in motion sickness tolerance was observed after training. The inflight symptom reports and physiological data recordings revealed that Crewmember A did not experience any severe symptom episodes during the mission, while Crewmember B reported one severe symptom episode. Both control group subjects, C and D (who took antimotion sickness medication), reported multiple symptom episodes on mission day 0. Both inflight data and crew reports indicate that AFT may be an effective countermeasure. Additional data must be obtained inflight (a total of eight treatment and eight control subjects) before final evaluation of this treatment can be made.

Cowings, Patricia S.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Payloads simulation in the Shuttle Mission Training Facility

The Shuttle Mission Training Facility (SMFT) at the NASA Johnson Space Center is the primary facility for full mission training of astronauts. The training provided in the SMTF includes payload operations that are performed by the astronauts while the Space Shuttle is in orbit. This training requires real-time simulation of the operational aspects of Shuttle payloads as well as simulation of the interaction between payloads and the Orbiter. For this purpose the SMTF contains Payloads Simulators (PLS) that are coupled to and operated in synchronization with the Shuttle Vehicle Simulators. The PLS are used for simulating all payloads with the exception of the European Space Agency's Spacelab. The SMTF contains a separate Spacelab Simulator for training Spacelab astronauts. This paper provides a synopsis of actual payload operations, the methodology for payload simulation in the SMTF, and the system architecture of the PLS.

Hajare, Ankur R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Software engineering and Ada (Trademark) training: An implementation model for NASA

The choice of Ada for software engineering for projects such as the Space Station has resulted in government and industrial groups considering training programs that help workers become familiar with both a software culture and the intricacies of a new computer language. The questions of how much time it takes to learn software engineering with Ada, how much an organization should invest in such training, and how the training should be structured are considered. Software engineering is an emerging, dynamic discipline. It is defined by the author as the establishment and application of sound engineering environments, tools, methods, models, principles, and concepts combined with appropriate standards, guidelines, and practices to support computing which is correct, modifiable, reliable and safe, efficient, and understandable throughout the life cycle of the application. Neither the training programs needed, nor the content of such programs, have been well established. This study addresses the requirements for training for NASA personnel and recommends an implementation plan. A curriculum and a means of delivery are recommended. It is further suggested that a knowledgeable programmer may be able to learn Ada in 5 days, but that it takes 6 to 9 months to evolve into a software engineer who uses the language correctly and effectively. The curriculum and implementation plan can be adapted for each NASA Center according to the needs dictated by each project.

Legrand, Sue↗
NASA NTRS1990

Effect of body weight gain on insulin sensitivity after retirement from exercise training

The effect of the body-weight gain after retirement from an exercise-training program on the retained increase in insulin sensitivity elicited by the training was investigated in exercise-trained (ET) rats. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by oral glucose tolerance and insulin suppression tests immediately after training and during retirement. Results show that, compared with sedentary controls, exercise training enhanced insulin-induced glucose uptake, but the enhanced sensitivity was gradually lost with the end of running activity until after seven days of retirement, when it became equal to that of controls. This loss of enhanced sensitivity to insulin was associated with an accelerated gain in body weight beginning one day after the start of retirement. However, those animals that gained weight only at rates similar to those of control rats, retained their enhanced sensitivity to insulin.

Dolkas, Constantine B.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Remote voice training: A case study on space shuttle applications, appendix C

The Tile Automation System includes applications of automation and robotics technology to all aspects of the Shuttle tile processing and inspection system. An integrated set of rapid prototyping testbeds was developed which include speech recognition and synthesis, laser imaging systems, distributed Ada programming environments, distributed relational data base architectures, distributed computer network architectures, multi-media workbenches, and human factors considerations. Remote voice training in the Tile Automation System is discussed. The user is prompted over a headset by synthesized speech for the training sequences. The voice recognition units and the voice output units are remote from the user and are connected by Ethernet to the main computer system. A supervisory channel is used to monitor the training sequences. Discussions include the training approaches as well as the human factors problems and solutions for this system utilizing remote training techniques.

Mollakarimi, Cindy↗
NASA NTRS1990

Knowledge-based system to assess air crew training requirements

A description is given of a prototype training assessment tool developed as part of a computer-based cockpit design and analysis workstation that estimates the training resources and time imposed by the anticipated mission and cockpit design. Embedding instructional system and training analysis domain knowledge in a production system environment, the tool allows crew station designers to readily determine the training ramifications of their choices for cockpit equipment, mission tasks, and operator qualifications. Initial results have been validated by comparison to an existing training program, demonstrating the tool's utility as a conceptual design aid and illuminating areas for future development.

Smith, Barry R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Evaluating the effectiveness of cockpit resource management training

The concept of providing flight crews with intensive training in crew coordination and interpersonal skills (cockpit resource management training - CRM) is outlined with emphasis on full mission simulator training (line-oriented flight training - LOFT). Findings from several airlines that have instituted CRM and LOFT are summarized. Four types of criteria used for evaluating CRM programs: observer ratings of crew behavior, measures of attitudes regarding cockpit management, self-reports by participants on the value of the training, and case studies of CRM-related incidents and accidents are covered. Attention is focused on ratings of the performance of crews during line flights and during simulator sessions conducted as a part of LOFT. A boomerang effect - the emergence of a subgroup that has changed the attitudes in the opposite direction from that desired is emphasized.

Helmreich, Robert L.↗