Synthesis of Nb3Sn by shock waves
Superconducting Nb-Sn intermetallic compound synthesis from elemental powders by converging shock waves
Otto, G.↗
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Approximate analytic solution for the position and strength of shock waves about cones in supersonic flow
Approximate solution for position and strength of shock waves about cones in steady supersonic flow
Davis, S. S.↗
Summary of work on shock wave feature extraction in 3-D datasets
A method for extracting and visualizing shock waves from three dimensional data-sets is discussed. Issues concerning computation time, robustness to numerical perturbations, and noise introduction are considered and compared with other methods. Finally, results using this method are discussed.
Hesselink, Lambertus↗
The Application of Nonstandard Analysis to the Study of Inviscid Shock Wave Jump Conditions
The use of conservation laws in nonconservative form for deriving shock jump conditions by Schwartz distribution theory leads to ambiguous products of generalized functions. Nonstandard analysis is used to define a class of Heaviside functions where the jump from zero to one occurs on an infinitesimal interval. These Heaviside functions differ by their microstructure near x = 0, i.e., by the nature of the rise within the infinitesimal interval it is shown that the conservation laws in nonconservative form can relate the different Heaviside functions used to define jumps in different flow parameters. There are no mathematical or logical ambiguities in the derivation of the jump conditions. An important result is that the microstructure of the Heaviside function of the jump in entropy has a positive peak greater than one within the infinitesimal interval where the jump occurs. This phenomena is known from more sophisticated studies of the structure of shock waves using viscous fluid assumption. However, the present analysis is simpler and more direct.
Farassat, F.↗
Supernova remnants and the physics of strong shock waves
This paper reports on a Workshop on Supernova Remnants and the Physics of Strong Shock Waves hosted by North Carolina State University at Raleigh, North Carolina, September 16-18, 1993. The workshop brought together observers, shock theorists, cosmic-ray specialists, and simulators to address the role supernova remnants can play in furthering our understanding of the complex plasma physics associated with collisionless shocks and particle acceleration. Over fifty scientists presented papers on various aspects of supernova remnants. In lieu of a proceedings volume, we present here a synopsis of the workshop, in the form of brief summaries of each workshop session.
Ellison, Donald C.↗
Observations of cosmic ray acceleration in solar system shock waves - Implications for galactic cosmic ray acceleration
Many models of galactic cosmic ray acceleration utilize supernova shock waves to accelerate ambient ions and electrons to very high energies. Although the supernova shock acceleration process cannot be directly observed, the interplanetary shock acceleration process has been observed in situ for 20 years. The main features of solar system shock acceleration observations are briefly reviewed and their implications for supernova acceleration models discussed.
Pesses, M. E.↗
Exhaust Nozzle Plume and Shock Wave Interaction
Fundamental research for sonic boom reduction is needed to quantify the interaction of shock waves generated from the aircraft wing or tail surfaces with the exhaust plume. Both the nozzle exhaust plume shape and the tail shock shape may be affected by an interaction that may alter the vehicle sonic boom signature. The plume and shock interaction was studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation on two types of convergent-divergent nozzles and a simple wedge shock generator. The nozzle plume effects on the lower wedge compression region are evaluated for two- and three-dimensional nozzle plumes. Results show that the compression from the wedge deflects the nozzle plume and shocks form on the deflected lower plume boundary. The sonic boom pressure signature of the wedge is modified by the presence of the plume, and the computational predictions show significant (8 to 15 percent) changes in shock amplitude.
Castner, Raymond S.↗
Time-resolved unsteady shock motion and spectral analysis of a hypersonic shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction over a double-cone
Direct experimental measurements of double-cone shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction dynamics at Mach 7.2 were collected using a schlieren-based shock-detection algorithm at the University of Texas at San Antonio. The points of flow separation and reattachment were spatially and spectrally evaluated at 300 kHz for time-resolved characterization of the unsteadiness of this flow field. The separation bubble was found to rapidly expand and contract about a large mean length. Spectral analysis of the velocity fluctuations of this motion revealed this behavior to be a turbulent phenomenon, with spectral energy trends consistent with the Kolmogorov theory for the turbulent energy cascade.
Glasby, Ryan [ORNL]↗
On the acceleration of ions by interplanetary shock waves. 1: Single encounter considerations
The acceleration of energetic ions in interplanetary magnetosonic fast-mode shock waves was studied via analytical modeling and numerical simulations. An analytical model that combines both the shock drift and compressional acceleration mechanisms is presented. The analytical predictions of the model are shown to be in good agreement with numerical simulation results.
Pesses, M. E.↗
Evidence for a thermally unstable shock wave in the Vela supernova remnant
The emission and absorption line signatures of supernova remnant shock waves provide complementary diagnostic capabilities. This paper presents IUE spectra of the nebulosity and new spectra of HD 72088. Models of the emission and absorption lines from shocked gas are used to derive a shock velocity and elemental depletions. There is evidence from the absorption-line strengths and widths for thermally unstable cooling behind a 150 km/s shock. The shock velocity and swept-up column density estimates of Wallerstein and Balick (1990) are confirmed, and evidence is found for a nonthermal contribution to the pressure.
Raymond, John C.↗
Turbulent properties of axisymmetric shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction flows
A combined experimental and computational investigation of an axisymmetric turbulent shock-wave boundary-layer interaction flow is presented. Experimental measurements include both mean and fluctuating data obtained by LDV techniques and identify large scale unsteady motions associated with shock induced separation. Computations using the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, and a two-equation turbulence model are in relatively good agreement with experimental measurements. It is found that the large scale unsteady motions do not appear to have a critical impact on the ability to compute the mean properties of the flows investigated in this paper.
Brown, J. L.↗
The adiabatic energy change of plasma electrons and the frame dependence of the cross-shock potential at collisionless magnetosonic shock waves
The adiabatic energy gain of electrons in the stationary electric and magnetic field structure of collisionless shock waves was examined analytically in reference to conditions of the earth's bow shock. The study was performed to characterize the behavior of electrons interacting with the cross-shock potential. A normal incidence frame (NIF) was adopted in order to calculate the reversible energy change across a time stationary shock, and comparisons were made with predictions made by the de Hoffman-Teller (HT) model (1950). The electron energy gain, about 20-50 eV, is demonstrated to be consistent with a 200-500 eV potential jump in the bow shock quasi-perpendicular geometry. The electrons lose energy working against the solar wind motional electric field. The reversible energy process is close to that modeled by HT, which predicts that the motional electric field vanishes and the electron energy gain from the electric potential is equated to the ion energy loss to the potential.
Goodrich, C. C.↗
Atom-Formation Rates Behind Shock Waves in Hydrogen and the Effect of Added Oxygen
Atomic H formation rate behind shock waves in H-Ar mixtures, noting catalytic effect of additional O
Myerson, A. L.↗
Interaction of the solar wind with the moon and formation of a lunar limb shock wave.
Solar wind interaction with moon, discussing core/ surface layer conductivity and lunar limb shock wave formation
Hollweg, J. V.↗
A method for analyzing the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a boundary layer
Method for predicting interaction produced by externally generated, oblique shock wave impinging on laminar or turbulent boundary layers
Rose, W. C.↗
Reduction of the shock wave intensity by modifying the transonic blade trailing edge
It is shown that the shock wave intensity can be decreased by using modified trailing edge configurations to reduce or even completely compensate for the effect of the finite thickness of the trailing edge. A theoretical analysis is presented together with numerical results for two supersonic streams flowing off the trailing edge at different velocities. The analysis is based on an ideal gas model.
Doerffer, P.↗
Experimental Study of Fillets to Reduce Corner Effects in an Oblique Shock-Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction
A test was conducted in the 15 cm x 15 cm supersonic wind tunnel at NASA Glenn Research Center that focused on corner effects of an oblique shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction. In an attempt to control the interaction in the corner region, eight corner fillet configurations were tested. Three parameters were considered for the fillet configurations: the radius, the fillet length, and the taper length from the square corner to the fillet radius. Fillets effectively reduced the boundary-layer thickness in the corner; however, there was an associated penalty in the form of increased boundary-layer thickness at the tunnel centerline. Larger fillet radii caused greater reductions in boundary-layer thickness along the corner bisector. To a lesser, but measureable, extent, shorter fillet lengths resulted in thinner corner boundary layers. Overall, of the configurations tested, the largest radius resulted in the best combination of control in the corner, evidenced by a reduction in boundary-layer thickness, coupled with minimal impacts at the tunnel centerline.
Fillets↗
Effects of interplanetary magnetic field on the propagation of flare-generated interplanetary shock waves.
The effects of an interplanetary magnetic field on the propagation of flare-generated interplanetary shock waves are investigated with an approximate analytical method. It is found that the interplanetary magnetic field is relatively unimportant for strong shocks as far as the shock speed and transit time are concerned. It has more significant effects for weak shocks. However, in all the situations examined, the error committed if the magnetic field is neglected is no more than 10%. It is suggested that a model without a magnetic field gives sufficiently accurate numerical results for the propagation of flare-generated shocks.
Tam, C. K. W.↗