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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28

Charge-Lattice Coupling in Hole-Doped LuFe 2 O 4 + δ : The Origin of Second-Order Modulation

Understanding singularities in ordered structures, such as dislocations in lattice modulation and solitons in charge ordering, offers great opportunities to disentangle the interactions between the electronic degrees of freedom and the lattice. Specifically, a modulated structure has traditionally been expressed in the form of a discrete Fourier series with a constant phase and amplitude for each component. We report atomic scale observation and analysis of a new modulation wave in hole-doped ${\mathrm{LuFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{4+{\delta}}$ that requires significant modifications to the conventional modeling of ordered structures. This new modulation with an unusual quasiperiodic singularity can be accurately described only by introducing a well-defined secondary modulation vector in both the phase and amplitude parameter spaces. Correlated with density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations, our results reveal that those singularities originate from the discontinuity of lattice displacement induced by interstitial oxygen in the system. The approach of our work is applicable to a wide range of ordered systems, advancing our understanding of the nature of singularity and modulation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Dark Lock-in Thermography Identifies Solder Bond Failure as the Root Cause of Series Resistance Increase in Fielded Solar Modules

Correlating the electrical performance of photovoltaic modules to the spatially resolved photoluminescence, electroluminescence, and dark lock-in thermography (DLIT) images is an important long-term goal for developing solar cell technology. These images offer highly sophisticated and detailed information about the spatial distribution and (if imaged at successive time intervals) temporal degradation of local series and shunt resistances. There have been extensive studies to correlate these imaging techniques to local characteristics at the cell level. However, it has been difficult to extract and quantify module-level information from the techniques. In this study, we interpret module current-voltage (I-V) measurements along with corresponding DLIT images within a module-scale simulation framework, demonstrating that series resistance degradation of the module I-V characteristics, in this case, can be attributed to solder bond failures. Our simulations highlight how current crowding associated with a failed solder joint (or a section of the solder pad) translates to the characteristic point-like (asymmetric doublet) heating pattern in neighboring solder joints (or the neighboring regions of the solder pad). Overall, the correlation between series resistance and solder joint degradation could inform expedited diagnosis of field degradation of solar modules.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Employing Weibull Analysis and Weakest Link Theory to Resolve Crystalline Silicon PV Cell Strength Between Bare Cells and Reduced- and Full-Sized Modules

Weibull analysis and weakest link theory are employed to resolve the probability of crystalline silicon PV cell fracture when measured as bare cells and when stressed in reduced- and full-sized modules. Experimental results indicated that the characteristic cell strength is reduced by ~20% once packaged into the laminate of a one-cell module and loaded in four-point flexure (4PF). This experimental observation was shown consistent with a weakest link theory prediction that the strength limiting flaws reside on the surface of the cell's edge. Here, the analysis is ultimately extended to present the equivalent loading of four-cell modules by uniform pressure and 4PF and a uniformly loaded full-sized module and demonstrates that smaller, representative, modules must be loaded to a much higher level than their parent full-sized modules to achieve an equivalent probability for cell fracture.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Worldwide Physics-Based Lifetime Prediction of c-Si Modules Due to Solder-Bond Failure

Lifetime prediction of the fielded c-Si solar modules due to location-specific weather conditions has been an important topic of photovoltaic research and the economic viability of solar energy. Data analytic techniques such as the performance ratio method, Statistical clear sky model, and Suns-Vmp methods quantify the degradation from measured data of a solar farm, however, the nonlinear time-dependence and correlated degradations make it difficult to use the empirical degradation rates for ultimate lifetime projection. In this article, we propose a complementary physics-based model to predict the solder bond failure caused by mechanical stress associated with the variations of the temperature. Integrating the worldwide weather information from NASA/NSRDB databases, the model predicts the location-specific output-power degradation and the lifetime of a module due to solder bond failure. The model parameters are calibrated against qualification tests involving thermal cycling of specific batches of modules from a specific technology/manufacturer. The results may be summarized as: 1) Modules installed at higher latitudes show a longer lifetime due to reduced damage accumulation. 2) The reduction of temperature fluctuation close to large bodies of water, such as seashores, increases solder bond lifetime significantly. 3) Relatively speaking, modules installed close to the Tropic of Cancer/Capricorn (23.5 degrees North/South) suffer from a higher solder bond damage and have a shorter lifetime, suggesting a conservative design. This model should serve as a building block of a comprehensive reliability framework that can predict the lifetime of a module that experiences simultaneous and correlated degradation mechanisms involving yellowing, corrosion, and potential-induced degradation.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Diagonal Shadows Could Cause Arcs in Thin-Film Modules With P4 Scribes

Thin-film photovoltaic (PV) modules are often made using monolithic integration (MLI), regardless of absorber technology. MLI modules sometimes use a fourth pattern of scribe lines, P4, to divide modules into parallel substrings of cells. We simulated diagonal shadows in such modules and show that they cause a voltage difference across P4. This voltage can be enough to cause an arc across P4. An arc inside a PV module can cause burned polymers and broken glass. Such packaging failures create a risk of fire or electric shock in any PV module. These hazards go beyond the permanent loss of efficiency that vertical shadows can cause. Here, we propose several solutions to this potential problem.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

The Role of Water on the Interfacial Adhesion in Si Solar Modules

Delamination of solar module interfaces often occurs in field-tested solar modules after decades of service due to environmental stressors such as humidity. As water diffuses into the module, failure mechanisms like corrosion and delamination are significantly affected. In the presence of water, the interfaces between EVA and the cell, glass, and backsheet all experience losses of adhesion exposing the module to accelerated degradation. Understanding the relation between interfacial adhesion and water content inside PV modules can help mitigate detrimental power losses. Water content measurements via short wave infrared reflectometry combined with 180 degrees peel tests were used to study and quantify the effect of water ingress and egress on adhesion. Changes in adhesion strength for different module interfaces are quantified, correlating spatial distribution of water content to adhesion for damp heat and dry heat exposed samples. After 1000 hours of damp heat exposure, decreases in adhesion strength of approximately 1 N/mm were noted for all interfaces.

adhesion↗

Artificial Replication of Field Soiling Losses on PV Modules

In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate an improved replication of field soiling losses using an indoor artificial soiling chamber and tests on anti-soiling coated PV modules and coupons. The primary focus is to use site-specific soil collected from module surface and replicate the natural soiling processes including dust concentration in the air, slow and gradual dust accumulation and sedimentation on the module surface during the dominant soiling season of the site of interest. The experiments were conducted on two sample sets having different anti-soiling properties. The first set contains commercial modules with two different surface properties retrieved after three years of exposure from a single PV plant in a mid-Atlantic location; the other set contain glass coupons with three different coating materials that were installed and exposed over 4 months, at Lemoore, California. Major field-representative factors considered here for the close replication in the chamber include: the use of dust collected from modules surfaces at the outdoor sites to give the same dust chemistry; dust particle size distribution and concentration; the charge size of dust (< 0.15 g per injection); field humidity, and module temperature. The effectiveness of antisoiling coatings (or surface properties) for both sample sets were ranked in the artificial testing and were found to be closely matching with the field rank orders of the respective sites and sample sets. This paper provides the rank ordering results to objectively demonstrate the replication of field soiling losses in the artificial soiling chamber.

artificial soiling↗

Broadband rapid-scanning phase-modulated Fourier transform electronic spectroscopy

We present a phase-modulated approach for ultrabroadband Fourier transform electronic spectroscopy. To overcome the bandwidth limitations and spatial chirp introduced by acousto-optic modulators (AOMs), pulses from a 1 µm laser are modulated using AOMs prior to continuum generation. This phase modulation is transferred to the continuum generated in a yttrium aluminum garnet crystal. Separately generated phase-modulated continua in two arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer interfere with the difference of their modulation frequencies, enabling physical under-sampling of the signal and the suppression of low-frequency noise. By interferometrically tracking the relative time delay of the continua, we perform continuous, rapid-scanning Fourier transform electronic spectroscopy with a high signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution. As proof of principle, we measure the linear absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra of a laser dye and various biological samples.

Javed, Ariba↗

Strain-concentration for fast, compact photonic modulation and non-volatile memory

A critical figure of merit (FoM) for electro-optic (EO) modulators is the transmission change per voltage, d T / d V . Conventional approaches in wave-guided modulators maximize d T / d V via a high EO coefficient or longer light-material interaction lengths but are ultimately limited by material losses and nonlinearities. Optical and RF resonances improve d T / d V at the cost of spectral non-uniformity, especially for high- Q optical cavity resonances. Here, we introduce an EO modulator based on piezo-strain-concentration of a photonic crystal cavity to address both trade-offs: (i) it eliminates the trade-off between d T / d V and waveguide loss—i.e., enhancement of the resonance tuning efficiency d v c / d V for the fixed EO coefficient, waveguide length, and cavity Q —and (ii) at high DC strains it exhibits a non-volatile (NV) cavity tuning Δ v c ,NV for passive memory and programming of multiple devices into resonance despite fabrication variations. The device is fabricated on a scalable silicon nitride-on-aluminum nitride platform. We measure d v c / d V =177±1MHz/V, corresponding to Δ v c =40±0.32GHz for a voltage spanning ±120V with an energy consumption of δ U /Δ v c =0.17nW/GHz. The modulation bandwidth is flat up to ω BW,3dB /2 π =3.2±0.07MHz for broadband DC-AC and 142±17MHz for resonant operation near a 2.8 GHz mechanical resonance. Optical extinction up to 25 dB is obtained via Fano-type interference. Strain-induced beam-buckling modes are programmable under a “read-write” protocol with a continuous, repeatable tuning range of 5±0.25GHz, allowing for storage and retrieval, which we quantify with mutual information of 2.4 bits and a maximum non-volatile excursion of 8 GHz. Using a full piezo-optical finite-element-model (FEM) we identify key design principles for optimizing strain-based modulators and chart a path towards achieving performance comparable to lithium niobate-based modulators and the study of high strain physics on-chip.

Wen, Y. Henry (ORCID:0009000685423628)↗

ORIGEN-based Nuclear Fuel Inventory Module for Fuel Cycle Assessment: Final Project Report

The goal of this project, “ORIGEN-based Nuclear Fuel Depletion Module for Fuel Cycle Assessment" is to create a physics-based reactor depletion and decay module for the Cyclus nuclear fuel cycle simulator in order to assess nuclear fuel inventories over a broad space of reactor operating conditions. The overall goal of this approach is to facilitate evaluations of nuclear fuel inventories for a broad space of scenarios, including extended used nuclear fuel storage and cascading impacts on fuel cycle options such as actinide recovery in used nuclear fuel, particularly for multiple recycle scenarios. The advantages of a physics-based approach (compared to a recipe-based approach which has been typically employed for fuel cycle simulators) is in its inherent flexibility; such an approach can more readily accommodate the broad space of potential isotopic vectors that may be encountered under advanced fuel cycle options. In order to develop this flexible reactor analysis capability, we are leveraging the Origen nuclear fuel depletion and decay module from SCALE to produce a standalone “depletion engine” which will serve as the kernel of a Cyclus-based reactor analysis module. The ORIGEN depletion module is a rigorously benchmarked and extensively validated tool for nuclear fuel analysis and thus its incorporation into the Cyclus framework can bring these capabilities to bear on the problem of evaluating long-term impacts of fuel cycle option choices on relevant metrics of interest, including materials inventories and availability (for multiple recycle scenarios), long-term waste management and repository impacts, etc. Developing this Origen-based analysis capability for Cyclus requires the refinement of the Origen analysis sequence to the point where it can reasonably be compiled as a standalone sequence outside of SCALE; i.e., wherein all of the computational aspects of Origen (including reactor cross-section library processing and interpolation, input and output processing, and depletion/decay solvers) can be self-contained into a single executable sequence. Further, to embed this capability into other software environments (such as the Cyclus fuel cycle simulator) requires that Origen’s capabilities be encapsulated into a portable, self-contained library which other codes can then call directly through function calls, thereby directly accessing the solver and data processing capabilities of Origen. Additional components relevant to this work include modernization of the reactor data libraries used by Origen for conducting nuclear fuel depletion calculations. This work has included the development of new fuel assembly lattices not previously available (such as for CANDU heavy-water reactor assemblies) as well as validation of updated lattices for light-water reactors updated to employ modern nuclear data evaluations. The CyBORG reactor analysis module as-developed under this workscope is fully capable of dynamic calculation of depleted fuel compositions from all commercial U.S. reactor assembly types as well as a number of international fuel types, including MOX, VVER, MAGNOX, and PHWR CANDU fuel assemblies. In addition, the Origen-based depletion engine allows for CyBORG to evaluate novel fuel assembly and reactor design types via creation of Origen reactor data libraries via SCALE. The establishment of this new modeling capability affords fuel cycle modelers a substantially improved ability to model dynamically-changing fuel cycle and reactor conditions, including recycled fuel compositions from fuel cycle scenarios involving material recycle into thermal-spectrum systems.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Performance Comparison of Four SolarWorld Module Technologies at the US DOE Regional Test Center in New Mexico: November 2016 - March 2017.

This report provides a preliminary (three month) analysis for the SolarWorld system installed at the New Mexico Regional Test Center (RTC.) The 8.7kW, four-string system consists of four module types): bifacial, mono-crystalline, mono-crystalline glass-glass and polycrystalline. Overall, the SolarWorld system has performed well to date: most strings closely match their specification-sheet module temperature coefficients and Sandia 's f lash tests show that Pmax values are well within expectations. Although the polycrystalline modules underperformed, the results may be a function of light exposure, as well as mismatch within the string, and not a production flaw. The instantaneous bifacial gains for SolarWorld 's Bisun modules were modest but it should be noted that the RTC racking is not optimized for bifacial modules, nor is albedo optimized at the site. Additional analysis, not only of the SolarWorld installation in New Mexico but of the SolarWorld installations at the Vermont and Florida RTCs will be provide much more information regarding the comparative performance of the four module types.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

CMS Outer Tracker Module QA

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is a planned upgrade to the LHC that will allow it to take up to 7 times as much data. Upgrades to all detector systems, including the Outer Tracker, are necessary to allow them to handle the increased radiation and pileup. Fermilab has been tasked with assembling modules for the Outer Tracker system. This presentation discusses the QA tests performed on these modules and the integration procedure required to ensure all modules work in sync. The QA tests include sensor IV curves, MaPSA testing, visual inspection, skeleton testing, and module testing. There are additional tests that can only be performed on integrated modules that are working in sync, and developing an understanding of the timing and latency of the modules is necessary to perform this synchronization.

Hobbeheydar, Samuel [Fermilab; Carnegie Mellon U. ↗

CMS Outer Tracker Module QA

The High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is a planned upgrade to the LHC that will allow it to take up to 7 times as much data. Upgrades to all detector systems, including the Outer Tracker, are necessary to allow them to handle the increased radiation and pileup. Fermilab has been tasked with assembling modules for the Outer Tracker system. This presentation discusses the QA tests performed on these modules and the integration procedure required to ensure all modules work in sync. The QA tests include sensor IV curves, MaPSA testing, visual inspection, skeleton testing, and module testing. There are additional tests that can only be performed on integrated modules that are working in sync, and developing an understanding of the timing and latency of the modules is necessary to perform this synchronization.

Hobbeheydar, Samuel [Fermilab; Carnegie Mellon U. ↗

Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Design and Performance Analysis of a Highly Efficient Polychromatic Full Stokes Polarization Modulator for the CRISP Imaging Spectrometer

We present the design and performance of a polychromatic polarization modulator for the CRisp Imaging SpectroPolarimeter (CRISP) Fabry–Perot tunable narrow-band imaging spectropolarimer at the Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope (SST). We discuss the design process in depth, compare two possible modulator designs through a tolerance analysis, and investigate thermal sensitivity of the selected design. The trade-offs and procedures described in this paper are generally applicable in the development of broadband polarization modulators. The modulator was built and has been operational since 2015. Its measured performance is close to optimal between 500 and 900 nm, and differences between the design and as-built modulator are largely understood. We show some example data, and briefly review scientific work that used data from SST/CRISP and this modulator.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Predicting metabolic modules in incomplete bacterial genomes with MetaPathPredict

The reconstruction of complete microbial metabolic pathways using ‘omics data from environmental samples remains challenging. Computational pipelines for pathway reconstruction that utilize machine learning methods to predict the presence or absence of KEGG modules in incomplete genomes are lacking. Here, we present MetaPathPredict, a software tool that incorporates machine learning models to predict the presence of complete KEGG modules within bacterial genomic datasets. Using gene annotation data and information from the KEGG module database, MetaPathPredict employs deep learning models to predict the presence of KEGG modules in a genome. MetaPathPredict can be used as a command line tool or as a Python module, and both options are designed to be run locally or on a compute cluster. Benchmarks show that MetaPathPredict makes robust predictions of KEGG module presence within highly incomplete genomes.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

A dynamic model for the time evolution of the modulated cosmic ray spectrum

A recently developed model predicts an energy dependent phase lag in the modulated cosmic ray density U(t) given by U(t) approximately equal to US (t - tau) where US is the solution to the Fokker-Planck equation under time independent conditions and tau is the average time spent by particles inside the modulating region. The delay times tau are functions of modulating parameters R (the radius of the modulating cavity), V (the solar wind velocity), and K (the effective average diffusion-coefficient which is a function of energy). This model is applied to predict the time evolution of the modulated cosmic ray proton spectrum over a simulated solar cycle. A modulation produced mostly by varying R over the solar cycle is less consistent with the observations.

Ogallagher, J. J.↗

Flexible, FEP-Teflon covered solar cell module development

Techniques and equipment were developed for the large scale, low-cost fabrication of lightweight, roll-up and fold-up, FEP-Teflon encapsulated solar cell modules. Modules were fabricated by interconnecting solderless single-crystal silicon solar cells and heat laminating them at approximately 300 C between layers of optically clear FEP and to a loadbearing Kapton substrate sheet. Modules were fabricated from both conventional and wraparound contact solar cells. A heat seal technique was developed for mechanically interconnecting modules into an array. The electrical interconnections for both roll-up and fold-up arrays were also developed. The use of parallel-gap resistance welding, ultrasonic bonding, and thermocompression bonding processes for attaching interconnects to solar cells were investigated. Parallel-gap welding was found to be best suited for interconnecting the solderless solar cells into modules. Details of the fabrication equipment, fabrication processes, module and interconnect designs, environmental test equipment, and test results are presented.

Rauschenbach, H. S.↗