Bacterial growth in agar subjected to freezing and thawing. I
Microorganisms survivability in agar subjected to simulated Martian freeze-thaw cycles, discussing soil samples collection and composition
Blank, G. B.↗
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Bacterial growth in agar subjected to freezing and thawing. II
Microorganisms survivability in soils near spacecraft assembly areas during simulated Martian freeze-thaw cycles
Blank, G. B.↗
Fungal attack on rock - Solubilization and altered infrared spectra
Microorganisms metabolic activity effects on rocks and minerals, observing solubilization and altered IR absorption in Si-oxygen vibration region during penicillium simplicissimum growth
Munoz, E. F.↗
Methods used to monitor the microbial load of returned lunar material
Lunar soil sample preparation and monitoring for viable microorganisms presence
Ferguson, J. K.↗
Miniature grinder for solid specimens
Machine grinds fines to appropriate micron sizes with the least biological trauma and greatest degree of reproducibility. Device controls destruction of material so that recovery of microorganisms is as great as possible and protects operation and grinding products from exogenous contamination.
Houser, C. P.↗
Planetary quarantine program Quarterly progress report, 30 Sep. 1970
Thermoradiation studies on microorganisms for spacecraft sterilization
Source record↗
Preliminary report on the dispersal of thermophilic algae to Surtsey
Investigating water transport scheme for dispersal of thermophilic microorganisms to Surtsey from mainland areas
Wickstrom, C. E.↗
A precisely controlled, low range humidity system
Development of environmental control system for determining effects of relative humidity and dry heat on inactivation of microorganisms
Garst, D. M.↗
Mariner Mars 1971 post-launch analysis of compliance with planetary quarantine requirements
Analysis of probable viable terrestrial microorganisms on Mars caused by Mariner Mars 1971 Project
Hoffman, A. R.↗
A study of aseptic maintenance by pressurization
Analysis of pressure differentials required to prevent passage of airborne microorganisms through holes in membranes acting as barriers
Cheater, D. J.↗
Lasers in biology and medicine
Laser applications in biology and medicine covering surgery, ophthalmology, microorganisms, viruses, tissue culture, tumor eradication, radiation hazards, etc
Fine, S.↗
The coming search for life on Mars
Extraterrestrial life hypotheses, citing astronomical considerations, inorganic chemical evolution and prebiotic synthesis with emphasis on Mars exploration for microorganisms
Klein, H. P.↗
The ecology of micro-organisms in a closed environment
Microorganisms under closed environmental ecological conditions with reference to astronauts infectious diseases, discussing bacteria growth in Biosatellite 2 and earth based closed chamber experiments
Fox, L.↗
Exponential decontamination models for count data
Mathematical models for microorganism exponential die-off rate and variance estimation from decontamination data
Bansal, A. K.↗
Microbiological surface sampling cart
Mobile sampling cart automatically swabs surfaces for the recovery of microorganisms. Unit operates without human involvement and provides for control of swabbing speed, rotation of cotton swab, and the pressure and angle applied to swab. Capability of reverse direction is also available. Sampling cart use is limited to flat surfaces.
Wilkins, J. R.↗
Experiment S012: Micrometeorite collection
The micrometeorite activity in a near-earth environment and the effect of the environment on microorganisms were studied by exposure of polished metal and plastic surfaces to the environment outside the Gemini spacecraft. Preliminary results are summarized as follows: (1) The cumulative influx rate in the size ranges from 10 to the minus 15th power to 10 to the minus 14th power gram was approximately 2 particles/ sq m/sec, as determined on the Gemini 12 mission; (2) The cumulative influx rate in the same mass range, as determined by the data from the Gemini 9 mission was almost 200 particles/ sq m/sec; and (3) The large particle cumulative influx rate was about 3 x 0.00001 particle/ sq m/sec, with a mass of the order of 10 to the minus 7th power gram. No living organisms could be found on the sterile collecting surfaces after recovery and handling.
Hemenway, C. L.↗
Prototype Slide Stainer
The prototype slide staining system capable of performing both one-component Wright's staining of blood smears and eight-step Gram staining of heat fixed slides of microorganisms is described. Attention was given to liquid containment, waste handling, absence of contamination from previous staining, and stability of the staining reagents. The unit is self-contained, capable of independent operation under one- or zero-g conditions, and compatible with Skylab A.
Source record↗
Planetary quarantine
Methods for presterilization cleaning or decontamination of spacecraft hardware to reduce microbial load, without harming materials or spacecraft components, are investigated. Three methods were considered: (1) chemicals in liquid form, relying on physical removal as well as bacterial or bacteriostatic action; (2) chemicals used in the gaseous phase, relying on bacterial activity; and (3) mechanical cleaning relying on physical removal of organisms. These methods were evaluated in terms of their effectiveness in microbial burden reduction and compatibility with spacecraft hardware. Results show chemical methods were effective against spore microorganisms but were harmful to spacecraft materials. Mechanical methods were also effective with the degree depending upon the type of instrument employed. Mechanical methods caused problems in handling the equipment, due to vacuum pressure damaging the very thin layered materials used for shielding, and the bristles used in the process caused streaks or abrasions on some spacecraft components.
Source record↗