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At least 505 records · Page 28

Slow Mode Waves in the Heliospheric Plasma Sheet

We report the results of a search for waves/turbulence in the Heliospheric Plasma Sheet (HPS) surrounding the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS). The HPS is treated as a distinctive heliospheric structure distinguished by relatively high Beta, slow speed plasma. The data used in the investigation are from a previously published study of the thicknesses of the HPS and HCS that were obtained in January to May 2004 when Ulysses was near aphelion at 5 AU. The advantage of using these data is that the HPS is thicker at large radial distances and the spacecraft spends longer intervals inside the plasma sheet. From the study of the magnetic field and solar wind velocity components, we conclude that, if Alfven waves are present, they are weak and are dominated by variations in the field magnitude, B, and solar wind density, NP, that are anti-correlated.

heliospheric magnetic field↗

Century Scale Evaporation Trend: An Observational Study

Several climate models with different complexity indicate that under increased CO2 forcing, runoff would increase faster than precipitation overland. However, observations over large U.S watersheds indicate otherwise. This inconsistency between models and observations suggests that there may be important feedbacks between climate and land surface unaccounted for in the present generation of models. We have analyzed century-scale observed annual runoff and precipitation time-series over several United States Geological Survey hydrological units covering large forested regions of the Eastern United States not affected by irrigation. Both time-series exhibit a positive long-term trend; however, in contrast to model results, these historic data records show that the rate of precipitation increases at roughly double the rate of runoff increase. We considered several hydrological processes to close the water budget and found that none of these processes acting alone could account for the total water excess generated by the observed difference between precipitation and runoff. We conclude that evaporation has increased over the period of observations and show that the increasing trend in precipitation minus runoff is correlated to observed increase in vegetation density based on the longest available global satellite record. The increase in vegetation density has important implications for climate; it slows but does not alleviate the projected warming associated with greenhouse gases emission.

Bounoui, Lahouari↗

Energy and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Isomers of C4H3-, C6H3-, and C6H5-

Organic and inorganic molecules, neutral and ions have been observed in the interstellar medium. A few anions of organic molecules have also been observed recently. The Cassini spacecraft in the upper atmosphere of Titan has observed anions of large organic molecules. In this project we have studied the physical and spectroscopic properties of C4H3-, C6H3-, and C6H5-. We have optimized the geometrical structures of all low-lying isomers of the anions, calculated rotational, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the anions mentioned above using the B3LYP density functional along with the augmented correlation consistent polar valence triple zeta (aug-cc-pVTZ) basis set. We have found many low-lying isomers on the potential energy surface of these anions.

Energy↗

Far-infrared Polarization Spectrum of the OMC-1 Star-forming Region

We analyze the wavelength dependence of the far-infrared polarization fraction toward the OMC-1 star-formingregion using observations from HAWC+/SOFIA at 53, 89, 154, and 214μm. Wefind that the shape of the far-infrared polarization spectrum is variable across the cloud and that there is evidence of a correlation between theslope of the polarization spectrum and the average line-of-sight temperature. The slope of the polarization spectrumtends to be negative(falling toward longer wavelengths)in cooler regions and positive orflat in warmer regions.This is very similar to what was discovered inρOph A via SOFIA polarimetry at 89 and 154μm. Like the authorsof this earlier work, we argue that the most natural explanation for our falling spectra is line-of-sight superpositionof differing grain populations, with polarized emission from the warmer regions and less-polarized emission fromthe cooler ones. In contrast with the earlier work onρOph A, we do notfind a clear correlation of polarizationspectrum slope with column density. This suggests that falling spectra are attributable to variations in grainalignment efficiency in a heterogeneous cloud consistent with radiative torques theory. Alternative explanations inwhich variations in grain alignment efficiency are caused by varying gas density rather than by varying radiationintensity are disfavored.

Joseph M. Michail↗

The reliability of the small-core Lanthanide effective core potentials

The reliability of the small-core Lanthanide effective core potentials (ECP) is tested using MF and MF(3), for M=Eu, Gd, Tb, and Yb and the atomic excitation energies for Pr, Nd, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb. In some case the ECP and all-electron (AE) results are in good agreement, while in others there are significant difference. The difference are much larger when the segmented basis set is used in conjunction with the ECP than when the atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis set is used. The study of the atoms suggests that problems for lanthanide containing molecules are associated with poor atomic excitation energies in the ECP treatment and even using the ANO basis set does not completely solve the problem. We note that the problem appears to be more severe for density functional approaches than for traditional correlation methods. We suggest that additional studies and new effective core potentials may be required for the Lanthanide atoms.

effective core potentials, atomic excitation, atom↗

Molecular Rayleigh Scattering Techniques Developed for Measuring Gas Flow Velocity, Density, Temperature, and Turbulence

Nonintrusive optical point-wise measurement techniques utilizing the principles of molecular Rayleigh scattering have been developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center to obtain time-averaged information about gas velocity, density, temperature, and turbulence, or dynamic information about gas velocity and density in unseeded flows. These techniques enable measurements that are necessary for validating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational aeroacoustic (CAA) codes. Dynamic measurements allow the calculation of power spectra for the various flow properties. This type of information is currently being used in jet noise studies, correlating sound pressure fluctuations with velocity and density fluctuations to determine noise sources in jets. These nonintrusive techniques are particularly useful in supersonic flows, where seeding the flow with particles is not an option, and where the environment is too harsh for hot-wire measurements.

Mielke, Amy F.↗

IRAS galaxies versus POTENT mass - Density fields, biasing, and Omega

A comparison of the galaxy density field extracted from a complete redshift survey of IRAS galaxies brighter than 1.936 Jy with the mass-density field reconstructed by the POTENT procedure from the observed peculiar velocities of 493 objects is presented. A strong correlation is found between the galaxy and mass-density fields; both feature the Great Attractor, part of the Perseus-Pisces supercluster, and the large void between them. Monte Carlo noise simulations show that the data are consistent with the hypotheses that the smoothed fluctuations of galaxy and mass densities at each point are proportional to each other with the 'biasing' factor of IRAS galaxies, b(I), and that the peculiar velocity field is related to the mass-density field as expected according to the gravitational instability theory. Under these hypotheses, the two density fields can be related by specifying b(I) and the cosmological density parameter, Omega.

Dekel, Avishai↗

Transply crack density detection by acousto-ultrasonics

The acousto-ultrasonic method was applied to a PMR-15 8-harness, satin Celion 3000 fabric composite to determine the extent of transply cracking. A six-ply 0/90 laminate was also subjected to mechanical loading, which induced transply cracking. The stress wave factor (SWF) is defined as the energy contained in the received signal from a 2.25-MHz center frequency transducer. The correlation of the SWF with transply crack density is shown.

Hemann, John H.↗

Spectra of High-Ionization Seyfert 1 Galaxies: Implications for the Narrow-Line Region

We present line profiles and profile parameters for the Narrow-Line Regions (NLRs) of six Seyfert 1 galaxies with high-ionization lines: MCG 8-11-11, Mrk 79, Mrk 704, Mrk 841, NGC 4151, and NGC 5548. The sample was chosen primarily with the goal of obtaining high-quality [Fe VII] lambda6087 and, when possible, [Fe X] lambda6374 profiles to determine if these lines are more likely formed in a physically distinct 'coronal line region' or are formed throughout the NLR along with lines of lower critical density (n(sub cr)) and/or Ionization Potential (IP). We discuss correlations of velocity shift and width with n(sub cr) and IP. In some objects, lines of high IP and/or n(sub cr) are systematically broader than those of low IP/n(sub cr). Of particular interest, however, are objects that show no correlations of line width with either IP or n(sub cr). In these objects, lines of high and low IP/n(sub cr), are remarkably similar, which is difficult to reconcile with the classical picture of the NLR, in which lines of high and low IP/n(sub cr) are formed in physically distinct regions. We argue for similar spatial extents for the flux in lines with similar profiles. Here, as well as in a modeling-oriented companion paper, we develop further an idea suggested by Moore & Cohen that objects that do and do not show line width correlations with IP/n(sub cr) can both be explained in terms of a single NLR model with only a small difference in the cloud column density distinguishing the two types of object. Overall, our objects do not show correlations between the Full Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) and IP and/or n(sub cr). The width must be defined by a parameter that is sensitive to extended profile wings in order for the correlations to result. We present models in which FWHM correlations with IP and/or n(sub cr) result only after simulating the lower spectral resolution used in previous observational studies. The models that simulate the higher spectral resolution of our observational study produce line width correlations only if the width is defined by a parameter that is more sensitive to extended profile wings than is the FWHM. Our sample of six objects is in effect augmented by incorporating the larger sample (16 objects) of Veilleux into some of our discussion. This paper focuses on new interpretations of NLR emission-line spectra and line profiles that stem directly from the observations. Paper 2 focuses on modeling and complements this paper by illustrating explicitly the effects that spatial variations in electron density, ionization parameter, and column density have on model profiles. By comparing model profiles with the observed profiles presented here, as well as with those presented by Veilleux, Paper 2 yields insight into how the electron density, ionization parameter, and column density likely vary throughout the NLR.

Moore, David↗

Diffuse continuum gamma rays from the Galaxy observed by COMPTEL

The diffuse Galactic continuum gamma-ray emission has been studied using the full Sky Survey from COMPTEL on the Compton Observatory CGRO. The diffuse emission appears to be visible in the whole 0.75-30 MeV range covered by the instrument, although a considerable contribution from unresolved point sources cannot be excluded. A correlation analysis using HI and CO surveys of the Galaxy is used to derive the Galactic emissivity spectrum, and this is consistent with a smooth continuation to the spectrum at higher energies derived by a similar analysis of COS-B data. The apparent conversion factor from integrated CO temperature to molecular hydrogen column density can also be determined from the correlation analysis. The value obtained is consistent with results from COS-B and other non-gamma-ray methods. Calculations of the emissivity spectrum from bremsstrahlung from a cosmic-ray electron spectrum based on propagation models are compared with the observations.

Strong, A. W.↗

Optical polarization of a complete sample of radio sources

The radio and optical properties of a complete 5 GHz sample of strong radio sources are studied. High polarization is strongly correlated with the fraction of the total 5 GHz flux density found in a milliarcsec core. The detection rate of radio galaxies containing optical cores with high polarization is consistent with the hypothesis that all radio sources contain optically polarized cores, with strength proportional to the core radio flux density. High optical polarization, optical power-law fraction, line-to-continuum ratio, emission lines of small equivalent widths, and large amplitude flux variability are all strongly correlated with the fraction of the 5 GHz radio flux density that is unresolved on VLBI scales. The distributions of these properties are well matched by a model where radio and optical radiation have the same beaming geometry and with Doppler boosting of a factor of 10-100 in the optical. A striking alignment of the position angle of the VLBI structure axis and the position angle of optical polarization in highly polarized sources is confirmed.

Impey, C. D.↗

A re-analysis of the spectrum of 2206-199

Recently Pettini, Hunstead, Smith and Mar, (PHSM 1991) performed an analysis of the Ly-alpha forest of QSO 2206-199N at very high resolution. On the basis of their observations they concluded that most Doppler parameters b = (square root of 2)(sigma) of Ly-alpha forest lines are below 22 km/s, with a range down to a few km/s and a median of 17 km/s. They also found a strong intrinsic correlation between Doppler parameter b and column density N. These results are in contrast to those of a similar study by Carswell, Lanzetta, Parnell, and Webb (CLPW 1991) at comparable resolution with the same instruments, who find that most of the Ly-alpha lines towards QSO 1100-264 have Doppler parameters above 15 km/s (median b = 34 km/s), and that there is no significant correlation between b and N. Whilst an intrinsic difference between the lines of sight to 2206-199 and to other QSO's can not be excluded a priori, previous disagreement between Doppler parameter estimates obtained by both groups pointed to a potential difference in estimation techniques and in the interpretation of the results. To investigate this possibility, the AAT/UCLES spectrum of 2206-199 obtained by PHSM were reanalyzed. The spectrum was extracted from the raw data and determined the line parameters using the method described by CLPW.

Rauch, M.↗

Interpretation of columnar content measurements of the solar-wind turbulence

The temporal spectrum of measurements of the integrated electron columnar content between the earth and a distant source are considered. The relation between this spectrum and the three-dimensional wavenumber spectrum of the solar-wind density is derived under the assumption that the correlation scale is the smallest scale of interest. The specific case of round-trip measurements to a spacecraft is investigated for a power-law solar-wind density spectrum. The resulting spectrum has a power-law envelope one power less steep than the solar-wind density spectrum with several deep minima superposed.

Callahan, P. S.↗

Thermal infrared and nonthermal radio - Remarkable correlation in disks of galaxies

A tight, linear correlation is established between the far-infrared flux measured by IRAS and the nonthermal radio flux density (at 1.4 GHz) from disks of spiral galaxies. This correlation defines a ratio of infrared to radio fluxes that is characteristic of star formation activity. Galaxies with nuclear starbursts seem to follow the correlation. If the far-infrared is reradiated luminosity from young massive stars, then the supernova remnants alone account for less than 10 percent of the radio emission. These results indicate a close coupling between dust heating and cosmic-ray generation and confinement in a wide range of conditions.

Helou, G.↗

Synoptic observations of near surface processes of an insolated ice-dust body under space conditions: The case of KOSI 9 and 10

The recent experiments of the Comet Simulation Project, KOSI 9 and KOSI 10, for the first time yielded synoptic results of physically correlated phenomena near the surface of insolated porous ice dust mixtures (90% H2O, 10% olivine, 0.1% fine dispersed carbon, sample mean density 0.40 +/- 0.001 g/cm(sup 3)) under space conditions. Correlations were observed e.g. between (1) grain size of emitted dust and dust mantle formation; (2) surface avalanches and local surface temperature; and (3) lateral variations of the surface temperature and the thickness of the dust mantle at the end of the experiment. The dynamic surface processes and the observed structural parameters of the dust mantle and the emitted mineral residues are discussed in view of real comets.

Thiel, K.↗

Why galactic gamma-ray bursts might depend on environment: Blast waves around neutron stars

Although galactic models for gamma-ray bursts are hard to reconcile with the isotropy data, the issue is still sufficiently open that both options should be explored. The most likely 'triggers' for bursts in our Galaxy would be violent disturbances in the magnetospheres of neutron stars. Any event of this kind is likely to expel magnetic flux and plasma at relativistic speed. Such ejecta would be braked by the interstellar medium (ISM), and a gamma-ray flash may result from this interaction. The radiative efficiency, of this mechanism would depend on the density of the circumstellar ISM. Therefore, even if neutron stars were uniformly distributed in space (at least within 1-2 kpc of the Sun), the observed locations of bursts would correlate with regions of above-average ISM density.

Rees, Martin J.↗

What determines the morphological fractions in clusters of galaxies?

A reexamination of Dressler's (1980) sample of nearly 6000 galaxies in 55 clusters shows that the morphology-clustercentric radius relation is more fundamental than the morphology-local density relation. This conclusion is supported by improved correlations when the projected clustercentric radius is used as the independent parameter, and by a comparison of galaxies with the same normalized clustercentric radii by different values of the projected local density.

Whitmore, Bradley C.↗

The generation mechanism for magnetosheath lion roars

The origin of lion roars, intense electromagnetic whistler-mode waves which occur throughout the magnetosheath, is investigated based on particle and field data obtained on the ISEE satellites. Analysis of the measured magnetic fields, plasma densities and plasma wave intensities during periods of lion roar emission reveals the lion roar bursts to be correlated with decreases in magnetic field intensity, while the plasma density exhibits a strong anticorrelation with the magnetic field variability during the bursts and the total plasma pressure remains essentially constant. Results indicate that the waves can originate by the cyclotron resonant instability with anisotropic magnetosheath electrons whenever the magnetic energy per particle falls to values comparable with the electron thermal energy. Variations in the magnetic energy appear to be associated with the hydromagnetic mirror instability which in turn is excited by a pressure anisotropy in the magnetosheath ion population.

Thorne, R. M.↗