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At least 505 records · Page 28

Enhanced Radiation Damage Tolerance of Amorphous Interphase and Grain Boundary Complexions in Cu-Ta

Amorphous interfacial complexions are particularly resistant to radiation damage and have been primarily studied in alloys with good glass-forming ability, yet recent reports suggest that these features can form even in immiscible alloys such as Cu-Ta under irradiation. In this work, the mechanisms of damage production and annihilation due to primary knock-on atom collisions are investigated for amorphous interphase and grain boundaries in a Cu-Ta alloy using atomistic simulations. Amorphous complexions, in particular amorphous interphase complexions that separate Cu and Ta grains, result in less residual defect damage than their ordered counterparts. Stemming from the nanophase chemical separation in this alloy, the amorphous complexions exhibit a highly heterogeneous distribution of atomic excess volume, as compared to a good glass former like Cu-Zr. Complexion thickness, a tunable structural descriptor, plays a vital role in damage resistance. Thicker interfacial films are more damage-tolerant because they alter the defect production rate due to differences in intrinsic displacement threshold energies during the collision cascade. Overall, the findings of this work highlight the importance of interfacial engineering in enhancing the properties of materials operating in radiation-prone environments and the promise of amorphous complexions as particularly radiation damage-tolerant microstructural features.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quasilinear theory for inhomogeneous plasma

Here, this paper presents quasilinear theory (QLT) for a classical plasma interacting with inhomogeneous turbulence. The particle Hamiltonian is kept general; for example, relativistic, electromagnetic and gravitational effects are subsumed. A Fokker–Planck equation for the dressed ‘oscillation-centre’ distribution is derived from the Klimontovich equation and captures quasilinear diffusion, interaction with the background fields and ponderomotive effects simultaneously. The local diffusion coefficient is manifestly positive-semidefinite. Waves are allowed to be off-shell (i.e. not constrained by a dispersion relation), and a collision integral of the Balescu–Lenard type emerges in a form that is not restricted to any particular Hamiltonian. This operator conserves particles, momentum and energy, and it also satisfies the H -theorem, as usual. As a spin-off, a general expression for the spectrum of microscopic fluctuations is derived. For on-shell waves, which satisfy a quasilinear wave-kinetic equation, the theory conserves the momentum and energy of the wave–plasma system. The action of non-resonant waves is also conserved, unlike in the standard version of QLT. Dewar's oscillation-centre QLT of electrostatic turbulence is proven formally as a particular case and given a concise formulation. Also discussed as examples are relativistic electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, and QLT for gravitational waves is proposed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

2020 State of the Science Report, Chapter 3: Collision Risk for Animals around Turbines

The potential for marine animals to encounter and collide with turbines, especially tidal and river turbines, along with the biological, ecological, and regulatory consequences of any such interactions, remain active areas of research and topics of global interest. Uncertainty and knowledge gaps associated with collision risk continue to present challenges within consenting/permitting (hereafter consenting) processes for turbine developments. Consequently, collision risk continues to be the focus of significant research effort, which in recent years has included environmental monitoring of operational devices and arrays. This chapter addresses the overall progress and growth in knowledge across this topic area, and specific progress related to marine mammals, fish, and seabirds. https://tethys.pnnl.gov/publications/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-3-collision

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗

Spatiotemporal Variability in Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion

Wind turbine blade leading edge erosion (LEE) reduces energy production and increases wind energy operation and maintenance costs. Degradation of the blade coating and ultimately damage to the underlying blade structure are caused by collisions of falling hydrometeors with rotating blades. The selection of optimal methods to mitigate/reduce LEE are critically dependent on the rates of coating fatigue accumulation at a given location and the time variance in the accumulation of material stresses. However, no such assessment currently exists for the United States of America (USA). To address this research gap, blade coating lifetimes at 883 sites across the USA are generated based on high-frequency (5-min) estimates of material fatigue derived using a mechanistic model and robust meteorological measurements. Results indicate blade coating failure at some sites in as few as 4 years, and that the frequency and intensity of material stresses are both highly episodic and spatially varying. Time series analyses indicate that up to one-third of blade coating lifetime is exhausted in just 360 5-min periods in the Southern Great Plains (SGP). Conversely, sites in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) exhibit the same level of coating lifetime depletion in over three times as many time periods. Thus, it may be more cost-effective to use wind turbine deregulation (erosion-safe mode) for damage reduction and blade lifetime extension in the SGP, while the application of blade leading edge protective measures may be more appropriate in the PNW. Annual total precipitation and mean wind speed are shown to be poor predictors of blade coating lifetime, re-emphasizing the need for detailed modeling studies such as that presented herein.

Pryor, Sara C. (ORCID:0000000348473440)↗

Design study of general aviation collision avoidance system

The selection and design of a time/frequency collision avoidance system for use in general aviation aircraft is discussed. The modifications to airline transport collision avoidance equipment which were made to produce the simpler general aviation system are described. The threat determination capabilities and operating principles of the general aviation system are illustrated.

Bates, M. R.↗

Plasma particle simulation of electrostatic ion thrusters

Charge exchange collisons between beam ions and neutral propellant gas can result in erosion of the accelerator grid surfaces of an ion engine. A particle in cell (PIC) is developed along with a Monte Carlo method to simulate the ion dynamics and charge exchange processes in the grid region of an ion thruster. The simulation is two-dimensional axisymmetric and uses three velocity components (2d3v) to investigate the influence of charge exchange collisions on the ion sputtering of the accelerator grid surfaces. An example calculation has been performed for an ion thruster operated on xenon propellant. The simulation shows that the greatest sputtering occurs on the downstream surface of the grid, but some sputtering can also occur on the upstream surface as well as on the interior of the grid aperture.

Peng, Xiaohang↗

NAVSPASUR orbital processing for satellite break-up events

Satellite breakups via explosion or collision can instantly increase the trackable orbiting population by up to several hundred objects, temporarily perturbing the routine space surveillance operations at U.S. Space Command (USSPACWCOM) and the Naval Space Surveillance Center (NAVSPASUR). This paper is a survey of some of the procedures and techniques used by NAVSPASUR to respond to such events. First, the overall data flow at NAVSPASUR is described highlighting the places at which human analysts may intervene with special processing. So-called manual intervention is required in a variety of non-nominal situations, including breakups. Second, a description is given of some of the orbital analysis and other software tools available to NAVSPASUR analysts. These tools were developed in-house over the past thirty years and can be employed in a highly flexible manner. The basic design philosophy for these tools was to implement simple concepts as efficiently as possible and to allow the analyst maximum use of his personal expertise. Finally, several historical breakup scenarios are discussed briefly. These scenarios provide examples of the types of questions that are fairly easy to answer in the present operational environment, as well as examples of questions that are very difficult to answer.

Schumacher, Paul W., Jr.↗

Design for Survivability: An Approach to Assured Autonomy

Rapidly expanding unmanned air traffic includes and will continue to include non-cooperative participants. Non-cooperative behavior may be due to technical failure, a lack of appropriate equipment, a careless or malicious operator. Regardless of the cause, the outcome remains: growing density of non-cooperative traffic will increase the risk of collision between unmanned vehicles and aircraft carrying humans. As a result, the degraded safety of airspace may limit access to airspace, with adverse consequences for the traveling public and the economy. Because encounters with small non-cooperative objects, such as birds or wayward drones, can happen too rapidly for an external control system to mitigate them, it is imperative that the aircraft that carry humans survive encounters with non-cooperative vehicles. To-date, design for survivability has been practiced explicitly in the military domain. Survivability against collisions in civil aviation has been limited to tolerances against bird strikes; and these tolerances have proved inadequate on occasion. The growing risk of collision with unmanned vehicles now requires the development of survivability discipline for civilian transport aircraft. The new discipline must be infused into multidisciplinary design methods, on par with traditional disciplines. In this paper, we report on a preliminary study of survivability considerations for the civil aviation domain.

Alexandrov, Natalia M.↗

Assistive Detect and Avoid for Pilots in the Cockpit

Aircraft not receiving radar services rely on see and avoid and radio coordination via Common Traffic Advisory Frequencies to remain well clear of each other and avoid mid-air collisions. Radio coordination is usually performed in the vicinity of non-towered airports whereas non-radar services en-route operations rely solely on see and avoid. This paper presents the results of a simulation study of the effectiveness of assistive detect and avoid technologies when used to enhance pilots’ ability to see and avoid nearby traffic. Three different experimental conditions are modeled, representing “unaided see and avoid”, “see and avoid with traffic advisories”, and “see and avoid with assistive detect and avoid technology”. The effectiveness of see and avoid is evaluated using a set of head-on, crossing, and overtaking encounter scenarios and a model of visual acquisition embedded in a Monte Carlo simulation. The effectiveness of assistive detect and avoid is estimated for the same encounter scenarios. A prototype system for detect and avoid and a summary of results are presented. Preliminary results strongly suggest that assistive detect and avoid could greatly enhance the capabilities of flight crews to avoid traffic and remain well clear.

collision, detect and avoid, resolution, well clea↗

Assistive Detect and Avoid for Pilots in the Cockpit

Aircraft not receiving radar services rely on see and avoid and radio coordination via Common Traffic Advisory Frequencies to remain well clear of each other and avoid mid-air collisions. Radio coordination is usually performed in the vicinity of non-towered airports whereas non-radar services en-route operations rely solely on see and avoid. This paper presents the results of a simulation study of the effectiveness of assistive detect and avoid technologies when used to enhance pilots’ ability to see and avoid nearby traffic. Three different experimental conditions are modeled, representing “unaided see and avoid”, “see and avoid with traffic advisories”, and “see and avoid with assistive detect and avoid technology”. The effectiveness of see and avoid is evaluated using a set of head-on, crossing, and overtaking encounter scenarios and a model of visual acquisition embedded in a Monte Carlo simulation. The effectiveness of assistive detect and avoid is estimated for the same encounter scenarios. A prototype system for detect and avoid and a summary of results are presented. Preliminary results strongly suggest that assistive detect and avoid could greatly enhance the capabilities of flight crews to avoid traffic and remain well clear.

collision↗

Combined effective field theory interpretation of Higgs boson, electroweak vector boson, top quark, and multijet measurements

Constraints on Wilson coefficients (WCs) corresponding to dimension-6 operators of the standard model effective field theory (SMEFT) are determined from a simultaneous fit to seven sets of CMS measurements probing Higgs boson, electroweak vector boson, top quark, and multijet production. Measurements of electroweak precision observables are also included and provide complementary constraints to those from the CMS experiment. The CMS measurements, using LHC proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}=13\,\text {Te}\text {V} $, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 36.3 or 138$\,\text {fb}^{-1}$, are chosen to provide sensitivity to a broad set of operators, for which consistent SMEFT predictions can be derived. These are primarily measurements of differential cross sections which are parameterized as functions of the WCs. In measurements targeting ${\text {t}} (\bar{\textrm{t}})\text {X} $ production, SMEFT effects are modelled at the detector level. Individual constraints on 64 WCs, and constraints on 43 linear combinations of WCs, are obtained.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Real-time operational planning for the U.S. air traffic system

This paper describes an integrated planning model for the U.S. air traffic system. The approach incorporates the dual objectives of monitoring collision risk while minimizing transportation costs. Specialized solution algorithms exploit the underlying structure of the model - especially for large-scale examples. The proposed formulation is tested with real-world data for the Indianapolis control sector. Additional experiments with a CRAY X-MP/24 supercomputer show that a full-scale model can be solved under real time conditions. Despite these advances, additional work is required in developing a practical system. Suggestions are made for combining advances in computer graphics and mathematical modeling.

Mulvey, John M.↗

Flight Test Evaluation of the Airborne Information for Lateral Spacing (AILS) Concept

The Airborne Information for Lateral Spacing (AILS) concept is designed to support independent parallel approach operations to runways spaced as close as 2,500 feet. This report briefly describes the AILS operational concept and the results of a flight test of one implementation of this concept. The focus of this flight test experiment was to validate a prior simulator study, evaluating pilot performance, pilot acceptability, and minimum miss-distances for the rare situation in which an aircraft on one approach intrudes into the path of an aircraft on the other approach. Although the flight data set was not meant to be a statistically valid sample, the trends acquired in flight followed those of the simulator and therefore met the intent of validating the findings from the simulator. Results from this study showed that the design-goal mean miss-distance of 1,200 feet to potential collision situations was surpassed with an actual mean miss-distance of 1,859 feet. Pilot reaction times to the alerting system, which was an operational concern, averaged 0.65 seconds, were well below the design goal reaction time of 2.0 seconds. From the results of both of these tests, it can be concluded that this operational concept, with supporting technology and procedures, may provide an operationally viable means for conducting simultaneous, independent instrument approaches to runways spaced as close as 2500 ft.

Abbott, Terence S.↗

Unveiling the sea: universality of the transverse momentum dependent quark distributions at small x

Within the Colour Glass Condensate effective theory, we demonstrate that back-to-back dijet correlations in dilute-dense collisions involving a small-quark from the nuclear target can be factorised in terms of universal transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMDs) for the sea quarks. Two building blocks are needed to construct all these TMDs at the operator level: the sea quark TMD operator which appears in semi-inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) or in the Drell-Yan process and the elastic-matrix for a quark-antiquark dipole. Compared to SIDIS, the saturation effects are stronger for dijet production in forward proton-nucleus collisions, due to additional scattering in the initial and final state, effectively resulting in a larger value for the nuclear saturation momentum.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Adaptive Stress Testing of Collision Avoidance Systems for Small UASs with Deep Reinforcement Learning

The next-generation Airborne Collision Avoidance System for smaller UASs (ACAS sXu) is currently being developed and tested by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to provide detect-and-avoid capability for small unmanned aircraft operating beyond line-of-sight. Due to the complexity and safety-critical nature of the system, safety validation is important not only for the certification of the final system, but also for informing changes during the iterative development process. In this paper, we analyze a prototype of ACAS sXu in simulated aircraft encounters to discover scenarios of small near mid-air collisions (sNMACs), an important safety event in which two aircraft come closer than 50 feet horizontally and 15 feet vertically. Due to the size and complexity of the system as well as rarity of sNMAC events, traditional methods such as Monte Carlo testing often require informed setup and targeting to elicit failures. However, such a dependence on domain knowledge can be incompatible with the independent verification and validation (IV&V) process, the aim of which is to discover unforeseen issues. To address these challenges, we apply an accelerated validation method called adaptive stress testing (AST) to find the most likely sNMAC scenarios without reliance on system introspection. AST uses reinforcement learning to adapt the search towards the most promising areas of the search space as it progresses. We use a state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning algorithm, proximate policy optimization, to more efficiently search the large and continuous state space. We find that this approach significantly improves the performance of AST compared to a prior approach based on Monte Carlo tree search. We perform experiments using AST to find sNMAC events under various encounter configurations, varying parameters pertaining to dynamics and coordination. Our experiments show AST to be very effective at finding sNMAC scenarios. We summarize our findings, presenting high-level categories of discovered sNMACs and specific examples of encounters in each category.

aircraft collision avoidance↗

Operation and performance of the ATLAS semiconductor tracker in LHC Run 2

The semiconductor tracker (SCT) is one of the tracking systems for charged particles in the ATLAS detector. It consists of 4088 silicon strip sensor modules. During Run 2 (2015–2018) the Large Hadron Collider delivered an integrated luminosity of 156 fb ₋1 to the ATLAS experiment at a centre-of-mass proton-proton collision energy of 13 TeV. The instantaneous luminosity and pile-up conditions were far in excess of those assumed in the original design of the SCT detector. Due to improvements to the data acquisition system, the SCT operated stably throughout Run 2. It was available for 99.9% of the integrated luminosity and achieved a data-quality efficiency of 99.85%. Detailed studies have been made of the leakage current in SCT modules and the evolution of the full depletion voltage, which are used to study the impact of radiation damage to the modules.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

ATLAS flavour-tagging algorithms for the LHC Run 2 $pp$ collision dataset

The flavour-tagging algorithms developed by the ATLAS Collaboration and used to analyse its dataset of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV $pp$ collisions from Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider are presented. These new tagging algorithms are based on recurrent and deep neural networks, and their performance is evaluated in simulated collision events. These developments yield considerable improvements over previous jet-flavour identification strategies. At the 77% $b$-jet identification efficiency operating point, light-jet (charm-jet) rejection factors of 170 (5) are achieved in a sample of simulated Standard Model $t\bar{t}$ events; similarly, at a $c$-jet identification efficiency of 30%, a light-jet ($b$-jet) rejection factor of 70 (9) is obtained.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Application of system safety to rail transit systems

Management emphasis on system safety in the rapid transit industry includes the granting and use of funds by the Federal Government according to systematic analysis of safety hazards in advance. Likelihood predictions that those hazards will be activated by exposure of the system to a system failure, a human error, external conditions, or combinations of these aspects determine alternatives to the assumption of risk and recommend corrections before the system is operational. Rigorous safety analyses are projected to assure operational safety for prolonged periods under varied maintenance conditions; these analysis encompass station accident possibilities as well as train-person collisions, car equipment and design, traffic control systems, and tunnel design problems.

Thomas DeW. Styles↗