Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Review”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Experience on Safety Review of Liquid and Gaseous Effluent Monitoring System for Nuclear Power Plants in Korea - 16237

The liquid and gaseous effluent monitoring systems are important components in order to evaluate and minimize the radiation environmental impacts from Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Therefore, licensee should install liquid and gaseous effluent monitoring systems and these systems should be reviewed by regulatory body. In Korea, the criteria of liquid and gaseous effluent monitoring systems for NPPs are stipulated in Nuclear Safety Act (NSA) and subordinate statute, and it is stated in 'Regulation on Technical Standards for Nuclear Reactor Facilities, etc.' that 'Instrumentation shall be provided to monitor related variables, including the following, and systems over their anticipated ranges of normal operations, anticipated operational occurrences, and accident conditions'. RG-1.97(Rev. 3, 1983) of US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was used as criterion for accident monitoring instrumentations for NPPs in Korea. Licensee, however, started to apply RG-1.97(Rev. 4, 2006) as new criterion for accident monitoring instrumentation of the Construction Permit (CP) of new NPPs (Shin-kori Unit 5 and 6). Licensee submitted the report for type selection criteria and this report shows selection criteria of from 'Type A variables' to 'Type E variables'. Licensee of Korea has plans to submit the validation report regarding the criteria for accident monitoring instrumentation during Operation License (OL) and regulatory body of Korea also will conduct safety review of these reports. A graded approach to establishing a sampling program is required in ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999. Because deaerator release pipe of Shin-kori unit 5, 6 was integrated into condenser vacuum system release pipe, regulatory body reviewed application of a graded approach on this integration. Output of PWR GALE shows that iodine released from turbine building is 0.12% of total iodine release amount and this value is potential impact categories (PICs) 3 in ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999. So, periodic sampler installed in condenser vacuum system release pipe in Shin-kori unit 5, 6 is suitable. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Panel Session 56: Enhanced Performance Through Joint Assurance Review

This panel focused on the benefits of recent DOE-EM efforts to conduct joint oversight reviews. These reviews enhance partnering and alignment and represent an efficient and cost-effective way to identify and prioritize needed project performance improvements. Panelists with presentations: Enhanced Performance Through Joint Assurance Reviews (Jan Preston)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Toward Rational Design of Nickel Catalysts for Thermocatalytic Decomposition of Methane for Carbon Dioxide-Free Hydrogen and Value-Added Carbon Co-Product: A Review

Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane provides opportunities for hydrogen (H2) production with no emission of carbon dioxide. However, high-value carbon products need to be produced for economic deployment of thermocatalytic decomposition and to achieve a minimum H 2 selling price below the U.S, Department of Energy target of $ 1/kg H 2 . In this review, we re-evaluate data on catalyst development reported in the literature and propose correlations between catalyst characteristics, catalytic stability, and properties of carbon co-products. In the first part of the review, growth mechanisms for carbon nanotubes using state-of-the-art chemical vapor deposition are reviewed to catalog the effects of catalyst characteristics, the influence of carbon sources, interactions between metal particles and supports, and metal particle sizes on carbon growth. In the second part, representative developments in mono-, bi-, and tri-metallic nickel catalysts are highlighted. We present kinetic analysis of reactions catalyzed by mono-metallic nickel catalysts, which generates a correlation between metal particle size and catalyst stability. Rational design of Ni-based catalysts for TCD of methane requires attention to the size of the metal particle and effective normalization of the reaction rates. Further attention to the distribution of the metal particle sizes may help identify catalyst properties that contribute longevity and selectivity to processes that use them. While it is tempting to focus on the highest valued carbon products (e.g., CNTs and CFs), analysis of the markets for other carbon products suggests that a more flexible approach may generate comparable returns without the risk associated with specialization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

A Review of Hydrogen/Halogen Flow Cells

Flow batteries provide an energy-storage solution for various grid-related stability and service issues that arise as renewable-energy-generation technologies are adopted. Among the most promising flow-battery systems are those using hydrogen/halogen redox couples, which promise the possibility of meeting the cost target of the US Department of Energy (DOE), due to their fast and reversible kinetics and low materials cost. However, significant critical issues and barriers for their adoption remain. In this review of halogen/hydrogen systems, technical and performance issues, and research and development progress are reviewed. The information in this review can be used as a technical guide for research and development of related redox-flow-battery systems and other electrochemical technologies.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

A review of geochemical–mechanical impacts in geological carbon storage reservoirs

Geological carbon storage (GCS) refers to the technology of capturing man-made carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, typically from stationary power sources, and storing such emissions in deep underground reservoirs. GCS is an approach being explored globally as a defense mechanism against climate change projections, although it is not without its critics. An important focus has been recently placed on understanding the coupling between rock–fluid geochemical alterations and mechanical changes for CO 2 storage schemes in saline aquifers. This article presents a review of the current state of knowledge regarding CO 2 -induced geochemical reactions in subsurface reservoirs, and their potential impact on mechanical properties and microseismic events at CO 2 storage sites. Therefore, this review focuses, in particular, on the current state of the art in fluid–rock interactions within the GCS context. Key issues to be addressed include geochemical reactions and the alteration of transport and mechanical properties. Specific review topics include the swelling of clays, the prediction of dissolution and precipitation reaction rates, CO 2 -induced changes in porosity and permeability, constitutive models of chemo–mechanical interactions in rock, and correlations between geochemical reactions and induced seismicity. The open questions in the field are emphasized, and new research needs are highlighted.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Review of Tools for Identifying, Planning, and Implementing Habitat Restoration for Pacific Salmon and Steelhead

Abstract A key challenge in watershed restoration is identifying the appropriate assessments, data, and analyses needed to identify disrupted natural processes, lost and degraded habitats, and limiting factors to ultimately identify and design successful restoration projects. This has proven particularly challenging for large restoration programs focused on recovery of threatened and endangered salmon and trout where numerous tools, models, and other assessments have been developed to assist with habitat restoration at the watershed, reach, and project scale. Unfortunately, it is often unclear which step in the restoration process these various assessment tools will actually address. To assist with identifying the appropriate assessment tool (e.g., model, data collection, analysis, and survey), we reviewed major categories of watershed restoration assessment tools to determine their goals, inputs, outputs, and their utility in helping plan, prioritize, and implement restoration actions. The major categories of assessment tools reviewed were: (1) life cycle and fish–habitat models, (2) watershed assessment methods and techniques, (3) reach assessments, (4) prioritization tools, and (5) common monitoring methods to identify, prioritize, and plan river and watershed restoration projects. We specifically indicated whether these assessment tools directly or indirectly assisted with the key steps in the restoration process that are required to develop successful restoration plans and projects. These steps involve assessing watershed conditions, identifying limiting habitats and life stages, identifying problems and restoration actions, selecting restoration techniques, prioritizing restoration actions, or designing actual restoration projects. It is important to recognize that no single assessment tool will address all the steps in the restoration process. Selecting appropriate assessment tools requires a clear understanding of the goals of the restoration program and which step in the restoration process will be addressed by a particular tool. We provide recommendations for how restoration practitioners and managers can use our review to help select the appropriate assessment tools needed for their watershed.

Roni, Philip↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Review of Factors Affecting the Susceptibility of Juvenile Salmonids to Avian Predation

Abstract We reviewed studies of piscivorous colonial waterbird predation on juvenile salmonids to synthesize current knowledge of factors affecting fish susceptibility to avian predators. Specifically, we examined peer-reviewed publications and reports from academic, governmental, and nongovernmental agencies to identify commonalities and differences in susceptibility of salmonids to avian predation, with a focus on mark–recovery studies in the Columbia River basin. Factors hypothesized to influence salmonid susceptibility to avian predation were grouped into four general categories: (1) salmonid species and populations, (2) environmental factors, (3) prey density, predator density, and migration timing, and (4) prey characteristics. Our review focused on predation by Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia, double-crested cormorants Nannopterum auritum, and gull species Larus spp. as these are the most well-studied avian predators of salmonids. Results indicated that predator–prey interactions varied across salmonid species and populations and species of avian predator. Inferences across studies supported multiple hypotheses regarding predator–prey dynamics, including environmental factors that influence prey exposure to predators (e.g., river flows, turbidity, alternative prey), variation in predator and prey abundances, predator characteristics (e.g., foraging behavior, colony location), and prey characteristics (e.g., fish length, condition). Mark–recovery studies of avian predation on fish populations have greatly improved our understanding of the factors affecting fish susceptibility to avian predation, the relative contributions of abiotic and biotic factors to predation susceptibility, and the extent to which avian predation affects fish survival and the viability of prey populations. Future studies that jointly model predation and survival and the factors affecting those processes will further broaden our understanding of predator–prey dynamics and directly evaluate the effects of predation on prey population dynamics.

Hostetter, Nathan J. (ORCID:0000000160752157)↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Critical Review on Superoxide-Based Sodium–Oxygen Batteries

Sodium superoxide (NaO 2 ) based sodium oxygen batteries (Na-O 2 ) possess high theoretical energy density and high energy efficiency that can be an alternative energy storage device to lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the state-of-the-art sodium oxygen batteries is still far from real application due to the limited understanding of the cell chemistry and reaction mechanism. In this mini review, we will review the recent advances on NaO 2 based Na-O 2 batteries, especially focusing on the reaction mechanism and the stability of NaO 2 . The parasitic reactions from the highly active NaO 2 will be discussed. We believe this review will provide insightful understanding on the mechanism and the role of the discharge product in NaO 2 batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Additively manufactured heat exchangers: a review on opportunities and challenges

Heat Exchangers (HXs) are crucial engineering components for thermal management. The broad range of applications and the current limits of traditional manufacturing techniques has directed designers and researchers to utilize additive manufacturing (AM) technologies to open a new chapter in HXs design and development. AM has created a world of opportunity to redesign HXs in pioneering forms, shapes, and sizes. In other words, AM technologies provides significant opportunities to increase surface area to volume ratio in heat transfer devices. On the other hand, there are certain challenges to overcome in order to fully grasp the benefits of AM technologies. This thorough review study is different from other published review as it intends to highlight the challenges and opportunities in design and manufacturing of HXs. In addition, part of this study is dedicated to investigate the experimental characterization of additively manufactured HXs. Furthermore, the significant details associated with experimental characterization are normally overlooked in review studies.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Workforce planning: a review of methodologies

Workforce planning deals with determining the number of employees and associated skills necessary to meet the future operational needs of an organization. A workforce system consists of six elements: recruitment, attrition, promotion, training, retention, and scheduling. Historically, several workforce modeling and analysis methodologies have been developed to capture these elements. This paper reviews the results of workforce and manpower models published within peer-reviewed literature between 1959 and 2021 to provide an in-depth analysis of current models. The focus of this review is on analytical, simulation, and empirical models found in literature that were collected based on a citation requirement and keyword search criteria. Results demonstrate the trends in workforce modeling research and discuss the common uses of each model type and the advantages/disadvantages related to each model. Based on the common attributes of workforce systems, the discussion focuses on the most frequently used model type for each element and the best use for each model. Lastly, recommendations are made for the development of workforce models that allow the most comprehensive view of the workforce systems of the future.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

A review of slip transfer: applications of mesoscale techniques

In this review article, we present and discuss recent mesoscale modeling studies of slip transmission of dislocations through biphase interfaces. Specific focus is given to fcc/fcc material systems. We first briefly review experimental, atomistic, and continuum-scale work that has helped to shape our understanding of these systems. Then several mesoscale methods are discussed, including Peierls–Nabarro models, discrete dislocation dynamics models, and phase field-based techniques. Recent extensions to the mesoscale mechanics technique called phase field dislocation dynamics are reviewed in detail. Results are compiled and discussed in terms of the proposed guidelines that relate composite properties to the critical stress required for a slip transmission event.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

CO2-Utilization Facilitated by Solid Reaction Mediums—A Review

Abstract This short review examines solid reaction mediums—specifically oxygen, CO 2 , and carbon carriers—within the framework of Chemical Looping (CL) to illuminate various CO 2 utilization pathways. The thermodynamic consideration for carrier selection is first discussed. This is followed by a summary of the key carrier types investigated to date, with an emphasis on elucidating the roles of compositional, structural, and surface properties of the various carriers toward their reactive performances. Besides assessing the performances of various oxygen carriers, their long-term performance, potential deactivation mechanism in the presence of CO 2, and strategies for their reactivation are also discussed in the context of chemical looping dry reforming of methane (CLDRM). While relatively underexplored, the current status of development, advantages, and potential limitations of CO 2 carriers in sorbent looping dry reforming of methane (SLDRM) and carbon carriers in chemical looping methane cracking (CLMC) are also reviewed and discussed. Emerging topics such as combined carriers are also covered along with a perspective for future research directions. Overall, this review aims to offer insights into the sustainable use of CO 2 through chemical looping, emphasizing the potential of solid reaction mediums across different carriers and the challenges associated with these solid reaction mediums.

Iftikhar, Sherafghan↗
DOE OSTI2024

Machine Learning Aided Modeling of Granular Materials: A Review

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a buzzy word since Google’s AlphaGo beat a world champion in 2017. In the past five years, machine learning as a subset of the broader category of AI has obtained considerable attention in the research community of granular materials. This work offers a detailed review of the recent advances in machine learning-aided studies of granular materials from the particle-particle interaction at the grain level to the macroscopic simulations of granular flow. This work will start with the application of machine learning in the microscopic particle-particle interaction and associated contact models. Then, different neural networks for learning the constitutive behaviour of granular materials will be reviewed and compared. Finally, the macroscopic simulations of practical engineering or boundary value problems based on the combination of neural networks and numerical methods are discussed. We hope readers will have a clear idea of the development of machine learning-aided modelling of granular materials via this comprehensive review work.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Review of cardiovascular imaging in the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology 2018. Part 1 of 2: Positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance

In this review, we summarize key articles that have been published in the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology in 2018 pertaining to nuclear cardiology with advanced multi-modality and hybrid imaging including positron emission tomography, cardiac-computed tomography, and magnetic resonance. In an upcoming review, we will summarize key articles that relate to the progress made in the field of single-photon emission computed tomography. We hope that these sister reviews will be useful to the reader to navigate the literature in our field.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Periprocedural Management in Transthoracic Needle Biopsy: Review of the Current Evidence

Purpose of Review: Transthoracic needle biopsy (TTNB) is a common diagnostic tool with expanding clinical indications. While most literature on this topic has focused on complications and techniques, this review will examine the evidence for periprocedural care specific to lung biopsy. Recent Findings: Review of the literature reveals great heterogeneity in clinical practice regarding periprocedural management of TTNB, for example, in terms of post-procedural monitoring as well as strategies for dealing with potential complications of TTNB. This is on the basis of a relative paucity of systematic clinical studies to guide management specific to the procedure. Summary: Further studies focused on periprocedural management in TTNB are needed to establish evidence-based guidelines that address the unique clinical aspects and complications of this procedure.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Static and Dynamic Ultrasound Imaging of the Iliotibial Band/Fascia Lata: Brief Review of Current Literature and Gaps in Knowledge

Purpose of the Review: The physiopathology of iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) remains obscure and ultrasound (US) imaging could be a low-cost modality improving our understanding of this condition as well as its diagnosis and management. This brief review synthesizes the up-to-date knowledge on static and dynamic US imaging measurements of the fascia lata and iliotibial band (ITB) in both asymptomatic individuals and patients with ITBS. Recent Findings: Mean ITB thickness values for asymptomatic individuals ranged from 1.10 to 1.95 mm. Only three studies with very small sample size focused on ITBS patients and no quantitative data were reported. All dynamic US imaging studies involved asymptomatic participants. One study demonstrated a lateral movement of the ITB relative to the femoral condyle and a group of investigators showed 3D displacement of the fascia lata. No study could be found on ITB loose connective tissue measurements. Summary: This review clearly indicates a paucity of research in the field of static and dynamic US measures. Measuring the loose connective tissue that lies between the deep fascia layers could be an interesting target to help our understanding of ITBS and improve care for the patients.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Natural gas odorants: A scoping review of health effects

Organosulfur compounds are intentionally added to natural gas as malodorants with the intent of short-term nasal inhalation to aid in leak detection. Regulatory exposure limits have not been established for all commonly used natural gas odorants, and recent community-level exposure events and growing evidence of indoor natural gas leakage have raised concerns associated with natural gas odorant exposures. We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed scientific publications on human exposures and animal toxicological studies of natural gas odorants to assess toxicological profiles, exposure potential, health effects and regulatory guidelines associated with commonly used natural gas odorants. We identified only 22 studies which met inclusion criteria for full review. Overall, there is limited evidence of both transient nonspecific health symptoms and clinically diagnosed causative neurotoxic effects associated with prolonged odorant exposures. Across seven community-level exposure events and two occupational case reports, consistent symptom patterns included: headache, ocular irritation, nose and throat irritation, respiratory complaints such as shortness of breath and asthma attacks, and skin irritation and rash. Of these, respiratory inflammation and asthma exacerbations are the most debilitating, whereas the high prevalence of ocular and dermatologic symptoms suggest a non-inhalation route of exposure. The limited evidence available raises the possibility that organosulfur odorants may pose health risks at exposures much lower than presently understood, though additional dose-response studies are needed to disentangle specific toxicologic effects from nonspecific responses to noxious organosulfur odors. Numerous recommendations are provided including more transparent and prescriptive natural gas odorant use practices.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Leveraging artificial intelligence and advanced food processing techniques for enhanced food safety, quality, and security: a comprehensive review

Artificial intelligence is emerging as a transformative force in addressing the multifaceted challenges of food safety, food quality, and food security. This review synthesizes advancements in AI-driven technologies, such as machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and computer vision, and their applications across the food supply chain, based on a comprehensive analysis of literature published from 1990 to 2024. AI enhances food safety through real-time contamination detection, predictive risk modeling, and compliance monitoring, reducing public health risks. It improves food quality by automating defect detection, optimizing shelf-life predictions, and ensuring consistency in taste, texture, and appearance. Furthermore, AI addresses food security by enabling resource-efficient agriculture, yield forecasting, and supply chain optimization to ensure the availability and accessibility of nutritious food resources. This review also highlights the integration of AI with advanced food processing techniques such as high-pressure processing, ultraviolet treatment, pulsed electric fields, cold plasma, and irradiation, which ensure microbial safety, extend shelf life, and enhance product quality. Additionally, the integration of AI with emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things, blockchain, and AI-powered sensors enables proactive risk management, predictive analytics, and automated quality control. By examining these innovations' potential to enhance transparency, efficiency, and decision-making within food systems, this review identifies current research gaps and proposes strategies to address barriers such as data limitations, model generalizability, and ethical concerns. These insights underscore the critical role of AI in advancing safer, higher-quality, and more secure food systems, guiding future research and fostering sustainable food systems that benefit public health and consumer trust.

AI↗