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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2013

Simulation Analyses in Support of DOE’s Fossil Fuel Rule for Single Component Equipment and Lighting Replacements

At the request of the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) conducted a series of building energy simulations using a large office model to investigate the potential savings that could be accrued from a typical chiller, boiler, or lighting replacement in a Federal office building. FEMP’s interest was in knowing whether or not single component replacements like these would have any chance of achieving the fossil- fuel-based energy consumption reduction requirements specified in Section 433 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 20071. Specifically, FEMP was interested in whether an older Federal building, built in the 1980s or 1990s and designed to meet energy standards in place at the time the building was designed, could meet the requirements of Section 433 of EISA for renovations. Many single component renovations like chiller replacements, boiler replacements, and lighting retrofits may meet the minimum cost requirement of Section 433 of EISA but may not offer any opportunity to achieve fossil-fuel-generated energy consumption reductions on the order of 55% or more. If single component renovations such as these would not achieve the necessary reductions, then FEMP would consider modifying rules based on Section 433 of EISA to exempt these types of single component renovations from the overall fossil-fuel-generated energy consumption reduction provisions. FEMP would instead require Federal agencies to ensure that these renovations use FEMP-designated efficiencies for chillers and boilers or the lighting power density requirements found in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010. The results of PNNL’s analysis indicated that it is unlikely that a combined boiler and chiller replacement, or an individual boiler or chiller replacement in an older existing Federal building would meet the requirements of Section 433 of EISA. While buildings can achieve up to 34% reduction in cooling and 11% reduction in heating load with this type of retrofit, these savings fall well short of the minimum savings specified in Section 433 of EISA. Similarly, a lighting retrofit in an older existing Federal building would also not likely meet the requirements of Section 433 of EISA. While buildings can save up to 52% on lighting loads, the whole buildings savings would be well short of the minimum savings specified in Section 433 of EISA.

Halverson, Mark A.↗

DOE OSTI2015

Scaling to Nanotechnology Limits with the PIMS Computer Architecture and a new Scaling Rule

We describe a new approach to computing that moves towards the limits of nanotechnology using a newly formulated sc aling rule. This is in contrast to the current computer industry scali ng away from von Neumann's original computer at the rate of Moore's Law. We extend Moore's Law to 3D, which l eads generally to architectures that integrate logic and memory. To keep pow er dissipation cons tant through a 2D surface of the 3D structure requires using adiabatic principles. We call our newly proposed architecture Processor In Memory and Storage (PIMS). We propose a new computational model that integrates processing and memory into "tiles" that comprise logic, memory/storage, and communications functions. Since the programming model will be relatively stable as a system scales, programs repr esented by tiles could be executed in a PIMS system built with today's technology or could become the "schematic diagram" for implementation in an ultimate 3D nanotechnology of the future. We build a systems software approach that offers advantages over and above the technological and arch itectural advantages. Firs t, the algorithms may be more efficient in the conventional sens e of having fewer steps. Second, the algorithms may run with higher power efficiency per operation by being a better match for the adiabatic scaling ru le. The performance analysis based on demonstrated ideas in physical science suggests 80,000 x improvement in cost per operation for the (arguably) gene ral purpose function of emulating neurons in Deep Learning.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2017

Chain Rule Approach for Calculating the Time-Derivative of Flux

The reaction history (gamma-flux observable) is mathematically studied by using the chain rule for taking the total-time derivatives. That is, the total time-derivative of flux is written as the product of the ion temperature derivative with respect to time and the derivative of the flux with respect to ion temperature. Some equations are derived using the further simplification that the fusion reactivity is a parametrized function of ion temperature, T. Deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion is used as the application with reactivity calculations from three established reactivity parametrizations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

CSI4 Analysis to Inform California Grid Integration Rules for PV

Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) and Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI) are collaborated to develop guidelines for effective use of smart inverters given the unique hosting capacity of the California grid. A key outcome of this project will be recommended settings for the smart inverter functions currently being considered as part of the modification to Rule 21. Additionally, this project will provide thresholds of smart inverter set points for which manufacturers can specify their equipment and suggested default settings that are applicable for most utility needs and feeder configurations in California. These results will directly contribute to the goals of the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) to enable and enhance integrating PVs on the electric grid.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Report on FY 2020 Testing in Support of the Development and Extension of ASME Code Rules for Grade 91

This report summarizes the FY 2020 research and activities at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in support of the ASME code rule development and code extension for Grade 91 (Gr. 91) steel. Incorporation of the Gr. 91 temperature-dependent fatigue curves in Section III Division 5 was one major task, and the associated major aspects brought up during the course of the ASME balloting process are documented in this report. Experiments and analysis continued on the development of the alternative creep-fatigue evaluation based on elastic–perfectly plastic (EPP) plus simplified model test (SMT) methodology. The focus of the study in FY 2020 was the evaluation of the hold-time effect at high cycle and low strain range region. Baseline testing in support of the evaluation of hold time effects was started and will continue in FY 2021. Major on-going experiments and activities in support of the ASME code development and extension of Gr. 91 will be completed in FY 2021.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Efficient quadrature rules for finite element discretizations of nonlocal equations

In this paper we design efficient quadrature rules for finite element discretizations of nonlocal diffusion problems with compactly supported kernel functions. Two of the main challenges in nonlocal modeling and simulations are the prohibitive computational cost and the nontrivial implementation of discretization schemes, especially in three-dimensional settings. In this work we circumvent both challenges by introducing a parametrized mollifying function that improves the regularity of the integrand, utilizing an adaptive integration technique, and exploiting parallelization. We first showthat the “mollified” solution converges to the exact one as the mollifying parameter vanishes, then we illustrate the consistency and accuracy of the proposed method on several two- and three-dimensional test cases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the good scaling properties of the parallel implementation of the adaptive algorithm and we compare the proposed method with recently developed techniques for efficient finite element assembly.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Primer on the Cost of Marine Fuels Compliant with IMO 2020 Rule

This report aims to provide information for owners and operators of U.S. ocean-going marine cargo vessels on the cost of different approaches to compliance with the IMO mandate to reduce the sulfur content of marine fuels (outside emission control areas) to no more than 0.5%. The IMO 2020 rule came into effect on January 1, 2020. The report discusses a suite of options for compliance including low-sulfur petroleum-based fuels and alternative fuels. Since fuel prices are a primary factor in determining the cost of the various alternatives, the document also includes a discussion of the main drivers of marine fuel prices. The cost analysis compares the average annual costs (capital and fuel) out to 2050 of each compliance approach under alternative scenarios regarding fuel prices, policy, and technology innovation. The cost calculations focus on representative U.S. fleet vessels for containership and tanker types. Even though the analysis focuses on average cost of approaches to comply with IMO 2020, the comparison of approaches also acknowledges other benefits or risks including fuel price risk and the contribution of the approach to achieving other potential environmental performance objectives or regulations.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2021

Rules of Use Report Engineering evaluations of nuclear material storage containers against the packaging requirements at TA-55

A set of obligations in the yearly storage container surveillance program, ensures that a retrospective approach is applied with loaded containers in inventory to confirm compliance with all “users” to ensure nuclear material storage container requirements are being followed. Validation that packaged containers are properly used, within a specific set of container types prescribed “bounding conditions of use,” is based on meeting requirements as identified in operating procedures associated with TA55-DOP-091, TA-55 Nuclear Material Packaging, and PA-RD-01022, Nuclear Material Packaging Requirements. The surveillance plan obligation requires the application of local area nuclear material accountability software or (LANMAS) to produce queries. The data queries are used to assess attributes of containers in storage these investigations are conducted on a bi-annual basis. This rules of use (ROU) compliance process ensures proper usage of storage containers as containment systems and therefore provides effective worker protection. It is structured as a supporting effort by implementing aspects of PA-AP-01207, Nuclear Material Container Safety Management at TA-55.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2022

Status of the Slide Rule Update - Phase 4 Plutonium Configurations – Delayed Gamma [Slides]

The fourth phase of Slide-Rule update gives a calculation scheme for DFG doses and its application to five plutonium material, as well as comparisons between radiation transport and depletion codes such as MCNP, SCALE, COG and FISPACT. Overall, DFG dose rates calculated by each laboratory led to consistent results. Extra effort is under way to identify the cause of the remaining differences, especially for case 2, by comparing precisely the gamma source, and particularly nuclides inventories.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Engineering evaluations of nuclear material storage containers against the packaging requirements at TA-55 (FY22 Rules of Use Report)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Ruling out Color Transparency in quasi-elastic 12C(e,e′p) up to Q2=14 (GeV/c)2*

Color transparency (CT) is a fundamental phenomenon of QCD postulating that at high momentum transfer, one can preferentially measure hadrons that fluctuate to a small color neutral transverse size in the nucleus, and final state interactions within the nuclear medium are suppressed. This talk will discuss the recent quasi-elastic 12C(?,???) scattering measurement in Hall C at momentum transfer squared ?2=8,9.4,11.4, and 14.2 (GeV/c)2, the highest ever achieved to date. Nuclear transparency for this reaction was extracted by comparing the measured yield to that expected from a plane-wave impulse approximation calculation without any final state interactions. The measured transparency was observed to be independent of ?2, ruling out the quantum chromodynamics effect of color transparency at such momentum scales. These new results impose strict constraints on models of color transparency for protons.

Szumila-Vance, Holly↗

DOE OSTI2024

Summary of FY2024 Experimental Results to Support Development of New Inelastic Material Models and Validation of Section III, Division 5, Class A Design Rules

To address the data gap crucial for updating existing viscoplastic constitutive material models for the Class A materials in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 5, High Temperature Reactors (ASME, 2023) for inelastic design analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) conducted experimental studies on Alloy 800H and Alloy 617 across a range of temperatures up to their maximum temperature limits in Section III, Division 5. The studies aim to characterize the materials' deformation behavior under both strain-controlled mechanical cyclic loading and thermal cycling conditions. This report summarizes ORNL's FY 2024 experimental findings on Alloy 800H and Alloy 617, focusing on pure fatigue tests, cyclic stress-strain curves, thermomechanical fatigue experiments, and verification of the high temperature cyclic damage summation design rules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

The Nuclear Criticality Slide Rule [Slides]

Familiarity with the Criticality Slide Rule and its: • Background • Technical Bases • Use in estimating magnitudes of fission yield and dose rates from accidents. Awareness of an important tool for Criticality Safety Engineers who might be called upon to develop emergency exercises or support the Technical Support Room at the SRS Emergency Operations Center.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

ASME Composite Code Rule Development Status

This report provides an update on the status of the composite code rule development for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler Pressure Vessel (BPV) code Section III Division 5 Subsection HA Subpart B (HAB) and Subsection HH Subpart B (HHB) during FY 2025 (from October 2024 to September 2025). In the context of this document, reference to “the code” is specific to these subsections unless otherwise specified. A composites task group under the ASME Nonmetallic Design and Materials Working Group (WG-NDM), with the support of external experts, was established and is now working toward addressing previously identified areas.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Design Rules of the Mixing Phase and Impacts on Device Performance in High-Efficiency Organic Photovoltaics

In nonfullerene acceptor- (NFA-) based solar cells, the exciton splitting takes place at both domain interface and donor/acceptor mixture, which brings in the state of mixing phase into focus. The energetics and morphology are key parameters dictating the charge generation, diffusion, and recombination. It is revealed that tailoringthe electronic properties of the mixing region by doping with larger-bandgap components could reduce the density of state but elevate the filling state level, leading to improved open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) and reduced recombination. The monomolecular and bimolecular recombinations are shown to be intercorrelated, which show a Gaussian-like relationship with V OC and linear relationship with short-circuit current density ( J SC ) and fill factor (FF). The kinetics of hole transfer and exciton diffusion scale with J SC similarly, indicating the carrier generation in mixing region and crystalline domain are equally important. From the morphology perspective, the crystalline order could contribute to V OC improvement, and the fibrillar structure strongly affects the FF. These observations highlight the importance of the mixing region and its connection with crystalline domains and point out the design rules to optimize the mixing phase structure, which is an effective approach to further improve device performance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2017

One Law to Rule Them All: The Radial Acceleration Relation of Galaxies

We study the link between baryons and dark matter (DM) in 240 galaxies with spatially resolved kinematic data. Our sample spans 9 dex in stellar mass and includes all morphological types. We consider (1) 153 late-type galaxies (LTGs; spirals and irregulars) with gas rotation curves from the SPARC database, (2) 25 early-type galaxies (ETGs; ellipticals and lenticulars) with stellar and H i data from ATLAS{sup 3D} or X-ray data from Chandra, and (3) 62 dwarf spheroidals (dSphs) with individual-star spectroscopy. We find that LTGs, ETGs, and “classical” dSphs follow the same radial acceleration relation: the observed acceleration (g{sub obs}) correlates with that expected from the distribution of baryons (g{sub bar}) over 4 dex. The relation coincides with the 1:1 line (no DM) at high accelerations but systematically deviates from unity below a critical scale of ∼10{sup −10} m s{sup −2}. The observed scatter is remarkably small (≲0.13 dex) and largely driven by observational uncertainties. The residuals do not correlate with any global or local galaxy property (e.g., baryonic mass, gas fraction, and radius). The radial acceleration relation is tantamount to a natural law: when the baryonic contribution is measured, the rotation curve follows, and vice versa. Including ultrafaint dSphs, the relation may extend by another 2 dex and possibly flatten at g{sub bar}≲10{sup −12} m s{sup −2}, but these data are significantly more uncertain. The radial acceleration relation subsumes and generalizes several well-known dynamical properties of galaxies, like the Tully–Fisher and Faber–Jackson relations, the “baryon-halo” conspiracies, and Renzo’s rule.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Multidimensional Models of Type Ia Supernova Nebular Spectra: Strong Emission Lines from Stripped Companion Gas Rule Out Classic Single-degenerate Systems

The classic single-degenerate model for the progenitors of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) implies that the supernova ejecta should be enriched with solar-like abundance material stripped from the companion star. Spectroscopic observations of normal SNe Ia at late times, however, have not resulted in definite detection of hydrogen. In this Letter, we study line formation in SNe Ia at nebular times using non-LTE spectral modeling. We introduce, for the first time, multidimensional radiative transfer calculations of SNe Ia with stripped material mixed in the ejecta core, based on hydrodynamical simulations of ejecta–companion interaction. We suggest that interaction models with main-sequence companions produce significant Hα emission at late times, ruling out these types of binaries being viable progenitors of SNe Ia. We also predict significant He i line emission at optical and near-infrared wavelengths for both hydrogen-rich or helium-rich material, providing an additional observational probe of stripped ejecta. We produce models with reduced stripped masses and find a more stringent mass limit of M st ≲ 1 × 10 -4 M ⊙ of stripped companion material for SN 2011fe.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Importance of Pipe Deposits to Lead and Copper Rule Compliance

When Madison, Wis., exceeded the lead action level in 1992, residential and off-line tests suggested that lead release into the water was more complex than a lead solubility mechanism. Scale analyses (color and texture as well as mineralogical and elemental composition) of five excavated lead service lines (LSLs) revealed that accumulation of manganese (and iron) onto pipe walls had implications for lead corrosion by providing a high-capacity sink for lead. Manganese that accumulated from source well water onto pipe scales (up to 10% by weight of scale composition) served to capture and eventually transport lead to consumer taps. In addition, manganese sometimes obstructed the predominance of an insoluble (and thus potentially protective) plattnerite [Pb(IV) solid] scale layer. Full LSL replacement in Madison achieved Lead and Copper Rule compliance and a major reduction in lead contamination and exposure, supplemented by unidirectional flushing of water mains and manganese control in the source well water.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗