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Collective Summary of sCO2 Materials Development (Supercritical Transformational Electric Power Generation (STEP) Level 2 Milestone Report) (Parts I - II)
Polymers such as PTFE (polytetrafluorethylene or Teflon), EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber, FKM fluoroelastomer (Viton), Nylon 11, Nitrile butadiene (NBR) rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) and perfluoroelastomers (FF_202) are commonly employed in super critical CO 2 (sCO2) energy conversion systems. O-rings and gaskets made from these polymers face stringent performance conditions such as elevated temperatures, high pressures, pollutants, and corrosive humid environments. In FY 2019, we conducted experiments at high temperatures (100°C and 120°C) under isobaric conditions (20 MPa). Findings showed that elevated temperatures accelerated degradation of polymers in sCO2, and that certain polymer microstructures are more susceptible to degradation over others. In FY 2020, the focus was to understand the effect of sCO2 on polymers at low (10 MPa) and high pressures (40 MPa) under isothermal conditions (100°C). It was clear that the same selectivity was observed in these experiments wherein certain polymeric functionalities showed more propensity to failure over others. Fast diffusion, supported by higher pressures and long exposure times (1000 hours) at the test temperature, caused increased damage in sCO2 environments to even the most robust polymers. We also looked at polymers under compression in sCO2 at 100°C and 20 MPa pressure to imitate actual sealing performance required of these materials in sCO2 systems. Compression worsened the physical damage that resulted from chemical attack of the polymers under these test conditions. In FY 2021, the effect of cycling temperature (from 50°C to 150°C to 50°C) for polymers under a steady sCO2 pressure of 20 MPa was studied. The aim was to understand the influence of cycling temperatures of sCO2 for typical polymers under isobaric (20 MPa) conditions. Thermoplastic polymers (Nylon, and PTFE) and elastomers (EPDM, Viton, Buna N, Neoprene, FF202, and HNBR) were subjected to 20 MPa sCO2 pressure for 50 cycles and 100 cycles in separate experiments. Samples were extracted for ex-situ characterization at 50 cycles and upon the completion of 100 cycles. Each cycle constituted of 175 minutes of cycling from 50°C to 150°C. The polymer samples were examined for physical and chemical changes by Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Analysis (DMTA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and compression set. Density and mass changes immediately after removal from test were measured for degree of swell comparisons. Optical microscopy techniques and micro computer tomography (micro CT) images were collected on select specimens. Evaluations conducted showed that exposures to super-critical CO2 environments resulted in combinations of physical and/or chemical changes. For each polymer, the dominance of cycling temperatures under sCO2 pressures, were evaluated. Attempts were made to qualitatively link the permanent sCO2 effects to polymer micro- structure, free volume, backbone substitutions, presence of polar groups, and degree of crystallinity differences. This study has established that soft polymeric materials are conducive to failure in sCO2 through mechanisms of failure that are dependent on polymer microstructure and chemistry. Polar pendant groups, large atom substitutions on the backbone are some of the factors that are influential structural factors.
Development of Vertical GaN Power Devices for Use in Electric Vehicle Drivetrains (invited).
Abstract not provided.
Development of Low-Power H - Proton Beam Capability in Area-A
A low-power proton beam capability in Area-A will support NNSA, LANL, Global Security, DoD, and Office of Science missions. It will also provide a stepping-stone towards other future uses of Area-A. We propose a cost-effective technical approach to achieve this goal. The main focus of this project will be to provide beam for a radiation effect beamline and a second pRad beamline.
WDM-SP-25A: Development of a stopping power platform using secondary nuclear reactions in Warm Dense Matter (Director’s Post-Doc Shot Request) [Slides]
Motivation: Recent theoretical modeling at LANL has demonstrated that the ignition criteria is a strong function of the temperature of the DT ice that surrounds the hot spot [Daughton et al. PoP 2023]. Alpha heating of the DT shell can raise the ignition threshold. Critical to modeling the alpha-particle deposition in the shell is understanding charged particle stopping in warm dense matter.
Dynamic Model Development of a Wind Power Plant Using Neural Net Method to Forecast Wind Power Output (CRADA Final Report)
This project is intended to model wind power plant based on monitored data at the wind power plant. This project will promote the university research in Renewable Energy area and trains the future highly qualified engineers. The dynamic model will be based on neural net model with the input from the two met towers (12 inputs), and the number of turbines in operation (one input). The overall input will be 13 inputs to drive the simulations. The output power at the point of interconnection will be used to tune the neural net weight coefficients. Two neural net concepts will be investigated (the back propagation neural net and the dynamic recurrent neural net with feedback).
Ion Acceleration and the Development of a Power-law Energy Spectrum in Magnetic Reconnection
How charged particles are accelerated efficiently and form a power-law energy spectrum in magnetic reconnection is a problem that is not well understood. In a previous paper, it was shown that the electron Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (EKHI) in force-free magnetic reconnection generates fast-expanding vortices that can accelerate electrons in a few tens of ion gyroperiods (less than 1 ms in the solar corona) to form a power-law energy distribution. In this paper, we present a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation study of ion acceleration in force-free magnetic reconnection in the presence of the EKHI-induced turbulence. We find that ions are not significantly accelerated by the EKHI-induced stochastic electric field until the magnetic vortices expand to sizes comparable to the ion gyroradius. The Alfvén waves generated by the EKHI couple with the magnetic vortices, leading to resonance between the ions inside the magnetic vortices and Alfvén waves and enhanced ion heating. The induced Alfvén wave resonance results in a broken power-law energy spectrum with a breakpoint at $\sim {m}_{i}{v}_{A}^{2}$, where v A is the Alfvén velocity. Here, we show that the process that forms the nonthermal tail is a second-order Fermi mechanism and the mean spectral index is α = (1 + 4 a 2 D/R) /2, where D is the spatial scale of the inductive electric field, R is that of vortices, and a = B g /B 0 , with ratio of guide field B g and asymptotic B 0 .
Development of high specific power He-Ne lasers Final report
Helium-neon laser with high specific power for use with optical tracking systems at 6328 A
Development of auxiliary electric power supply system Monthly progress report, Oct. 1962
Engineering design of auxiliary electrical power generation system operating on hydrogen and oxygen in space environment
Design and development of a high power, low saturation voltage silicon switching transistor Quarterly report
Silicon switching transistor with saturation voltage of 0.1 V at 75 A collector current
Design and development of a high power, low saturation voltage silicon switching transistor Quarterly report
Progress status on high power, low saturation voltage silicon switching transistor
Design and development of a high power, low saturation voltage silicon switching transistor
High power low saturation voltage silicon switching transistor
Design and development of a high power, low saturation voltage, multi-chip silicon switching transistor Mid-term progress report
Encapsulation technique for multiple chip silicon switching transistors with silver-Teflon contacts
Design and development of a high power, low saturation voltage silicon switching transistor Final report
High power, low saturation voltage silicon switching transistor
Design and development of a high power, low saturation voltage, multi-chip silicon switching transistor Final progress report, period ending 19 Feb. 1970
Mechanical design modifications, processing, and test data for high power, low saturation voltage, multi-chip silicon switching transistor
Development of an externally powered prosthetic hook for amputees
The powered hook with trigger finger appears to be a useful adaptation of a terminal device for an amputee when performing vocational activities involving the use of a powered tool requiring a trigger control. The proportional control system includes transducers and amplifiers and appears to have widespread application for control of any external power, whether it be in the orthotic or prosthetic field.
The development of a solar powered residential heating and cooling system
A solar energy collector design is disclosed that would be efficient for both energy transfer and fluid flow, based upon extensive parametric analyses. Thermal design requirements are generated for the energy storage systems which utilizes sensible heat storage in water. Properly size system components (including the collector and storage) and a practical, efficient total system configuration are determined by means of computer simulation of system performance.
Development of a high power 12GHz PPM focused traveling wave tube
An analytical and experimental program to demonstrate the technical feasibility of a high efficiency coupled cavity traveling wave tube with periodic permanent magnetic focusing operating at 12.06 GHz, with 1 to 2 kilowatts CW power is described. Such a tube would ultimately be used for broadcasting power transmission from a satellite. The electron gun was designed to be demountable with a replaceable cathode, and the tube to be operable in a bakeable vacuum chamber with its collector replaced by a collector. Therefore, the high efficiency design was concerned with the slow wave structure only, utilizing velocity resynchronization. A special adapter was designed which incorporated an electromagnet refocusing section and a collector baseplate to facilitate testing the collector. CW output power of 1000 watts yielding 21.5% electronic efficiency was demonstrated, with a minimum output power of 525 watts across the specified 160 MHz bandwidth.